pronouns
DESCRIPTION
Pronouns, Presented by :Taghreed Basabrain. Course Title Grammar (2) Course Code& Number Eng 142 Credit hours 2X2= 4 hrs Pre-requisite Eng 141 Instructor Dr. Shadia Yousef BanjarTRANSCRIPT
I
He
WeWe
She
Us
PRONOUNS
Definition "Pronoun" is the sentence element used to replace a noun, or a noun equivalent construction. The replaced noun is named the "antecedent."
CATEGORIES OF
PRONOUNS
Syntactically, pronouns have the same functions as nouns do; morphologically, pronouns are used to avoid
repetition, and to set/clarify nouns'
categories of number, person, and gender .
There are eight categories of pronouns, The categories of pronouns are:
1 .Personal Pronouns.2 .Possessive Pronouns .
3. Demonstrative Pronouns. 4. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns. 5. Interrogative Pronouns.6. Relative Pronouns.7. Reciprocal Pronouns.8. Indefinite Pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUN
Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on:number: singular (I) or plural ( we) .
person: 1st person (I), 2nd person (you) or 3rd person(he) .gender: male (he), female (she) or neuter (it) .
case: subject (we) or object (us).
We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that we are talking about.
Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example sentences:
number person gender
personal pronouns
subject object
singular
1st male/female I me
2nd male/female you you
3rd
male he him
female she her
neuter it it
plural
1st male/female we us
2nd male/female you you
3rdmale/
female/neuter
they them
Examples (in each case, the first example shows a subject pronoun, the second an object pronoun):
- I like coffee . -John helped me.
-Do you like coffee ? -John loves you.
-He runs fast . -Did Ram beat him?
-She is clever . -Does Mary know her?
-They played doubles .-John and Mary beat them
-Do you need a table for three ?-Did John and Mary beat you at doubles?
-We went home .-Anthony drove us.
-It doesn't work .-Can the engineer repair it?
-It is nice to have a holiday sometimes .-It is important to dress well .
.
We often use it to introduce a remark:
We also often use it to talk about the weather, temperature, time and distance:
-It's raining .-It will probably be hot tomorrow .
-Is it nine o'clock yet ?-It's 50 kilometers from here to
Cambridge .
Possessive
Pronouns
- We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).
-You will never find a possessive pronoun near a noun, despite the fact it is the genitive of personal pronoun
-We use possessive pronouns depending on:-number: singular (mine) or plural (ours)
-person: 1st person (mine), 2nd person (yours) or 3rd person (his)
-gender: male (his), female (hers) .
Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by some example sentences. Each possessive pronoun can:
-be subject or object .-refer to a singular or plural antecedent.
number persongender (of "owner")
possessive pronouns
singular
1st male/female mine
2nd male/female yours
3rdmale his
female hers
plural
1st male/female ours
2nd male/female yours
3rd male/female/neuter theirs
-Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one. (subject = My picture)
-I like your flowers. Do you like mine? (object = my flowers)
-All the essays were good but his was the best. (subject = his essay)
-John found his passport but Mary couldn't find hers. (object = her passport)
Examples:
oursyourstheirs
mineyours
his, hers, its
Usedalone
ouryourtheir
myyour
his, her, its
Used before nouns
PluralSingular
REFLEXIVE AND
EMPHATIC PRONOUN
-Reflexive pronoun is used with an active voice verb in order to reflect the action of the verb back on the subject--the antecedent.
-Emphatic pronoun accompanies its antecedent in order to accentuate its action/state.
-Reflexive and emphatic pronouns take different positions within the sentence structure .
Definitions
**We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end
in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural) .There are eight reflexive pronouns :
reflexive pronoun
singularmyselfyourselfhimself, herself, itself
pluralourselvesyourselvesthemselves
the underlined words are the SAME person/thing
-I saw myself in the mirror .
-Why do you blame yourself?
-John sent himself a copy .
-I made it myself. OR I myself made it .-Have you yourself seen it? OR Have you seen it
yourself ?-She spoke to me herself. OR She herself spoke
to me .
DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUN
Demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives have exactly the same forms. The way to differentiate them depends on their position relative to the antecedent/determined nouns.
Demonstrative pronouns THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE.THE FORMER, THE LATER
THE FIRST, THE LAST
THE OTHER,THE OTHERS
SAME
SUCH
SO
A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:
*near in distance or time (this, these) *far in distance or time (that, those)
near far
singular this that
plural these those
*This tastes good .*These are bad times .
*That is beautiful .*Those were the days !
ATTENTIONThe word "that" has four main functions:1. demonstrative pronoun or adjective:That book is good.2. relative pronoun:Anything that you remember could help a lot.3. conjunction:He said that he had been there before.4. adverb:The snow was that high.
-Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with demonstrative adjectives. They are identical, but a
demonstrative pronoun stands alone ,while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.
-That smells. (demonstrative pronoun) -That book is good. (demonstrative adjective + noun)
Normally we use demonstrative pronouns for things only. But we can use them for people when the
person is identified. Look at these examples :-This is Josef speaking. Is that Mary ?
-That sounds like John
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUN
We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't
know (what we are asking the question about) .There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom,
what, which .
subject object
person who whom
thing what
person/thing which
person whose (possessive)
-The possessive pronoun whose can also be an interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun).
question answer
Who told you ? John told me . subject
Whom did you tell ? I told Mary . object
What's happened ?
An accident's happened . subject
Examples:
Relative Pronouns
-A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies.
There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for people, and things and as subject and object in defining relative clauses.
Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between male and female .
-The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
-The car which hit me was yellow.
-The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher.
-The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed
Examples:
Reciprocal
Pronouns
-We use reciprocal pronouns when each of two or more subjects is acting in the same way towards the other.
There are only two reciprocal pronouns, and they are both two words:
-each other -one another
-John and Mary love each other . -The ten prisoners were all blaming
one another . -Why don't you believe each other?
-When we use these reciprocal pronouns:
there must be two or more people, things or groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it), and
they must be doing the same thing
Examples:
INDEFINITE PRONOUN
An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:
Some Indefinite PronounsSingular Plural
another everybody no oneanybody everyone nothinganyone everything oneanything much somebodyeach neither someoneeither nobody something
bothfew
manyothersseveral
All, any, most, none and some can be singular or plural, depending on the phrase that
follows them.
Note that many indefinite pronouns also function as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in the following sentences:
-He has one job in the day and another at night. (pronoun)
-I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)
-All is forgiven.- All have arrived.
-John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good.
-We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.
Notice that : A singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree (in number and gender).
Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and
plural in another.
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References :
Taghreed Ahmed Basabrain3091116