promoting bio-tools for sustainable oil palm management 2a mohd kamal ppt.pdf · promoting...
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PROMOTING BIO-TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE OIL PALM
MANAGEMENT
MOHD KAMAL AHMADMalaysian Agri Hi-Tech Sdn Bhd (MYAGRI)
“Manila Declaration of Green Productivity”
1) Industrial development to be supported by technological advancement with focus on indigenous capacity to develop green products that support natural conservation.
2) Reorientation of agricultural development in applying environmental friendly methods.
3) Major industry which contributes significantly to national income and employment need to be the leader in green productivity
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MICROBESMalaysia is a blessed country with mega biodiversities.
Over one million species of microbes can be potentially harnessed.
Currently only 5-10% of these microbes have been identified and studied.
Microbial Kingdom is divided into four different major groups of interests.
There are: virus, bacteria, fungi and protista.
MICROBIAL KINGDOM
BACTERIA
VIRUS
FUNGI
PROTISTA(ALGAE)
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Microbes are differentiated through their specificity 1) Functions 2) Host specificity3) Range
Further differentiated bya) level of virulenceb) effectiveness
These factors are based on the environment in which these microbes are isolated.
POTENTIAL USE OF MICROBES
In the sustainable plantation management , such bio-tools are used:
1) Bio-fungicide2) Bio-pesticide3) Bio-fertilizer4) Bioremediation
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Bio-control involves the application of one organism to control another organism.
The concept of antagonismOne microbe suppresses the growth of the other via
i. Predatoringii. Inhibiting the growthiii. Out-competing the other.
BIO-CONTROL(bio-fungicide and bio-pesticide)
BIO-CONTROL(bio-fungicide and bio-pesticide)
Problem Bio-control Agent Note
Rat
Moth
Fusarium and Pythium
Bagworm
Ganoderma
Rhinoceros beetle
Sarcocystis singaporensis
Cordyceps militaris
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Bacillus thuringiensis
Trichoderma harzianum
Metarhizium anisopliae varmajor
Protozoa
Fungus
Bacteria
Bacteria
Fungus
Fungus
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Sarcocystis singaporensis
Sarcocystis singaporensis(parasitic protozoon)
Rattus, Bandicota and Nesokia indica. Sporocysts
Python reticulatus
Cyste
feces
infection
ingestionsporocysts
Cordyceps militaris
Cordyceps militaris growing on dead nettle caterpillar
Darna pallivitta
Cordyceps militaris
This fungus parasitises and kills moth pupae, and can be
used for nettle caterpillar in oil palm (Mitchel, 2000). It is an ascomycete that invades the
pupae in the ground. Eventually the fungus will fruit,
sending out unmistakable bright orange fruiting bodies above the ground (Mitchel,
2000).
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Pseudomonas fluorescens
Fusarium sp
Some P. fluorescens strains (CHA0 or Pf-5 for example) present bio-control
properties, protecting the roots of some plant species against parasitic
fungi such as Fusarium or Pythium, as well as some phytophagousnematodes (Loper 2005).
Bacillus sppBacillus subtilis
Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstakii
Bacillus species as a group offer several advantages over other bacteria for protection against root pathogens
because of their ability to form endospores, and because of the broad-spectrum activity of their antibiotics. It is known that formation of biofilms by B. subtilis is a complex process that
includes secretion of surfactin, a lipopeptide antimicrobial agent against pathogens; while Bacillus thuringiensisvar. Kurstakii is widely used for its toxin
production which is antagonistic to bagworms in oil palm (Ellis, 2005).
.
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Trichoderma spp
Several strains of Trichodermae.g. Trichoderma viride,
Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum,
Trichoderma hamatum - have been developed as bio-control agents against fungal diseases
of plants. The various mechanisms of action include antibiosis, parasitism, inducing
host-plant resistance, and competition (Harman, 2006)..
Beauveria bassiana
Colletotrichumcoffeanum
Beauveria bassiana is a fungus that occurs naturally in soils throughout the world. It
causes a fatal disease in various insects by acting as a parasite; it thus belongs to the entomopathogenic fungi. It can be developed as a bio-control against Metisa plana in the oil
palm.
Metisa plana(Bagworm)
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Oryctes rhinocerosRhinoceros beetle
Metarhizium anisopliae var major
Metarhizium anisopliae is a soil-inhabiting fungus that attacks a variety of insect
pests with its ‘green muscardine’ spores. This entomopathogenic fungus was first described in 1883 by Sorokin, but was
earlier used as a microbial agent against insects in 1879 by Elle Metschnikoff. Once the insect's skin is exposed to these living
spores, they germinate and start to penetrate the blood vessels. The fungus then invades the body cavity, producing toxins that cause paralysis. The insect
dies in two days.
MYAGRI R&D 2006
Metarhizium anisopliae
BIO-FERTILIZER
1) Enhancing nutrient uptake - Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF)2) Promoting plant growth - Trichoderma spp.3) Symbiotic nitrogen fixation - Rhizobium spp.4) Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation - Azotobacters5) Phosphate solubilisation - Phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB)6) Promoting plant growth – Flavobacterium, Kluyvera, Serratia
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Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi
Enhancing nutrient uptake
There are over 141 species of identified Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF). Better palm vigor has lead to higher productivity of 8-10% in palms in difficult soils and improved defense against the Ganoderma proliferations in oil palm (MYAGRI R&D, 2007). As AMF fungal hypha extends more than 100-fold of the root lengths, it assists in transferring of better nutrients and water to the plant. It increased drought tolerance, infection of disease fungi and high soil acidity. The root systems are further improved in managing soil borne pathogen and root rotting conditions (Chen, 2006)..
Trichoderma spp
Promoting plant growth
Besides its bio-control properties, several Trichoderma spp. also act as plant growth promoters (PGP). The symbiotic relationship established between crops and Trichoderma spp. benefits in better nutrient and water uptake (Harman, 2006).
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Rhizobium spp.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Rhizobium spp. as a symbiotic bacteria is able to fix atmospheric nitrogen and converting it into the form that can be taken by the plants. Rhizobium spp. has been reported as able to fix 50-300kg of N/ha, and it works best with the leguminous plants (Chen, 2006).
Azotobacters
Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Without even needing to establish a symbiotic relationship with the plant, Azotobacters fix atmospheric nitrogen about 15-20 kg N/ha (Chen 2006).
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Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria
Thiobacillus
Bacillus polymyxa
Bacillus megaterium
Phosphate solubilisation
Phosphorus tends to be fixed in acidic and calcareous soil, phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) helps to transform the phosphorus into a soluble form via production of specialisedorganic acids. In annual crop, PSB has been reported to increase yield by up to 200-500kg/ha, and a saving of 30-50kg/ha superphosphate is indicated (Chen, 2006).
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria
Serratia
Kluyvera
FlavobacteriumPromoting plant growth
These bacteria are either capable of fixing targeted nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus or iron and/or producing plant hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, ethylene and gibberellins. The applications of these PGRB increase the level of tolerance to environmental stresses such as high salinity, drought, heavy pesticide load and metal toxicity (Bashan & de-Bashan, 2005).
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BIOREMEDIATION
Conversion of green waste into organic fertiliserBacillus spp., Actinomycetes and Trichoderma spp.
Waste water treatmentAzospirillum spp.
Establishment of Oil Palms in sandy, dry and arid area
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi
1. Conversion of green waste into organic fertilizer
Actinomycetes
T. harzianum
Bacillus subtilisA balance conversion of green waste from the oil
palm mill into organic fertiliser with C:N ratio less than 20, can be achieved through application of a group of Bacillus spp.,
Actinomycetes and Trichoderma spp.
(MYAGRI R&D, 2007).
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2. Wastewater treatment
Azospirillum spp.
Azospirillum spp. has been demonstrated to
enhance the capability of microalgae proliferation and metabolism which
allows the bioremediation of waste
water treatment (Hillel, 2005).
3. Establishment of plants in sandy, dry and arid areas
Plant growthpromoter
Arbuscular MycorrhizaFungi
Root infected with AMF
Revegetation of these areas can be enhanced using the
combinations of plant growth promoting bacteria and
arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi which can lead to soil
stabilization, reduce dust pollution and prevent soil
erosion (Hillel, 2005).
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12 Years of Strength Building in
Microbiological Products
PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS
Capabilities to isolate and taxonomically identify Isolates with poor virulence and effectiveness Formulating these microbes into a product requires Developing the right and optimum dosageLogistics Delivery systems Lack of certified microbiological labs Transfer of microbes cross continents
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1. The microbes are viable.
2. Quantity or units of the active ingredient can be quantified on the basis of weight or volume.
3. Declaration of any `helper microbes’ or contaminants.
4. Particle size (if required).
5. Moisture content.
6. Species declaration.
7. Host specificity.
8. Proper QCA Protocol.
GOOD MICROBIOLOGICAL PRODUCT
CONCLUSIONEffective and quality microbial products have promising future as they are less dependent on the oil and gas sector and practically manageable renewable resources and often produced in good controlled environment and quality monitoring.
Beneficial microbes can be efficiently integrated in the cultural practice of plantation management without sacrificing the overall productivity.
A more proactive efforts in determining best practices by integrating these bio-tools and current methods need to be seriously considered for the economical and environmental benefits of the plantation industry.