PROJECT ON ANIMAL KINGDOM:-

WHAT IS ANIMAL KINGDOM??• Animal Kingdom or Animalia Kingdom is one of the five kingdoms proposed by R.H Whittaker. Animals belong to the largest and most diverse of the five kingdoms of living things. So far over two million animal species have been identified. All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs -They have multiple cells with mitochondria and they rely on other organisms for their nourishment.• All animals share certain features. Unlike plants, animals get the energy they need by eating food. They are all made up of many cells and many animals are highly mobile. Most reproduce sexually and have sense organs that allow them to react quickly to their surroundings.• Animal Kingdom is dived into 36 different groups by biologists but there are 10 major divisions of the Animal Kingdom. They are - Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Protochordata and Vertebrata.

PORIFERA AND COELENTERATA GROUPS OF

ANIMALS:-

PORIFERA• Porifera also known as sponges are multicellular marine living

organisms.• They are full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate• Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types

and that often migrate between the main cell layers.• Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems.• Instead, they rely on constant flow of water through them that

supplies food and oxygen and help in removing waste

COELENTERATA• Coelenterates are aquatic, mostly marine animals.• Their body form is radially symmetrical.• Their body has a single opening hypos tome surrounded by

sensory tentacles which are equipped with either nematocysts or collobasts to capture mostly planktonic prey.

• These tentacles surround a spacious cavity called the gastrovascular cavity or coelenteron. Digestion is both intracellular and extracellular.

• Respiration and excretion are accomplished by simple diffusion.

PLALYHELMINTHES AND NEMATODA:-

NEMATODA• The body of a nematode is long and narrow, resembling a

tiny thread in many cases, and this is the origin of the group's name.

• They are vermiform (worm-like), usually cylindrical in shape.• Triploblastic and non-segmented, with bilateral symmetry. • Size varies from microscopic to pencil-sized.• Covered with cuticle, having no external cilia.• Body cavity a pseudocoelom, which functions as a

hydrostatic skeleton.• The skin of a nematode is highly unusual; it is not composed

of cells like other animals, but instead is a mass of cellular material and nuclei without separate membranes.

• This epidermis secretes a thick outer cuticle which is both tough and flexible.

PLATYHELMINTHES• They are a phylum of relatively

simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates. They are also called Flatworm.

• Unlike other bilaterian that have body cavities, Flatworms don’t have body cavities.

• They have no specialized circulatory and respiratory organs, which restricts them to having flattened shapes that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through their bodies by diffusion.

• The digestive cavity has only one opening for both the ingestion and egestion ,as a result, the food cannot be processed continuously.

Annelida And Arthropoda:-

• Annelida belongs to Kingdom Animalia. It’s body is triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, soft, elongated, vermiform and cylindrical.

• Body is metamerically segmented externally by transverse grooves and internally by septa. some of the anterior body segments concentrate to form head.

• Exoskeleton is absent and body is covered by a thin cuticle.• They have a true body cavity which allows true organs to be packaged in

the body structure. There is, thus, extensive organ differentiation.

• This differentiation occurs in a segmental fashion, with the segments lined up one after the other from head to tail.

• Locomotory organs are segmentally arranged paired lateral appendages, parapodia or chaete.

• Alimentary canal is tube-like, complete and extends straight from mouth to anus.

• The nervous system consist of a dorsal “brain” and a ventral nerve cord having ganglia and lateral nerves in each body segment.

• Reproduction is by sexual means. Sexes may be united or separate.

ANNELIDA

• Arthropoda forms the largest phylum of Animal Kingdom. About 900,000 are known. Some common examples are – Butterflies, Spiders, Crabs etc.

• They are also triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and metamerically segmented animals.

• Anterior part of body forms a distinct head. Body is divided into two regions.

• Exoskeleton of cuticle is made up of protein,lipid, chitin and often calcium carbonate is secreted by underlying epidermis.

• There is an open circulatory system, and so the blood does not flow in well defined blood vessels.

• Alimentary canal is complete, mouth and anus lie at opposite ends of the body.• The coelomic cavity is blood-filled. They have jointed legs (the word ‘arthropod’

means ‘jointed legs’).• Respiration through general body surface by gills, air tubes or book-lungs.• Sexes are generally separate; sexual dimorphism is well marked in several forms.

ARTHROPODA

PROTCHORDATE AND VERTEBRATES GROUP

OF ANIMAL:-

PROTOCHORDATE• Phylum Protochordates is a subdivision of Group Chordata. Group Chordata is

usually divided into two main categories – Vertebrate and Protochordates.• Protochordates can be defined as the primitive group from which Chordate

animals developed. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and have a coelom.

• They have a small rod like structure on the dorsal side of their body which is called notochord, the dorsal tubular nervous system which is not very well- developed and is of primitive type and gill slits which are of primitive type.

• Protochordate animals may have the notochord in the different places like in tail region or in head region and in one half region of the body.

• Depending on the position of the notochord the group Protochordata is divided into following subphylum:(1) Hemichordates - In which the notochord is present in the anterior one half of the body.(2) Urochordates - In which the notochord is present in the tail region. (3) Cephalochordata – In which the notochord extends from head to tail and it persists throughout their life.

• Some examples are :-Balanoglossus, Herdmania and Amphioxus.

VERTEBRATES• Phylum Vertebrate is a subdivision of Group Chordata. Group Chordata is usually

divided into two main categories – Vertebrate and Protochordates.• Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata. Vertebrates

include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates.• All vertebrates are built along the basic body plan: a stiff rod running through the

length of the animal (vertebral column or notochord), with a hollow tube of nervous tissue above it and the gastrointestinal tract below.

• The main characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, in which the notochord has been replaced by a series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints.

• Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented, with complex differentiation of body tissues and organs.

• Vertebrates are grouped into seven classes based on various traits.1. Class Agnatha (Jawless Fishes) 5. Class Reptilia (Reptiles)2. Class Aves (Birds) 6. Class Amphibia (Amphibians)3. Class Mammalia (Mammals) 7. Class Osteichthyes (Bony

Fishes)4. Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes)

Class Reptilia Class Mammalia

Class Pisces Class Aves Class Amphibia

Balanoglossus Herdmania Amphioxus

Protochordate And Vertebrates:-

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