properties of water marine science notes series. water molecule and bonding forces i. london forces:...
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Properties of Water
Marine Science Notes Series
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Water Molecule and Bonding Forces
I. London Forces: Intramolecular a) Covalent Bonds: sharing of electrons
between Hydrogen and Oxygen
b) Van der Waals – forces within the water molecule
c) Hydrogen Bonds – keeping a network of water molecules together (~105 0 angle)
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Energy & Water• Heat Values are measured in calories and
joules. a) a calorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 10C
This is sometimes called specific heatb) There are energy values when water changes state from a solid to a liquid to a gas(Latent Heat of… Fusion and of Vaporization)c) Temperature is an indirect function of heat energy
F= 9/5 C + 32C = 5/9 (F – 32)
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Specific Heat of Salt Water?
• We will calculate the specific heat of salt water, but will see how accurate we are by determining the specific heat of a known metal
Heat Loss or Gain = m (Cp) T
Cp = Specific Heat
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Special Properties of Watera) Water can break salts down into ions
(which are charged particles) Cations are positive ionsAnions are negative ions
b) Cohesion – This holds a water molecule together as a “body”
c) Adhesion – the ability of water to bond with other molecules
d) Viscosity – the ability of a liquid to flowe) Density – varies with temperature*
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Seawater
• The density of seawater at 4 oC is approximately 1.0278 g/cm3
• The freezing point of seawater is -1.33 oC
• Open ocean water has a salinity of 35 g/kg
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Eleven Major Constituents
• Chloride• Sulfate• Bromide• Bicarbonate• Fluoride
• Boron• Strontium• Calcium• Potassium• Magnesium• Sodium
Residence Time of Chloride is 80 million years
Residence Time of Sodium is 60 million years
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Light and Seawater• Visible light ranges from 350 to 720 nm as
part of an electromagnetic light visibl emission
-In the first 1 meter – 60% of light is absorbed
-In the first 11 meters, 80% of light is absorbed
-Below 1000 m, no light penetrates
Attenuation
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Nature Reviews Microbiology 2007
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Gases in water
• Solubility is determined by – Temperature– Salinity – Density
It is measured in mg/L or ppm. The understood gases are Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
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