1

2

Forms of WaterIce = less than

0°C (solid)

Water = 0°C – 100 ° C

(liquid)

Steam = greater than 100 °C

(gas)

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So, Water is a Polar Molecule- meaning, it

has oppositely charged ends

Water consists of an oxygen atom bound to two hydrogen atoms by two single covalent bonds. Oxygen has

unpaired & paired electrons which gives it a slightly negative charge while Hydrogen has no unpaired electrons and shares all others with Oxygen

This leaves the molecule with positively and negatively charged ends

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Water’s Properties Cohesion Adhesion Capillarity High Specific Heat High Heat of Vaporization Solid water (ice) is less dense

than liquid Solvent Transparent

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Cohesion Water clings to polar molecules through hydrogen bonding

Cohesion refers to attraction to other water molecules, and is responsible for surface tension

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Adhesion

Adhesion refers to attraction to other substances.

Water is adhesive to any substance with which it can form hydrogen bonds.

Bluebonnet leaves

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Capillary actionwater evaporates from leaves = transpiration

adhesion, cohesion

and capillary

action

All thanks

to

hydrogen

bonding!

roots take up water by

capillary action

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• trees have specialized structures to transport water: xylem and phloem “plumbing”

• water molecules are “dragged” from the roots to the top of the tree by capillary action and cohesion: hydrogen bonds help water molecules stick to each other

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High Specific HeatSpecific Heat

Amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1o C.

Because of water’s high specific heat, it is used as a coolant in many systems.

Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant Glen Rose, TXCar engine with radiator

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Impact of water’s high specific heat ranges from the level of the whole

environment of Earth to that of individual organisms. A large body of water can

absorb a large amount of heat from the sun in daytime and during the summer, while warming only a few degrees.

At night and during the winter, the warm water will warm cooler air.

Therefore, ocean temperatures and coastal land areas have more stable temperatures than inland areas.

The water that dominates the composition of biological organisms moderates changes in temperature better than if composed of a liquid with a lower specific heat.

The Earth is over 75% water!

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High Heat of Vaporization

Heat of Vaporization Amount of energy required to change 1g of

liquid water into a gas (586 calories). large number of hydrogen bonds broken when heat energy is applied

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Evaporative cooling. As a liquid evaporates, the

surface of the liquid that remains behind cools – this is called evaporative cooling.

Evaporative cooling moderates temperature in lakes and ponds and prevents terrestrial organisms from overheating.

Evaporation of water from the leaves of plants or the skin of animals removes excess heat.

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“Universal” Solvent A liquid that is a completely

homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called a solution. This consists of the solute and solvent. A sugar cube (solute) in a glass of

water (solvent) will eventually dissolve to form a uniform mixture of sugar and water (solution).

The dissolving agent is the solvent and the substance that is dissolved is the solute. In our example, water is the solvent

and sugar the solute. In an aqueous solution, water is the

solvent. Water is not really a universal solvent,

but it is very versatile because of the polarity of water molecules.

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Water is an effective solvent as it can form hydrogen bonds. Water clings to

polar molecules causing them to be soluble in water. Hydrophilic - attracted to water

Water tends to exclude nonpolar molecules. Hydrophobic - repelled by water

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Blood, a water-based solution, transports molecules of nutrients and wastes organisms

Nutrients dissolved in water get transported through plants

Unicellular organisms that live in water absorb needed dissolved substances

Water transports molecules dissolved in it

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Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid

Ice is less dense than water: the molecules are spread out to their maximum distance

Density = mass/volume

same mass but a larger volume

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water expands as it solidifies

water reaches maximum density at 4°C

water freezes from the top down

organisms can still live in the water underneath the ice during winter

Oceans and lakes don’t freeze solid because ice

floats

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Water is Transparent The fact that

water is clear allows light to pass through it

Aquatic plants can receive sunlight

Light can pass through the eyeball to receptor cells (in the back of the eye)