proposal skripsi ilham aswad
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7/21/2019 Proposal Skripsi Ilham Aswad
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Xrmpmsbd Zorgpsg
ZGC^DBZG ZGZ[NC JNQKBZ
XNILNIKBDG KBI XNILB[^Q Z^E^ Q^BILBI
CNILL^IBOBI F^PPW DMLGJ ANQABZGZ \NAZG[N
KG ^IGVNQZG[BZ ZNQBIL QBWB
Kgb`uobi Znablbg Zbdbe Zbtu Xnrsybrbtbi
Luib Cncpnrmdne Lndbr Zbr`bib Omcputnr (Z.OMC)
Kgsusui Mdne 0
Gdebc Bswbk _22122827S
XQMLQBC Z[^KG [NOIGO GIFMQCB[GOB
FBO^D[BZ [NOIGO GIFMQCB[GOB
^IGVNQZG[BZ ZNQBIL QBWB
182; ‚ 182>
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Ebdbcbi Xnilnsbebi
XQMXMZBD ZOQGXZG
ZGC^DBZG ZGZ[NC JNQKBZ
XNILNIKBDG KBI XNILB[^Q Z^E^ Q^BILBI
CNILL^IBOBI F^PPW DMLGJ ANQABZGZ \NAZG[N
KG ^IGVNQZG[BZ ZNQBIL QBWB
Kgsusui Mdne 0
Gdebc Bswbk
IGC 0 22122827
Znrbil………….182;
Ontub Xrmlrbc Ztukg Kmsni Xncagcagil
[noigo Gifmrcbtgob
………………………… …………………
[billbd kgsntu`ug 0
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XQMXMZBD ZOQGXZG
ZGC^DBZG ZGZ[NC JNQKBZ XNILNIKBDG KBI
XNILB[^Q Z^E^ Q^BILBI (BGQ JMIKG[GMIGIL)
CNILL^IBOBI F^PPW DMLGJ ANQABZGZ \NAZG[N KG
^IGVNQZG[BZ ZNQBIL QBWB
2.2. DB[BQ ANDBOBIL
Zukbe abiybo pnrbdbtbi ndnotrmigo ybil anrnkbr pbkb sbbt gig, ibcui ebiyb
snkgogt ybil cnilluibobi sgfbt mtmcbtgsbsg, dnage abiybo cnilluibobi sgfbtcbiubdubdgsbsg. Bkb pudb ybil anrsgfbt amrms dgstrgo, snpnrtg Bgr Jmikgtgminr (BJ).
BJ abiybo kgluibobi obrnib jubjb ybil bkb, tnrutbcb kg @bobrtb sbilbtdbe pbibs,
snegillb pbrb omisucni BJ pui sncbogi anrtbcabe. Obrnib ebd tnrsnaut, cbob
pbkb brtgond kg btbs kgaubtdbe rbijbilbi BJ ybil kbpbt cnilencbt ninrlg, ybgtu
knilbi cnilluibobi snismr pnilegtuil cbiusgb. Blbr BJ tnrsnaut kbpbt cni`bkg
—pgitbr–, `gob tgkbo tnrkbpbt cbiusgb kg kbdbc rubilbi BJ tnrsnaut kbpbt cbtg
snjbrb knilbi snikgrgiyb.
[u`ubi utbcb sgstnc tniblb dgstrgo bkbdbe cnisupdbg onautuebi ninrlg
dgstrgo omisucni btbu bdbt-bdbt pncbobg tniblb dgstrgo. Obrnib onautuebi tniblb
dgstrgo anrdbilsuil snjbrb tnrus cninrus, cbob sgstnc tniblb dgstrgo ebrus kgknsbgi
snkncgogbi egillb cnrupbobi subtu sgstnc ybil ebikbd kbi nomimcgs. Zbdbe sbtu
jbrb uituo cncpnrmdne onbikbdbi subtu sgstnc prmtnosg btbu pnrdgikuilbi luib
cndgikuilg pnrbdbtbi kbrg lbillubi ybil tnr`bkg kg kbdbc sgstnc. Obrnib gtu,
sybrbt-sybrbt sgstnc prmtnosg bkbdbe rndgbadn (ebikbd), sndnotgf (cbcpu cncgdbekbnrbe pnrdgikuilbi), stbagd, kbi snisgtgf.
Bdbt-bdbt pnilbcbi btbu prmtnosg onabiybobi anrupb rndn, cncpuiybg kub
fuilsg ybgtu cndgikuilg pnrbdbtbi tnrebkbp lbillubi ybil tnr`bkg kg kbdbc sgstnc
blbr tgkbo cnilbdbcg onrusbobi snrtb cndmobdgsgr bogabt lbillubi supbyb tgkbo
cni`bdbr kg kbdbc sgstnc ondgstrgobi.
Zbdbe sbtu bdbt prmtnosg ybil sbilbt kgautueobi uituo cnilbcbiobi
pnrbdbtbi dgstrgo gbdbe rndn tnlbilbi. Qndn gig anrfuilsg uituo cncbitbu tnlbilbi
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kbi bobi cncanrgobi sgiybd cndbdug omitbo - omitbo ondubrbiiyb, `gob tnlbilbi
ybil kgpbitbu dnage ansbr kbrg igdbg cbosgcuc btbu dnage onjgd kbrg igdbg cgigcuc
ybil kgpnronibiobi.
Zgstnc kglgtbd kbpbt kgbpdgobsgobi snablbg rndn prmtnosg. rndn prmtnosg ybil
anrabsgsobi sgstnc kglgtbd cncpuiybg ananrbpb onuilludbi kbrg rndn tgpn
omivnisgmibd. Kg bitbrb onuilludbi rndn prmtnosg kglgtbd gig bkbdbe rnspmi ybil
jnpbt tnrebkbp lbillubi, onbourbtbi kbdbc pnregtuilbi, fdnosgand snrtb kbpbt
anrommrkgibsg knilbi abgo. Xbkb sbbt gig pnilluibbi sgstnc kglgtbd snablbg rndn
cnilluibobi sgstnc kglgtbd ybil omcpdnos. Xnilluibbi sgstnc prmtnosg kglgtbd gig
cnijboup onsnduruebi sgstnc knilbi sobdb ybil ansbr kbi sudgt kgtncuobi rndn
prmtnosg kglgtbd snjbrb tnrpgsbe uituo kbpbt cncprmtnosg sgstnc ybil snknrebib.
Kg nrb pnroncabilbi `bcbi ybil sncbogi cb`u gig, tnrdbegr abiybo smdusg
ybil kbpbt cncnjbeobi pnrcbsbdbebi cbiusgb. Xnrcbsbdbebi ybil tgcaud bogabt
ontnrabtbsbi cbiusgb btbupui kbrg fbotmr dbgi, ogig snkgogt kncg snkgogt sukbe kbpbt
kgbtbsg. Zbdbe sbtu smdusg ybil kbpbt cncnjbeobi pnrcbsbdbebi cbiusgb ybgtu
knilbi cnilluibobi sgstnc onikbdg anrabsgs omcputnr. Knilbi cnilluibobi
sgstnc onikbdg anrabsgs omcputnr, kgebrbpobi kbpbt cncabitu kbi cnrgilbiobi
pnonr`bbi cbiusgb snrtb cni`bkg smdusg uituo sntgbp pnrcbsbdbebi cbiusgb.
Cgormomitrmdnr cnrupbobi subtu pnilnikbdg anruourbi cgorm, ybil kbpbt
kgluibobi anrsbcbbi knilbi bdbt ndnotrmigo dbgiiyb. Onuilludbi ybil kgcgdgog
cgormomitrmdnr cnilbogabtobi abiybo ybil cnilluibobiiyb uituo bpdgobsg subtu
sgstnc onikbdg. Cgormomitrmdnr cnrupbobi pnrbdbtbi kglgtbd ybil kgoncabilobi
kbrg sgstnc kglgtbd ybil kbpbt `ulb kgbpdgobsgobi snablbg rndn prmtnosg. Xnilluibbi
Cgormomitrmdnr knilbi ananrbpb rbilobgbi pnikuouil, cncgigcbdobi sgstnc
prmtnosg kglgtbd ybil bkb sbbt gig kbi anonr`b dnage abgo kbrg rndn tgpn
ndnotrmcblintgo cbupui tgpn stbtgo. Knilbi bkbiyb ananrbpb onuilludbi kbrg
pnilluibbi Cgormomitrmdnr snablbg rndn prmtnosg, cbob kgjmab cnilbpdgobsgobi
Cgormomitrmdnr snablbg rndn prmtnosg.
Xncbobgbi cgormomitrmdnr ucuciyb kgluibobi kbdbc ncankknk systncs
ybgtu sua-sgstnc cgormomcputnr oeusus snablbg ablgbi kbrg subtu sgstnc ybil
pnilmitrmdiyb ybgtu cgormomitrmdnr kganibcobi snjbrb dbilsuil kg kbdbc subtu
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cnsgi. Jgrg oebs kbrg ncankknk systncs bkbdbe tgkbo cndbouobi trbisfmrcbsg kbtb
tntbpg dbilsuil anrgitnrbosg knilbi pnrbilobt dubr snpnrtg snismr kbi botubtmr.
^ituo cncauotgobi abewb cgormomitrmdnr kbpbt kgrbijbil uituo subtu sgstnconikbdg anrabsgs omcputnr kbi cndbouobi subtu pnonr`bbi cbiusgb ybil oeususiyb
pbkb tulbs boegr gig bkbdbe kgluibobi snablbg subtu sgstnc uituo pnilmitrmd sueu
rubilbi. Cbob pniudgs cncaubt dbpmrbi tulbs boegr gig knilbi ̀ ukud —ZGC^DBZG
ZGZ[NC JNQKBZ XNILNIKBDG KBI XNILB[^Q Z^E^ Q^BILBI
(BGQ JMIKG[GMIGIL) CNILL^IBOBI F^PPW DMLGJ ANQABZGZ
\NAZG[N KG ^IGVNQZG[BZ ZNQBIL QBWB–.
2.1. GKNI[GFGOBZG CBZBDBE
Anrkbsbrobi dbtbr andbobil cbsbdbe kg btbs kbpbt kg sgcpudobi abewb
pnrcbsbdbebi ybil tnr`bkg pbkb sgstnc ybil anduc tnrjgptb pbkb lnkuil
^igvnrsgtbs Znrbil Qbyb 0
2.
Cncaubt bpdgobsg omitrmddnr anrabsgs wnasgtn uituo cnilbtur sueu rubilbi
kg lnkuil ^IZNQB.
1. Onsudgtbi uituo cninituobi sueu rubilbi pbkb gikgvgkubd kg sntgbp rubilbi
tnrsnaut. Anrkbsbrobi vbrgband pnikuouiliyb cnilluibobi cntmkn fuzzy
dmlgj blbr kbpbt cnilencbt dgstrgo kg subtu rubilbi.
2.:. Q^C^ZBI CBZBDBE
Anrkbsbrobi dbtbr andbobil cbsbdbe kbpbt kgrucusobi cbsbdbe snablbg anrgout 0
2. Ablbgcbib cncaubt bpdgobsg anrabsgs wnasgtn cnilluibobi fuzzy dmlgj
pbkb lnkuil ^IZNQB.
1.
Ablbgcbib cninituobi vbrgband pnikuouil knilbi cntmkn fuzzy.
:. Xncaubtbi prmlrbc cgormomitrmdnr ybil bobi kgaubt blbr snsubg knilbi
ybil kggilgiobi.
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2.;. AB[BZBI CBZBDBE
Abtbsbi pnrcbsbdbebi pbkb pniudgsbi gig bkbdbe 0
2. Zgstnc cgormomitrmdnr gig kgrbijbil oeusus uituo pnilmdbebi sgstnc
pnilbtur sueu kg ^IZNQB.
1.
Xrmlrbc gig bobi cnilluibobi XEX kbi Cysqd snablbg kbtbabsn kbi uituo
sgcudbsgiyb cnilluibobi bpdgobsg Bkman Fdbse.
:. Cncabebs omcpmini ybil kgluibobi kbdbc cncaubt tulbs boegr gig.
2.>. [^@^BI CBZBDBE
Anrkbsbrobi cbsbdbe kg btbs cbob pnindgtgbi gig cncpuiybg tu`ubi uituo
cnilob`g tnitbil sgcudbsg sgstnc jnrkbs pnilnikbdg kbi pnilbtur sueu rubilbi
(bgr jmikgtgmigil) cnilluibobi fuzzy dmlgj anrabsgs wnasgtn kg ^IZNQB 0
2. Cncaubt bpdgobsg sgcudbsg anrabsgs wnasgtn cnilluibobi cntmkn fuzzy
dmlgj uituo cncpnrcukbe cnilbtur sueu kg kbdbc rubilbi.
1.
^ituo cnilbtur sueu rubilbi cnilluibobi tnoigo sgcudbsg knilbi
cntmkn fuzzy dmlgj anrkbsbrobi vbrgband sueu kbi mrbil blbr
cncpnrcukbe prmlrbccnr cncaubt onputusbi.
:.
Cnilgcpdncnitbsgobi tnmrg kbi gdcu ybil sukbe kgkbpbt sndbcb oudgbe.
2.6. CBIFBB[ XNINDG[GBI
2.
Ablg Xnilluib
Cnilluibobi kbdbc cnigocbtg sueu BJ kg rubilbi tbipb ebrus cnilbtur
sueu.
1. Ablg Xniudgs
Cnibcabe wbwbsbi tnitbil cntmkn fuzzy dmlgj snrtb cnilbsbe gdcu pncrmlrbcbi ybil kg cgdgog mdne pniudgs.
:.
Ablg ^igvnrsgtbs Znrbil Qbyb
Cnilebsgdobi cbebsgswb ybil anroubdgtbs ablg ^igvnrsgtbs Znrbil Qbyb.
2.<. [GI@B^BI X^Z[BOB
Amy Fnjenrb, koo 1821 cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Mptgcbsg
pnilluibbi cncanrsegp fuijtgmi dmlgob fuzzy pbkb obsus gknitgfgobsg oubdgtbs
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cgiybo trbsfmrcbtmr –. Xnindgtgbi cncabebs tnitbil mptgcbsg pnilluibbi
cncanrsegp fuijtgmi dmlgob fuzzy. Ebsgd pnindgtgbi anrupb abewb cncanrsegp
fuijtgmi tgpn trgbiludbr cncanrgobi ebsgd ybil dnage abgo kbrg pbkb cncanrsegp
fuijtgmi tgpn [rbpnzmgkbd kbi cncanrsegp fuijtgmi lbauilbi bitbrb trgbiludbr kbi
[rbpnzmgkbd .
Kbrwgsmi kbi Qgjm, 1821 cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Omitrmd
pmsgsg rmamt cmagd cnilluibobi dmlgob fuzzy knilbi snismr udtrb smigj –.
Xnindgtgbi gig cncabebs tnitbil gcpdncnitbsg omitrmd pmsgsg rmamt cmagd
cnilluibobi dmlgob fuzzy knilbi snismr udtrb smigo. Ebsgd anrupb sncbogi knobt
`brbo bobi cncaubt pnrlnrbobi rmamt cmagd sncbogi dnage ebdus.
Endfg Ibsutgmi, 1821 cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Gcpdncnitbsg
dmlgob fuzzy pbkb sgstnc onjnrkbsbi aubtbi —. Cncabebs tnitbil onjnrkbsbi
aubtbi cnilluibobi dmlgob fuzzy. Ebsgdiyb anrupb pnrankbbi pnilluibbi cntmkn
dmlgob fuzzy knilbi cntmkn dbgi pbkb sgstnc onjnrkbsbi aubtbi.
Bdg cuesmi, 188< cndbouobi pnindgtgbi tnitbil — Xninrbpbi dmlgob fuzzy
kbdbc pncmkndbi pnrogrbbi tgilobt gifdbsg kg Gikminsgb —. Cncabebs tnitbil
pninrbpbi dmlgob fuzzy pnrogrbbi tgilobt gifdbsg kg Gikminsgb. Ebsgd pnindgtgbi
anrupb cncanituo cmknd uituo tgilobt gifdbsg pnrbcbdbi kg Gikminsgb anrkbsbrobi
kbtb tgcn snrgns fuzzy.
Ibagdb, koo, 1821 cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Xnrbijbilbi
Jmupdnk Fuzzy Dmlgj Jmitrmddnr pbkb Xrmtmtgpn Cnsgi Jmcputnr Iucnrgjbd
Jmitrmd (JIJ) —. Cncabebs tnitbil jmupdnk fuzzy dmlgj jmitrmddnr pbkb prmtmtgpn
cnsgi omcputnr. Ebsgd anrupb cniui`uoobi abewb knilbi cnibcabeobi
omitrmdnr ommrkgibsg, kbpbt cncpnrabgog igdbg giknos pnrfmrcbisg snansbr :<,>%
uituo omitur dgignr kbi 1,<5% uituo omitur dgilobrbi.
Zmfwbi, 188> cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Xninrbpbi fuzzy dmlgj
pbkb sgstnc pnilbturbi `ucdbe bgr anrkbsbrobi sueu kbi ondncababi —. Cncabebs
tnitbil sgstnc pnilncabilbi onikbdg fuzzy dmlgj knilbi cnilluibobi systnc
cgormomitrmdnr CJZ>2 pbkb Knvndmpcnit [mmds K[>. Ebsgdiyb anrupb abewb
systnc onikbdg fuzzy dmlgj dnage cukbe kgluibobi kbdbc sgstnc pnilnikbdgbiiyb.
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Zukgrcbi, koo 1822 cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Ztukg
Nospnrgcnitbd Xnilmitrmdbi Bgr Jmikgtgmigil Zystnc Knilbi Fuzzy Dmlgj
Jmitrmd —. Cncabebs tnitbil cnilu`g BJ (: EX/: pebsn) cnilluibobi 1 sgstnc
omitrmd ybil anrankb, ybgtu omitrmd omivnisgmibd kbi FDJ. Ebsgd anrupb bpdgobsg
systnc FDJ cnilebsgdobi omisucsg ninrlg dgstrgo ybil pbdgil rnikbe
kgabikgilobi omitrmd omivnisgmibd.
K`uibgkg, koo 1822 cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Xninitubi `ucdbe
prmkuosg knilbi bpdgobsg cntmkn Fuzzy ‚ Cbckbig. Xnindgtgbi cncabebs tnitbil
bpdgobsg cntmkn fuzzy ‚ cbckbig. Ebsgd anrupb `ucdbe ebsgd prmkuosg pbkb audbi
tnrtnitu.
Ibsrud, koo 182: cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Xnrbijbilbi ZXO
kbdbc cninituobi pgdgebi prmlrbc stukg pbkb ZICX[I —. Xnindgtgbi cncabebs
tnitbil cntmkn fuzzy dmlgj kbdbc cnintuobi prmlrbc stukg. Ebsgd anrupb sgswb
agsb cncgdge prmlrbc stukg pbkb pnrlurubi tgillg knilbi fuzzy dmlgj.
Ilbrbp G cbigj 1828 cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Xnrbijbilbi
prmlrbc bpdgobsg pnilnibdbi tnos cnilluibobi fuzzy dmlgj —. Xnindgtgbi
cncabebs tnitbil Xniknobtbi obrbotnr rnjmqigtgmi knilbi cnilluibobi dmlgob
fuzzy. Ebsgd anrupb Xninitubi igdbg ternsemdk anrpnilbrue tnrebkbp pncgsbebi
euruf. Igdbg ternsemdk tnrabgo ybil kgluibobi bkbdbe 2<5.
Zrg Wudgbitm, koo 1885 cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Bpdgobsg
pnikuouil onputusbi knilbi cnilluibobi dmlgob fuzzy (stukg obsus 0 pninitubi
spnsgfgobsg omcputnr). Xnindgtgbi gig cncabebs tnitbil fuzzy dmlgj knilbi
cnilluibobi cntmkn tbebig. Ebsgd pnindgtgbi ybgtu pnilluibbi vbrgbadn fuzzy 65
% cnikuouil pninitubi spnsgfgobsg ybil kggilgiobi snkbilobi sgsbiyb tgkbo.
Zuprgymim, 188< cndbouobi pnindgtgbi knilbi `ukud — Bibdgsgs
pnrabikgilbi dmlgob fuzzy knilbi rnlrnsg anrlbikb snablbg bdbt pnrbcbdbi —.
Xnindgtgbi gig cncabebs tnitbil tnoigo pnrbcbdbi knilbi cnilluibobi dmlgob
fuzzy kbi bibdgsgs rnlrnsg. Ebsgd pnindgtgbi abewb `gob kbtb - kbtb giput kbi mutput
sukbe tntbp cbob uituo cndbouobi pnrbcbdbi, dnage abgo cnilluibobi bibdgsgs
rnlrnsg.
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Anrkbsbrobi `uribd - `uribd kg btbs kbpbt kgsgcpudobi abewb Fuzzy dmlgj
kbpbt kgluibobi snablbg cntmkn pbkb pninitubi ebrlb `ubd ebsgd prmkuosg
anrkbsbrobi vbrgband pnikuouil snpnrtg abebi abou, agbyb prmkuosg, snrtb agbyb
trbispmrtbsg. Obrnib fuzzy dmlgj cnrupbobi dmlgob ybil anrebkbpbi knilbi omisnp
onanibrbi snablgbi, ybil kbpbt cncanrgobi pnruabebi kbdbc pnilbcagdbi
onputusbi kg cbib oncbcpubi anrpgogr cbiusgb ybil tgkbo pbstg kbpbt kgpbobg
kbdbc sgstnc anrabsgs pnilntbeubi snablbg bdbt pnrbcbdbi.
2.5. DBIKBZBI [NMQG
2.5.2. DMLGOB F^PPW
Dmlgob Fuzzy bkbdbe pnigilobtbi kbrg dmlgob Ammdnbi ybil anrebkbpbi
knilbi omisnp onanibrbi snablgbi. Zbbt dmlgob odbsgo cniybtbobi abewb snlbdb
ebd kbpbt kgnosprnsgobi kbdbc gstgdbe aginr (8 btbu 2, egtbc btbu putge, yb btbu
tgkbo), dmlgob fuzzy cnillbitgobi onanibrbi ammdnbi knilbi tgilobt onanibrbi.
Dmlgob Fuzzy cncuilogiobi igdbg onbillmtbbi bitbrb 8 kbi 2, tgilobt
onbaubi kbi `ulb egtbc kbi putge, kbi kbdbc anituo dgilugstgo, omisnp tgkbo pbstg
snpnrtg "snkgogt", "ducbybi", kbi "sbilbt". Dmlgob gig anreuauilbi knilbi snt
fuzzy kbi tnmrg oncuilogibi. Dmlgob fuzzy kgpnronibdobi mdne Kr. Dmtfg Pbkne
kbrg ^igvnrsgtbs Jbdgfmrigb, Anrondny pbkb 276>.
2.5.1. F^ILZG ONBILLM[BBI
Fuilsg onbillmtbbi (cncanrsegp fuijtgmi) bkbdbe subtu ourvb ybil
cniui`uoobi pncntbbi tgtgo-tgtgo giput kbtb on kbdbc igdbg onbillmtbbiiyb (snrgil
`ulb kgsnaut knrb`bt onbillmtbbi) ybil cncgdgog gitnrvbd bitbrb 8 sbcpbg 2. Zbdbesbtu jbrb ybil kbpbt kgluibobi bkbdbe knilbi cndbdug pniknobtbi fuilsg ybil agsb
kgluibobi.
2. Fuilsg Qnprnsnitbsg Dgignr
Xbkb rnprnsnitbsg dgignr, pncntbbi giput on knrb`bt onbillmtbbiiyb
kglbcabrobi snablbg subtu lbrgs durus. Anituo gig pbdgil snknrebib kbi cni`bkg
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pgdgebi ybil abgo uituo cniknobtg subtu omisnp ybil ourbil `ndbs. Onbkbbi dgignr
egcpuibi fuzzy tnrkgrg kbrg kub onbkbbi dgignr ibgo kbi dgignr turui.
Xbkb dgignr ibgo, onibgobi egcpuibi kgcudbg pbkb igdbg kmcbgi ybil
cncgdgog knrb`bt onbillmtbbi imd _8S anrlnrbo on obibi cniu`u igdbg kmcbgi ybil
cncgdgog knrb`bt onbillmtbbi dnage tgillg knilbi fuilsg onbillmtbbi 0
Lbcabr 2 Qnprnsnitbsg Dgignr
Znkbilobi dgignr turui, lbrgs durus kgcudbg kbrg igdbg kmcbgi knilbi knrb`bt
onbillmtbbi tnrtgillg pbkb sgsg ogrg, oncukgbi anrlnrbo cniurui on igdbg kmcbgiybil cncgdgog knrb`bt onbillmtbbi dnage rnikbe knilbi fuilsg onbillmtbbi.
Lbcabr 1 Fuilsg Onbillmtbbi
1. Fuilsg Onbillmtbbi Znlgtglb
Fuilsg onbillmtbbi snlgtglb kgtbikbg mdne bkbiyb tglb pbrbcntnr {b,a,j}
ybil bobi cninituobi ommrkgibt x kbrg tglb sukut. Ourvb gig pbkb kbsbriyb
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cnrupbobi lbauilbi bitbrb kub lbrgs durus. Bkbpui pnrsbcbbi uituo anituo
snlgtglb gig bkbdbe0
Lbcabr : Fuilsg Onbillmtbbi Znlgtglb
:. Fuilsg Onbillmtbbi [rbpnsguc
Ourvb trbpnsguc pbkb kbsbriyb snpnrtg anituo snlgtglb, ebiyb sb`b bkb
ananrbpb tgtgo ybil cncgdgog igdbg onbillmtbbi sbtu. Bkbpui pnrsbcbbi uituo
ourvb trbpnsguc gig bkbdbe0
Lbcabr ; Fuilsg Onbillmtbbi [rbpnsguc
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2.5.:. ZGC^DBZG ZGZ[NC
Zgcudbsg bkbdbe gcgtbsg btbu tgrubi kbrg botgvgtbs/prmsns snaube sgstnc.
Zgcudbsg kgaubt knilbi tu`ubi uituo cnilbcbtg obrbotnrgstgo sgstnc iybtbiyb.
[nrobkbil sgcudbsg kgaubt uituo snsubtu ybil anduc bkb sgstnc iybtbiyb, snegillb
pncaubtbi sgcudbsg kbdbc ebd gig bkbdbe uituo cnilu`g sgstnc rbijbilbi. Zgcudbsg
agsb tgkbo cnilluibobi omcputnr, tntbpg juoup cnilluibobi pnrsbcbbi-
pnrsbcbbi cbtncbtgo. Ibcui kncgogbi, omcpdnosgtbs sgstnc iybtb agbsbiyb
cnilebrusobi pnilluibbi omcputnr blbr cmknd ybil kgsgcudbsgobi cniknobtg
btbu sbilbt cgrgp knilbi sgstnc iybtb.
Zgcudbsg abiybo kgluibobi sbbt gig snablbg subtu tmmd stukg. Ananrbpb
bdbsbi pnilluibbi sgcudbsg bkbdbe obrnib sgcudbsg kbpbt kgluibobi snablbg
pncandb`brbi/givnstglbsg tnrebkbp gitnrbosg bitbr omcpmini kbdbc subtu sgstnc
ybil omcpdnos, sgcudbsg kbpbt kgluibobi uituo stukg kbcpbo pnruabebi gifmrcbsg,
mrlbigsbsg, kbi dgilouilbi tnrebkbp sgstnc. Zndbgi gtu, pnilntbeubi ybil kgpnrmdne
cndbdug sgcudbsg agsb cni`bkg sbrbi pnitgil uituo pnrabgobi sgstnc,
cnilgknitgfgobsg vbrgband ybil pbdgil anrpnilbrue tnrebkbp sgstnc cndbdug
pniluabebi giput tnrebkbp mutput. Zgcudbsg `ulb snablbg cnkgb uituo cncbebcg
cntmkmdmlg pniyndnsbgbi cbsbdbe ybil kgdbouobi snjbrb bibdgtgo, bdbt pnrjmabbi
uituo knsbgi sgstnc abru, bibdgsgs oncbcpubi cnsgi, kbi dbgi snablbgiyb.
Zgcudbsg tgkbo tnpbt kgluibobi uituo subtu stukg bpbagdb ebd-ebd anrgout gig kgtncug0
b) Zubtu cbsbdbe kbpbt kgsndnsbgobi knilbi ibdbr.
a) Zubtu cbsbdbe kbpbt kgsndnsbgobi snjbrb bibdgtgo.
j) Zubtu pnrjmabbi snknrebib kbpbt kgdbouobi.
k)
Agbyb sgcudbsg sbilbt ansbr.n)
\botu kbi sucanr kbyb ybil tgkbo tnrsnkgb.
f) [gkbo tnrsnkgb kbtb (tnrcbsuo kbtb nstgcbsg/egpmtntgo).
l) Bkbiyb nospnotbsg ybil anrdnagebi tnrebkbp ebsgd.
e) Zgstnc tnrdbdu omcpdnos kbi tgkbo agsb kgknfgigsgobi.
Cmknd cnrupbobi pniynknrebibbi kbrg sgstnc ybil bobi kgpndb`brg. Cmknd sbilbt
anrblbc, agsb kbdbc anituo gomi, bibdml btbu sgcamd. Cmknd gomi cnigru sgstnc
iybtb snjbrb fgsgo, snpnrtg ldman (cmknd kuigb), pdbintbrguc (cmknd systnc rubil
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bilobsb), kbi dbgi-dbgi. Cmknd bibdml cnigru sgstnc ebiyb kbrg pnrgdbouiyb. Cmknd
sgcamd tgkbo cnigru sgstnc snjbrb fgsgo, btbu tgkbo cncmkndobi pnrgdbou sgstnc,
tbpg cncmkndobi sgstnc anrkbsbrobi dmlgobiyb. Dmlgob agsb anrvbrgbsg
cudbg kbrg gitugsg on abebsb vnrabd btbu dmlgob cbtncbtgo. Obrnib cmknd bibdgsgs
sgcudbsg ebrus kbpbt kggcpdncnitbsgobi pbkb omcputnr, cbob cmknd sgcudbsg
ebrus nospdgsgt, ybgtu ebrus snablbg cmknd sgcamdgo pbdgil tgkbo uituo dnvnd bdgrbi
dmlgob. Cmknd sgcamdgo kbpbt kgodbsgfgobsgobi cni`bkg0
2. Cmknd prnsorgptgf btbu knsorgptgf. Cmknd prnsorgptgf kgluibobi uituo
cniknfgigsgobi kbi cnilmptgcbdobi pnrcbsbdbebi. Cmknd knsorgptgf
cnillbcabrobi sgstnc anrkbsbrobi pnrgdbouiyb kbi pnrcbsbdbebi
mptgcbsg kgsnrbeobi on bibdgsgs anrgoutiyb.
1. Cmknd kgsorgt btbu omitgiu. Xnilodbsgfgobsgbi cmknd cni`bkg kgsorgt kbi
omitgiu kgkbsbrobi pbkb vbrgbandiyb. Xnrankbbi pbdgil pnitgil kbdbc
onkub cmknd bkbdbe wbotu. @gob rnvgsg tnrebkbp cmknd tnr`bkg snjbrb omitgiu
anrkbsbrobi wbotu, cbob cmknd gtu kgodbsgfgobsgobi snablbg cmknd
omitgiun.
:. Cmknd prmabagdgstgo btbu kntnrcgigstgo. Xncankbbi onkub cmknd gig `ulb
kgkbsbrobi pbkb vbrgband cmknd. @gob bkb vbrgband bjbo, cmknd ogtb
odbsgfgobsgobi snablbg cmknd prmabagdgstgo. @gob tgkbo, cmknd cnrupbobi
odbsgfgobsg cmknd kntnrcgigstgo.
;.
Cmknd stbtgs btbu kgibcgs. Xncankbbi onkub cmknd gig ̀ ulb kgkbsbrobi pbkb
vbrgband cmknd. @gob vbrgband cmknd anruabe snsubg knilbi wbotu, cbob
cmknd kglmdmilobi snablbg cmknd kgibcgs.
>. Cmknd dmmp tnrauob btbu tnrtutup. Xnilodbsgfgobsgbi cmknd onkbdbc anituo
dmmp tnrauob btbu tnrtutup kgkbsbrobi pbkb struotur cmknd. Xbkb cmkndtnrauob, mutput kbrg cmknd tgkbo cni`bkg ucpbi abdgo uituo cncpnrabgog
giput. Znabdgoiyb bkbdbe cmknd dmmp tnrtutup.
2.7. [NOIGO XNILB[^QBI Z^E^ WBIL [NXB[
Zueu ybil tnpbt bkbdbe cnrupbobi sybrbt cutdbo uituo cnikbpbtobi kbyb
tntbs sntgillg cuilogi. Xnilbturbi sueu pbkb cnsgi tntbs anrdbilsuil snjbrb
mtmcbtgs cnilluibobi bdbt ybil kgsnaut tenrcmstbt. Xbkb ucuciyb cnsgi tntbs
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cnilluibobi tenrcmstbt ndnotrm-cnobigobd knilbi snismr pncbibs (obpsud) tgpn
wbfnr. Znismr gig anrupb kub onpgil pndbt anrmillb anrabebi ouigilbi kbi kggsg
knilbi ntnr, ybil bobi cnilncabil ̀ gob pbibs anrtbcabe kbi cnilnrut ̀ gob pbibs
anrourbil, kbi cnilebsgdobi lnrbobi ybil cnilbotgfobi sbodbr cgorm
(cgjrmswgtje). Oncukgbi cgjrmswgtje gigdbe ybil bobi cncbtgobi kbi
cnilegkupobi pncbibs (dbcpu btbu igondgi). Knilbi kncgogbi pbibs kbdbc cnsgi
tntbs bobi ibgo kbi turui kbdbc ogsbrbi tnrtnitu, ibcui tgkbo amdne cndnageg 2m J.
Cgsbdiyb `gob sueu tnrnikbe (sbbt pncbibs cbtg) bkbdbe :5mJ cbob sueu tnrtgillg
(sbbt pncbibs egkup) cbosgcuc :7mJ.
Xnilbturbi sueu cnsgi tntbs snanibriyb juoup cukbe, ibcui pbkb
prbotnoiyb snrgilobdg tnronsbi sudgt obrnib ucuciyb mrbil tgkbo tbeu (btbu tgkbo
cbu tbeu=) jbrb onr`biyb. Obrnib gtu, uituo pnilluib abru sbilbt kgsbrbiobi uituo
cncbebcg jbrb onr`biyb kbi cndbouobi pnrjmabbi1 tnrdnage kbeudu.
Xnilbturbi sueu `ulb sbilbt anrlbituil pbkb ontnpbtbi ogtb cncabjb
tnrcmcntnr. ^ituo gtu dntboobi tnrcmcntnr kg tnilbe1 tndur uituo pncabjbbi
pbdgil bourbt. Xrgisgp utbcb pncabjbbi sueu bkbdbe cncmigtmr sueu pbkb
tnrcmcntnr pbkb sbbt dbcpu pncbibs cbtg btbu egkup. Gigdbe onuituilbi cnsgi
tntbs ybil cnilluibobi pncbibs dbcpu pg`br snpnrtg pbkb Cgimrjb obrnib sbilbt
cukbe cnilntbeug abtbs sueu tnrnikbe kbi sueu tnrtgillg. Znpnrtg kgontbeug sueu
bobi turui `gob pncbibs cbtg kbi bobi ibgo `gob pncbibs egkup. Ibcui kncgogbi,
pncabjbbi sueu ebiyb kbpbt kgdbouobi sbbt dbcpu pncbibs egkup obrnib
pbikbilbi on kbdbc cnsgi tntbs bobi dnage tnrbil.
Znanduciyb, cbsuoobi abo ybil tndbe kggsg bgr kbi egkupobi cnsgi tntbs
kbi agbrobi sndbcb 2-1 ̀ bc. Oncukgbi, uituo cncabjb sueu tnrtgillg, pbikbildbe
sobdb pbkb tnrcmcntnr tnrus cninrus egillb dbcpu pbkbc, snsbbt sntndbe dbcpu pbkbc gtudbe ybil cniui`uoobi sueu tnrtgillg. Znkbilobi uituo cncabjb sueu
tnrnikbe, tuillu egillb dbcpu egkup dblg. Znsbbt sntndbe dbcpu egkup, abjb sobdb
pbkb tnrcmcntnr, cbob gtudbe sueu tnrnikbe.
@gob sueu tnrnikbe cniui`uoobi bilob dnage ourbil :5mJ kbi sueu
tnrtgillg bkbdbe :5,> ‚ :7mJ, cbob pnilbturbi sueu tndbe tnpbt. Ibcui `gob sueu
tnrnikbe ourbil kbrg :5mJ kbi sueu tnrtgillg dnage kbrg :7mJ, cbob dbouobi
pnilbturbi oncabdg knilbi cncutbr abut pnilbtur 2/; ‚ 2/1 putbrbi. Ibcui
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kncgogbi, cnilgilbt pncabjbbi sueu ybil tgkbo cuilogi bourbt 288%, cbob
pniygcpbilbi +/- 8,>mJ cbsge kbpbt kgtmdnrbisg.
2.28.
CN[MKMDMLG XNINDG[GBI
2.28.2. Xnilucpudbi Kbtb
Kbdbc pniyusuibi pniudgsbi dbpmrbi gig, pniudgs cnilluibobi snaube
cntmkn pnindgtgbi kbdbc cnilucpudobi kbtb. Xnilluibbi cntmkn
pnindgtgbi gig kgodbrgfgobsgobi on kbdbc tglb ablgbi snablbg anrgout 0
b. Ztukg Dgtnrbtur
[bebp gig pniudgs cndbouobi pnillbdgbi omisnp pningtgbi
cndbdug stukg pustbob anrkbsbrobi pnindgtgbi ‚ pnindgtgbi ybil tndbe
kgdbouobi snanduciyb uituo kg`bkgobi ob`gbi pnikuouil kbdbc
tmpgj pnigdgtgbi ybil pniudgs dbouobi.
a. Masnrvbsg Dbpbilbi
Masnrvbsg dbpbilbi ybil kgdbouobi ybgtu cnilbcbtg kbi
cnijbtbt snjbrb dbilsuil anituo ‚ anituo pmtnisg sucanr ybil agsb
kgcbifbbtobi kbdbc cnilmptgcbdobi kbi cndbouobi pnilencbtbi
pbkb pnilbturbi sueu rubilbi.
j. \bwbijbrb btbu Gitnrvgnw
Cnygbpobi kbftbr pnrtbiybbi kbi cninituobi sgbpb sb`b
ybil bobi `bkg ma`noiyb, cndbouobi pnilucpudkbi kbtb cndbdug
cntmkn wbwbijbrb knilbi cnilb`uobi pnrtbiybbi ‚ pnrtbiybbi
pbkb pgebo ‚ pgebo tnrobgt.
2.28.1. Bibdgsb Zgstnc
Zubtu prmsns uituo cncbebcg sgstnc ybil sukbe bkb. Xbkb tbebp gig bobi
kgdbouobi bibdgsb tnrebkbp fmjus pnrcbsbdbebi pnindgtgbi, bpbobe sukbe
snsubg snpnrtg ybil kggilgiobi btbu tgkbo. Znrtb cnincuobi smdusg ybil
tnpbt ablg pniyndnsbgbi cbsbdbe uituo Zgstnc Xnilbturbi Zueu pbkb
Qubilbi.
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2.28.:. Xnrbijbilbi Zgstnc
Cndbouobi pnrbijbilbi tnrebkbp sgstnc ybil snkbil anr`bdbi bpbagdb
kgtncuobi bkb onourbilbi.
2.28.;. Xncaubtbi Xrmlrbc
Cndbouobi pncaubtbi prmlrbc knilbi cnilluibobi prmlrbc Bkman
Cbjrmcnkgb Krnbcwnbvnr kbi kbtbabsn cnilluibobi cysqd.
2.28.>. [nstgil
Cndbduobi nvbdubsg tnebkbp prmlrbc ybil sukbe kgaubt.
2.28.6. Gcpdncnitbsg
Cnilgcpdncnitbsgobi prmlrbc ybil sukbe kgaubt on ^igvnrsgtbs Znrbil
Qbyb.
2.28.<. Kmoucnitbsg
Cnikmoucnitbsgobi sncub ebsgd bibdgsb kbi pnrbijbilbi sgstnc.
2.22. @BK\BD XNINDG[GBI
Anrgout gig bkbdbe `bkwbd pnindgtgbi ybil bobi kgdbouobi kg ^igvnrgsgtbs
Znrbil Qbyb. Kgcudbg kbrg pnilucpudbi kbtb, pnindgtgbi, pncaubtbi prmpmsbd,
pnrbijbilbi sgstnc egillb gcpdncnitbsg sgstnc.
Im. ^rbgbi Onlgbtbi
Audbi
Cng @uig @udg
2 1 : ; 2 1 : ; 2 1 : ;2. Xnilucpudbi Kbtb
1. Bibdgsb Zgstnc
:. Xnrbijbilbi Zgstnc
;. Omkgil
>. [nstgil
6. Gcpdncnitbsg
<. Kmoucnitbsg
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2.21. ZGZ[NCB[GOB XNI^DGZBI
Xniudgsbi prmpmsbd cbobdbe snablbg dbpmrbi boegr pnindgtgbi gig kgsusui cniurut
sgstncbtgob pniudgsbi anrgout 0
ABA G XNIKBE^D^BI
Aba pnikbeudubi cncubt dbtbr andbobil, pnrucusbi cbsbdbe, abtbsbi cbsbdbe,
onbsdgbi pnindgtgbi, cbifbbt ybil kgebrbpobi, tu`ubi pnindgtgbi kbi sgstncbtgob
pniudgsbi.
ABA GG [GI@B^BI X^Z[BOB
Aba gig cncubt tgi`bubi pustbob kbi dbikbsbi tnmrg ybil anreuauilbi knilbi
pnindgtgbi ybil kgdbouobi.
ABA GGG CN[MKMDMLG XNINDG[GBI
Aba gig cncubt tnitbil cntmkmdmlg pnindgtgbi ybil kgluibobi pniudgs kbdbc
cniyndnsbgobi pnindgtgbi, cbtnrg pnindgtgbi, bdbt, dbilobe ‚ dbilobe pnindgtgbi, bibdgsgs
kbi onsudgtbi ‚ onsudgtbi ybil bkb.
ABA GV EBZGD XNINDG[GBI KBI XNCABEBZBI
Aba gig cncubt ebsgd pnindgtgbi ybil tndbe kgdbouobi snrtb pncabebsbiiyb snsubg
knilbi gcpdncnitbsg ybil bkb.
ABA V XNI^[^X
Aba gig cncubt onsgcpudbi pnindgtgbi kbi sbrbi uituo pnilncabilbi pnindgtgbi
sndbi`utiyb.
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KBF[BQ X^Z[BOB
Ibagdb, @msbpebt, 1821. Xnrbijbilbi jmupdnk fuzzy dmlgj jmitrmddnr pbkb rmtmtypn
cnsgi JIJ. @uribd [noigo G[Z , Vmd. 2, Im. 2, snpt 1821.
Dbil [mcbs bik Cgdms K Nrjnlmvbj, Kglgtbd systnc bik Ebrkwbrn/Fgrcwbrn Bdmlbrgtecs, ^igvnrsgty mf Jbdgfmrigb, Dms Bilnds.
@bjqumt Qbycmik L, Cmknri Kglgtbd Jmitrmd Zystnc, Cbrjnd Knoonr Gij, Inw
Wmro.
Kmnadgi Nrinst M, Cnbsurncnit Zystnc Bpdgjbtgmi bik Knsgli, Cj Lrbw-Egdd
Gitnribtgmibd Ammo Jmcpbiy , Bujodbik, 27<>.
Xrbtmcm Bikg, Xbikubi Xrbotgs Xncrmlrbcbi BVQ Cgjrmomitrmdnr B[78Z1:2: ,
Xninragt Bikg Wmlybobrtb, Wmlybobrtb, 188>.
Luitnrus, Frbis, Fbdsbfbe Kbsbr0 Zgstnc Xnilnikbdgbi Xrmsns, X[ Ndnx Cnkgb
Omcputgikm, @bobrtb, 277<.
Nkwbrk [nlue Ebrtmim, Zorgpsg0 Xnilbturbisueu rubilbi anrabsgs XGK
cnilluibobi cgormomitrmdnr B[5>Z>2, [noigo Ndnotrm, ^igvnrsgtbs
Kgpminlmrm, Zncbrbil.
@bjqumt, Qbycmik L., Cmknri Kglgtbd Jmitrmd Zystncs, Cbrjnd Knoonr Gij, Inw
Wmro, 2752.
@meismi, Jurtgs K., Xrmjnss Jmitrmd Gistrucnitbtgmi [njeimdmly, @mei \gdny &
Zmis Gij, Inw Wmro, 2751.
Dbzubrkg, Cuebccbk, Zorgpsg0 Bpdgobsg Cgormomitrmddnr B[57Z>2 snablbg
Omitrmddnr Xrmpmrsgmibd pbkb Xnilbturbi XE , [noigo Ndnotrm, ^igvnrsgtbs
Kgpminlmrm, Zncbrbil.
Duobs, Cgjebnd X., Kgstrgautnk Jmitrmd Zystnc [engr Nvbdubtgmi bik Knsgli, Vbi
Imstrbik Qngiemdk Jmcpbiy, Inw Wmro, 2756.\brkmym Qgm, Zorgpsg0 Dnilbi Qmamt Xniyndnosg kbi Xncgikbe Abrbil
Anrkbsbrobi ^ourbi Xbi`bil Anrabsgs XJ , [noigo Ndnotrm, ^igvnrsgtbs
Kgpminlmrm, Zncbrbil.
Zbdne Brgnf Qboecbi, Zorgpsg0 Xncmtmil Ztymrmfmbc Anrabsgs XJ , ^igvnrsgtbs
Kgpminlmrm, Zncbrbil.
Jmuldgi Qmanrt F & Krgsjmdd Frnknrgjo F, Xnilubt mpnrbsgmibd kbi Qbilobgi
[nrpbku Dgignr , Bdge abebsb Gr. Enrcbwbi \gkmkm Zmncgtrm, Xninragt
Nrdbillb, @bobrtb, 275>.
Mlbtb, Obtsuegom, [noigo Omitrmd Butmcbtgo @gdgk 2, kgtnr`ncbeobi mdne Nkg
Dnosmim, Nrdbillb, @bobrtb, 277;.
Mlbtb, Obtsuegom, [noigo Omitrmd Butmcbtgo @gdgk 1, kgtnr`ncbeobi mdne NkgDnosmim, Nrdbillb, @bobrtb, 277;.
Xrbcukgtm, Cuvy Iurwgkg, Zorgpsg0 Xnilbturbi Onjnpbtbi Bdgrbi Bgr knilbi
Cnilbtur Onjnpbtbi Xutbr Cmtmr knilbi Cntmkn Omitrmd Fbsb, [noigo
Ndnotrm, ^igvnrsgtbs Kgpminlmrm, Zncbrbil.
\brkebib, Dgillb, Andb`br Znikgrg Cgormomitrmdnr BVQ Znrg B[Cnlb5>:>
Zgcudbsg, Ebrkwbrn, kbi Bpdgobsg, Xninragt Bikg, Wmlybobrtb, 1886.
\bsgtm Z., Vbkncnouc Ndnotrmigob, X[. Lrbcnkgb, @bobrtb, 275>.
Dgqugk Jrystbd Kgspdby Cmkudn C26:1 0 ^snr Cbiubd , Zngom Gistrucnit Gij.,
@bpbi, 275<.
ettp0//www.bddkbtbsennt.jmc/ak2:7.pkf
ettp0// www.btcnd.jmc/btcnlb5>:>.pkf