properties of water watch this video: ions/content/propertiesofwater/water.html

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Properties of Water • Watch this video: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/ animations/content/propertiesofwater/ water.html – Write down at least 5 things you learned while watching! (Use complete sentences please.) Properties of Water • Cohesive Properties – Cohesion- Water molecules tend to _____ together because of ________________. •Caused by an unequal charge distribution due to the difference in stick Hydrogen bonding electronegativity

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Page 1: Properties of Water Watch this video:  ions/content/propertiesofwater/water.html

Properties of Water• Watch this video:

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/propertiesofwater/water.html – Write down at least 5 things you learned while

watching! (Use complete sentences please.)

Properties of Water

• Cohesive Properties– Cohesion- Water molecules tend to _____ together

because of ________________.• Caused by an unequal charge distribution due to

the difference in ______________ between H and O atoms.

stickHydrogen bonding

electronegativity

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• Adhesive Properties– Adhesion- ______ molecules stick to _____

molecules due to hydrogen bonding. This allows for _________ of water along surfaces.

Water other

movement

Water to water

Water to non-water

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• Thermal Properties- Absorbs heat when ___ and releases heat when _____.– High specific heat capacity. Requires more ______

in order to raise the temperature.• Therefore, temperature remains _______ comparatively

to air or land.

hotcold

energy

stable

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– Water is most ______ at 4 °C.• Allows ice to ______• Allows aquatic organisms to live below the ice

densefloat

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– Broad range of temperatures from 0°C to 100°C.• To _________, lots of heat is required which makes water a good

evaporative ________.– Example: Water in a lake during a hot summer day.

• (Draw body of water with land)

– Why useful?• When water evaporates, large amounts of ___________ are

used to break the bonds which results in a large ___________ effect.

– Ex. Sweating (water acts as a coolant)heat

cooling

vaporizecoolant

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• Solvent properties– Water is the universal solvent- most ________

reactions in organisms occur with water.• Ex. In plants, blood and sap that flow through the

vascular system are water based.

– Due to its _____ nature, water forms shells around charged and polar molecules which prevents them from clumping, keeping them in ___________

• Ex. NaCl in water

– Why useful?• ___________ substances in water can from a

mixture where chemical reactions can occur. Ex. Metabolism in ___________.

chemical

polar

solution

Dissolved

cytoplasm

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• Acid and bases– H2O H+ + OH-

– Bronsted-Lowry Acid- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________

– Bronsted-Lowry Base- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________

• pH Scale– Acid: __ 7– Base: __ 7– Each pH unit represents a ______ difference in H+

and OH- concentrations 10-14= [H+][OH-]

– pH 2 solution is ____ times as acidic as a pH 4 solution.

donor

acceptor

<

>

tenfold

100

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• Buffers– Definition: a buffer is a substance that __________

changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.

– Ex. Human blood pH stays very close to 7.4 due to buffers. pH <7 or pH >7.8 may result in death.

– How does a buffer work?• A buffer __________ hydrogen ions from solution

when H+ is in excess and __________ H+ ions when they have been depleted.

– Ex. H2CO3

– buffer link 1

minimizes

acceptsdonates

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Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

– Carbon has a total of 6 __________ with 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second (valence) shell.

– In order to complete its __________ shell, it would have to donate or accept 4 electrons

• Instead, carbon usually __________ its 4 electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds to complete its valence shell

• Ex. CH4

ELECTRONS

VALENCE

SHARES

http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/images/carbon-hydrogen-e-dots.gifhttps://vinstan.wikispaces.com/file/view/this_1.JPG/45032109/this_1.JPG

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Types of Carbon Molecules• Hydrocarbons

– __________ molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.– Hydrocarbons are the major components of _____________

(fossil fuels).– Example: Fat molecule p. 61 Fig. 4.6

• Contains a small non-hydrocarbon component joined to three hydrocarbon tails.

• ______ can be broken down to provide energy.– Example: __________ - composed of hydrocarbons

http://www.chemistryland.com/ElementarySchool/BuildingBlocks/hydrocarbonsMore.jpg

ORGANIC

PETROLEUM

TAILGASOLINE

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Isomers– __________ in the structure of organic molecules

can be seen in isomer. Different structures= different ____________.

– Types:• ______________ isomers: differ in the covalent

arrangements of their atoms.• ___________ isomers- same covalent

partnerships but differ in spatial arrangements due to double bonds.– Cis-trans isomers i.e. C2H2Cl2

VARIATION

PROPERTIES

STRUCTURAL

GEOMETRIC

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• _______________- molecules that are mirror images of each other

–contains a middle carbon attached to four __________ atoms or groups of atoms.

–Atoms can be arranged in two different ways that are __________ images: Left handed, right handed versions.

–One is usually active and the other is ___________.

ENANTIOMERS

DIFFERENT

MIRROR

INACTIVE

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STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIC

ENANTIOMERS

http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/exams/3513/351f98/351mt98sd.gif

D-DOPA (INACTIVE)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/D-DOPA.png/200px-D-DOPA.png

L-DOPA

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg/200px-3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg.png

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Organic Compouds– What does it mean to be organic?

• Organic compounds- any molecule which contains ___________. Exceptions: hydrogen _____________ and the oxides of carbon

• The word “organic” meant “___________” and still is used in that way although many inorganic substances are important to life and some organic substances such as ___________and petrol are not found in living things.

CARBON

LIVING

PLASTIC

http://www.cmu.edu/maty/images/8a-route-1.jpg

http://i.istockimg.com/file_thumbview_approve/13566282/2/stock-illustration-13566282-cartoon-train-cars.jpg

CARBONATES

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– Macromolecules• ___________- long molecule made up of many similar

or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds (think: _______ with many cars).

–___________: small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers

• Reactions- p. 69 Fig 5.2–Condensation Reaction

(________________________)–___________ Reaction

POLYMER

TRAIN

MONOMERS

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

HYDROLYSIS

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Carbohydrates– Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of

sugars.– Carbohydrates contain ___________, hydrogen,

and oxygen with a ratio of ________________.CARBON

1C:2H:1O (CH2O)

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– Types of carbohydrates• ___________________- monomers or sub-units

of carbohydrates. –Important in cellular _____________ and

synthesis of materials–Examples: Ribose, ___________, and

glucose, and ______________.

Structures: Glucose: Ribose:

http://palaeos.com/fungi/fpieces/images/Glucose.gifhttp://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.chem.wsu.edu/chem102/102-GlucStr.html

MONOSACCHARIDES

RESPIRATION

FRUCTOSEGALACTOSE

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• ________________- carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosodic __________.– Examples: Maltose is 2 __________ molecules.

Sucrose is one __________ and one _________. Lactose is one __________ and one __________.

• _________________-carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides.

Examples: ___________, glycogen, cellulose

DISACCHARIDE

LINKAGE

GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE FRUCTOSEGLUCOSE GALACTOSE

POLYSACCHARIDES

STARCH

ANIMALS

PLANTS

PLANTS

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State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.

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Lipids– Lipids are grouped together

because they are _____________.– Category of molecules that

includes steroids, waxes, fatty acids, and _____ (fats if solid at room temp, oil if liquid)

– Functions of Lipids• can serve as ___________insulation • Can serve as a source of ___________ storage.• Can provide ___________

– ex. ___________in arctic marine animals.– How to make a triglyceride (fat)

• Three fatty acids combine with one molecule of ___________creating a triglyceride and releasing three molecules of water. (______________ reaction) p. 75 Fig. 5.11

HYDROPHOBIC

OILS

THERMAL

ENERGYBUOYANCY

BLUBBER

GLYCEROLDEHYDRATION

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Lipids

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats– Saturated Fats

• No double bonds which allows the greatest number of _____________ to be attached to the carbon skeleton

• Includes most animal fats• Solid at room temp

HYDROGENS

http://www.nature.com/horizon/livingfrontier/background/images/fat_f2.jpg

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cistrans.jpg

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– Unsaturated Fats• Has 1 or more ___________ bonds and thus fewer

hydrogen atoms• A kink in the chain will occur whenever a cis double

bond occurs (as opposed to trans double bonds –– ie ______ fats found in hydrogenated veg. oil)

• Includes plant and fish oils• Liquid at room temp

– Nutrition!

DOUBLE

TRANS

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Phospholipids– essential for cell ___________composition– Similar to fat molecule, but only have ____ fatty acids

attached to glycerol – The 3rd hydroxyl group is attached to a phosphate group

(these can in turn bond to other molecules)– Hydrocarbon tail is ___________ (inside the bilayer),

phosphate group is ___________ (face outward)• ______________– carbon skeleton composed of 4 fused

rings with different chemical groups attached– Includes many ___________ and cholesterol– _____ can affect cholesterol levels

MEMBRANE

2

NONPOLAR

POLAR

STEROIDS

HORMONES

FAT

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/lipid/P-lipid.gif

http://liquidbio.pbworks.com/f/phopholipid%20bilayer.jpg

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– How do lipids and carbohydrates compare?• Similarities: both used for energy storage• Differences:

– Lipids» are used for ______________ energy storage. » have ___________as much energy per gram.» ___________ in water

– Carbohydrates» are used as energy sources ___________. » are more soluble and ___________to transport » have a stronger impact on osmotic ___________.

LONG TERM

TWICE

INSOLUBLE

FIRST

EASIER

PRESSURE

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Amino Acids and Proteins (20 AAs)• Amino acid formula:

R group is what determines the ___________.• ___________ bond- is the covalent bond that occurs

between two amino acids (between the carboxyl group of one AA and the amino group of another)

• Condensation- joins amino acids• Hydrolysis- separates amino acids.• Ex.• Amino acids (___________) can combine to make

polypeptides (polymers) called ___________.– The peptide bond occurs between the carboxyl group of

one amino acid to the amino group of another.– ____ total amino acids can combine to create many

different proteins

AMINO ACIDPEPTIDE

MONOMERSPROTEINS

20

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More Protein FUN !• Two Categories of Protein

___________:– ___________-

• have elongated shapes

• usually ___________ in water

• Physically tough• Examples:

– __________ in skin

– __________ in hair and fingernails

SHAPES

FIBROUS

INSOLUBLE

COLLAGEN

KERATIN

http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/fibglob.gif

http://www.biog1105-1106.org/demos/105/unit1/media/collagen.jpg

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– ___________-• Compact and

___________• Usually water-

soluble (contain polar amino acids on the outer surface)

• Examples: –Enzymes –Other functional

proteins such as antibodies

GLOBULAR

ROUNDED

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Protein Structure• Primary and secondary structure

– ___________ structure- the ___________ of amino acids in a polypeptide

– ____________ structure- coils and folds within the polypeptide due to ___________ bonds between repeating constituents

• Examples: • ___________ -helix- a coil held together by hydrogen bonds

at every 4th amino acid• ___________ -pleated sheet– folding creating pleats at

particular intervals • ___________ Structure- refers to the overall

_______________ shape of the protein due to interactions between R-groups interaction with each other and the surrounding water.

PRIMARY SEQUENCE

SECONDARYHYDROGEN

ALPHA

BETA

TERTIARY3-DIMENSIONAL

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– Types of interactions ( )• Positively charge R groups with negatively charged

R-groups• Hydrophobic amino acids move toward the center

to avoid water contact and opposite with hydrophilic amino acids.

• polar R-groups form H-bonds with other polar R-groups

• R-group of the amino acid cysteine can form a covalent bond with R-group of another cysteine and form a disulfide bridge

BETWEEN R GROUPS

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Quaternary Structure– The overall protein structure that results from the

_____________ of polypeptide subunits.– Examples:

• globular transthyretin protein is made up of its four polypeptides.

• Collagen is a fibrous protein that has helical subunits intertwined into a larger triple helix.

• Significance: may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.

AGGREGATION

http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/hemoglobin.jpghttp://gassama.myweb.uga.edu/hemoglobinmolecule.gif

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Changes in Protein Structure• Changes in ___________ structure lead to changes in

further structures, potentially leads to a misfunctioning or nonfunctioning protein

– Example: Sickle Cell Anemia• Protein shape and function can also be changed via

________________– pH, temperature, salt concentration, etc.

• Chaperonins or chaperone structure are specialized proteins that assist in the proper folding of proteins (p. 85 Fig. 5.23)

– Are not specific, but keep the protein away from potentially bad influences

– Folding is spontaneous

PROTEIN

DENATURATION

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http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/content/cat_010/f03012.jpg

http://www.bodybuilders.gr/data/main/forum/mainuploadsfolder/GRF/201012710056_c8.5x23.denaturation.jpg

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Nucleic Acids• Main function is to store and transmit

___________ information

• 2 kinds: – Ribonucleic acid (_____) and

Deoxyribonucleic acid (_____)– These are both polymers/macromolecules– The monomers of DNA and RNA are

____________.

GENETIC

RNADNA

NUCLEOTIDES

http://dna02.wikispaces.com/Structure+of+DNA+nucleotides

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• Three Components of nucleic acids– ____________________ base

• Two groups of nitrogenous bases– Pyrimidines: single 6-C ring– Cytosine, thymine, uracil– Purines: double fused rings (1 5-C, 1 6-C)– Adenine, guanine

– a 5-___________ sugar• Two kinds of sugars

– ___________ - RNA– _______________ - DNA

– ______________ group• Nucleosides are the components above minus the

phosphate group

NITROGENOUS

CARBON

RIBOSEDEOXYRIBOSE

PHOSPHATE

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