properties of matter matter – ___________________________________...
TRANSCRIPT
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Properties of Matter
• matter – ___________________________________
___________________________________________
– everything all around us is matter
– matter with a uniform & unchanging composition is
called a ___________________
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Properties of Matter• _______________________________________ – the
physical forms of matter that occur naturally on Earth
• three main states of matter
• ________________
• ________________
• ________________
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States of Matter
• solid – _____________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________– particles are tightly packed
– expand slightly when heated
– incompressible (can not be pressed into a smaller volume)
Figure 3.2 – Pg. 71 3
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States of Matter
• liquid – ____________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________– particles are not rigidly held in place, are less closely
packed together, and are able to move past each other
– volume is constant
– expand when heated
– virtually incompressible
Figure 3.3 – Pg. 71 4
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States of Matter
• gas – ______________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________– particles are far apart
– easily compressed
• ______________________ – the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or a liquid at room temperature
Figure 3.4 – Pg. 72 5
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States of Matter
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Properties of Matter• think of how you would describe another person to
someone who has never met them before
• you are describing physical properties
• ___________________________________________
– a characteristic that can be observed or measured
without changing the sample’s composition
• examples: odor, color, volume, hardness, state of matter, density, melting point, boiling point
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Properties of Matter
Table 3.1 – Pg. 73
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Properties of Matter• two types of physical properties
• ___________________________________________ –
are dependent on the amount of substance present
(mass, length, volume)
• ___________________________________________ –
are independent of the amount of substance present
(density is always the same)
• substances can be identified by their intensive properties
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Properties of Matter
• the ability of a substance to combine with or change
into one or more other substances is called a
___________________________________________
• examples: iron’s ability to form rust, copper’s ability to turn green in the air
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Properties of Matter• Examples: physical or chemical property
• water has a boiling point of 100 ˚C
• diamonds are very hard
• sugar ferments to form alcohol
• metal wires can conduct electricity
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Properties of Matter• substances can change form – important in chemistry
• chemical properties can change with specific environmental conditions (temperature & pressure)
Table 3.2 – Pg. 74 12
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Changes in Matter• think of the melting of ice, then the boiling of water– Does the substance ever change?
• ______________________– a change that alters a
substance without changing its composition
• ______________________– a transition of matter
from one state to another– boiling, freezing, melting, condensing, vaporizing
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Changes in Matter• ___________________________________________
– a change that involves one or more substances turning into new substances– the new substances have different composition &
properties
– decomposing, rusting, exploding, cooking, burning, oxidizing, corroding, tarnishing, fermenting, rotting
• think of scrambled eggs (can’t have the eggs go back to what they were like before)
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Mixtures of Matter• almost all matter consists of mixtures of substances
• ______________________ – a combination of two or
more pure substances in which each pure substance
retains its individual chemical properties
– example: air, soda, tap water
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Mixtures of Matter• two different types of mixtures
• ______________________ mixtures – mixtures
where the composition is constant throughout– always have a single phase
– also called ______________________
• ______________________ mixtures – mixtures
where the individual substances remain distinct– different regions with different properties
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Mixtures of Matter• think of different levels of gold– they are mixtures of gold and other metals
– when metals are mixtures they are called alloys
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Mixtures of Matter
Table 3.3 – Pg. 81
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Separating Mixtures• can separate mixtures into their component
substances
• based on differences in the physical properties of the substances– ex. iron can be separated from sand with a magnet
• types of separation techniques– filtration
– distillation
– crystallization
– sublimation
– chromatography
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Separating Mixtures
• filtration – ___________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________• use filter paper to ‘catch’ the solids
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Separating Mixtures
• distillation – ________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
• ex. salt water
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Separating Mixtures• distillation of salt water
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Separating Mixtures• combination of methods
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Separating Mixtures
• crystallization – _____________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
(making rock candy)
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Separating Mixtures• ____________________________ – process of a
solid changing directly to a gas, which can be used to separate mixtures of solids when one sublimates and the other does not
• ____________________________ – a technique that separates the components of a mixtures (the mobile phase) based on the ability of each component to travel across the surface of another material (the stationary phase)
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Elements & Compounds• all matter can be broken down into small building
blocks called elements
• element – __________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________– 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth
– ex: copper, oxygen, gold
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Elements & Compounds• every element has its own unique name & symbol
– symbols consist of 1, 2, or 3 letters (first letter always Capitalized, others not)
– universe made up of mostly (75%) hydrogen
– humans made up of mostly (90%) oxygen, carbon, & hydrogen
– Earth’s crust made up of (75%) oxygen & silicon
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Elements & Compounds
• to organize the elements Russian chemist
__________________________________________
in 1869 developed a chart
• eventually called the Periodic Table – organizes the
elements into a grid of horizontal rows (__________)
& vertical columns (__________________________)
– elements in the same group have similar properties
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Elements & Compounds
• compounds – _______________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
• most matter in the universe exists as compounds
– over 10 million known compounds
– ex. table salt (NaCl), water (H2O)
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Elements & Compounds• elements can not be separated
• compounds can be broken into components by chemical processes
– example: separating water into hydrogen & oxygen
Figure 3.17 – Pg. 86
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Elements & Compounds
Figure 3.19 – Pg. 87
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Elements & Compounds• all compounds combine in specific ways
• __________________________________________ – a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportions by mass
• water is always 2 hydrogens & 1 oxygen (H2O)
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