Properties of Solutions

Chapter 11

Solution: A homogenous mixture of two or more substances.

Solvent: The liquid

Solute: The solid

Aqueous Solutions: Composed of:

a) Gas and liquidb) 2 liquidsc) Gas as a solute

Entropy: the measure of energy randomization or energy dispersal in a system.

Miscible: The mixture of two liquid substances.

Dynamic Equilibrium: When the rate of dissolution and recrystallization become equal.

Saturated Solutions: Solutions in which the dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with the undissolved solute.

Unsaturated: A solution containing less than the equilibrium amount of solute.

Supersaturated: unstable, containing more than the equilibrium.

Parts by mass: concentration is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution, multiplies by the multiplication factor.

Percent by mass: mass of solute divided by the mass of the solution times 100.

Parts per billion: the multiplication factor is 109

Parts per Million: the multiplication factor is 106

Molarity: Moles per liter

Mass Percent: percent by mass of the solute in solution.

Mole Fraction: the ratio of moles of a give component to the total number of moles of solution.

Molality: Moles per kilogram of solvent

Normality: measure of concentration that is equal to the gram equivalent weight per liter of solution.

- Gram equivalent weight is a measure of the reactive capacity of a molecule.

Colligative Properties: Properties that depend only on the number of the solute particles in an ideal solution.

Ex: Freezing Point, boiling point, osmotic pressure.

Tyndall Effect: scattering of light by particles.

Colloid: suspension of tiny particles through a medium.

Osmosis: the flow of solvent from a solution of lower solute to one of higher solute concentration.

Semi-permeable membrane: a membrane that selectively allows some substances to pass through but not others.

Osmotic Pressure: The pressure required to stop the osmotic flow.