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Course Curriculum

B.Pharm

In Pharmacy

Department of Pharmacy

NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY

Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229

2

1st Professional Year Total Credit: 40

1st

Year 1st

Semester

PHR 110

Introduction to Pharmacy Credit: 2

Introducing pharmacy profession to the students: Differences between occupation and profession.

Definition and characteristics of pharmacy profession. Social recognition and status of pharmacy profession.

Scopes and opportunities for pharmacists. Pharmacy career development – International and Bangladesh

perspective.

Pharmacy education and its specialty: Brief introduction of the courses taught in a pharmacy program.

Definition of drugs and medicines: Sources of drugs. Classification of drugs on the basis of actions, target

organs and uses. Chemical, generic and brand names.

History and evaluation of Pharmacy: Ancient ages, Middle ages, Modern ages. Development of pharmacy

in Bangladesh.

Dosage forms, Routes of drug administrations, Active ingredients, excipients

Different systems of medicine: Allopathic, Ayurvedic, Unaani and Homeopathic systems of medicine.

Pharmacists’ code of ethics’; Professional organizations; Laws and regulatory affairs.

Sources of Information, Some common terms and abbreviations used in pharmaceutical sciences.

Recommended Books:

Remington : The science and practice of pharmacy

PHR 111

Communications & Computer Application in Pharmaceutical Sciences Credit: 3

Provides a general understanding of computer applications and functions of the components of a computer

system. Topics include components of computer systems; concepts of software; introduction to operating

systems; history of computer languages; programming fundamentals; basics such as constant, variables,

data type, operators and expressions, pointer; concepts of database; internet technology and World Wide

Web. This course undertaken in a lab setting also provides functional orientation to word processing,

spreadsheet, presentation, database and WebPages design. Students also learn some basic skills in

searching and evaluating online resources. Advance use of statistical tools (SPSS, Sigma plot).

Recommended Books:

1. Peter Norton's Introduction to Computers. Fifth Edition, McGraw Hil, International Edition.

2. Computer Fundamentals. Dr M. Lutfar Rahman & Dr M. Alamgir Hossain.

3. Computer Fundamentals. P.K Sinha. University of Tokeyo, Japan.

4. The Complete Reference Offic 2000. Stephen L. Nelson. McGraw Hil Publishing Company Limited.

PHR 112

3

Statistics in Pharmaceutical Sciences Credit: 3

Statistics and its application. Variables and Attributes. Classification and tabulation of data. Populations and

samples. Frequency distributions. Graphical presentation of data. Describing and summarizing data:

statistical averages & measures of dispersion. probability andprobability distributions. Hypothesis testing:

concepts, types, p-value. Test of significance: parametric tests (t-test, One way ANOVA, multiple comparison

tests (Bonferoni, Duncan, Dunnet, Tukey), repeated measure ANOVA; Non-parametric tests: Mann-whiteney,

Wilcoxon rank test, Kruskal-Wallis test, multiple comparison tests (Tukey), Friedman's test. Regression

(simple linear & nonparametric regression) and correlation (simple & rank correlation), Chi-square & odds

ratio.

Recommended Books:

Medical & Pharmaceutical Statistics. Dr JMA Hannan. Sangbed Publishers

PHR 113

Pharmacognosy Credit: 3

This is an introduction to the origin of medicines and pharmaceuticals, searching of a novel molecule as a

tool for discovery of new drugs or molecular modification of existing drugs from plants, implication of plants

and animals’ secondary metabolites as pharmaceuticals and medicines and their purification techniques.

Introduction: Definition of pharmacognosy, its subject matter, importance of pharmacognosy in pharmacy,

historical development of pharmacognosy and some terminology.

Crude Drugs: Definition, classification with examples, merits and demerits of each classification.

Adulteration Of Crude Drugs: Definition of adulteration, inferior drugs, deteriorated drugs, spoiled drugs

and admixed drugs with examples. Undeliberate adulteration and its causes. Deliberate adulteration and its

different conditions (admixture, deterioration, sophistication and substitution) with proper examples of each.

Evaluation Of Crude Drugs: A short description of organoleptic, microscopical, chemical, biological and

physical evaluation with parameters.

Carbohydrates: Classification, definitions (mono & polysaccharide, aldose, ketose, triose, tetrose, glucosan,

fructosan etc.) .Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of some important carbohydrate drugs.

Glycosides: Definition and composition, physical properties, classifications with examples and

pharmacological importance. Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of some important glycoside

drugs.

Tannins: Definition, classification with brief description and examples, pharmacological and pharmaceutical

importance of tannins.

Fats, Oils And Waxes: Definition and composition of fixed oils, fats and waxes, classification, physical

properties and importance. Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of some important fixed oils,

fats and waxes

Volatile Oils: Definition and composition, extraction methods, physical properties, difference from fixed oils,

chemical constituents and importance of volatile oils.

Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of some important volatile oils.

Resins: Definition, composition, classification, physical properties, chemical constituents of resins. Biological

source, chemical constituents and uses of some important resin drugs.

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Proteins: Definition, composition, classification, physical properties, chemical constituents of proteins.

Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of some important proteins.

Alkaloids: Definition, composition, classification of alkaloids. Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of some important alkaloids.

Phytochemistry Of Plant Drugs: Definition and a brief idea about the chemistry and uses of plant

constituents

Medicinal Plants Of Bangladesh: Definition, contribution of medicinal plants to modern medicine,

Monographs of some medicinal plants of Bangladesh.

Traditional Medicine: Definition and scope, different systems, methods of diagnosis and treatment, scientific

basis, merits and demerits.

Fibres And Surgical Dressings: Definition of fibres, surgical dressings, gauzes, bandages, lints with their

various types and uses.

Analysis Of Plant Constituents: Different extraction methods and separation techniques for plant

constituents with their principles, techniques and applications.

Recommended Books:

1. Pharmacognosy. Varro E. Tyler, Lynn R. Brady & James E. Robbers.

2. Pharmacognosy. Trease and Evans

3. Text book of Pharmacognosy. T.E. Wallis

4. Practical Pharmacognosy. R. Zafar

5.Text book of Pharmacognosy, Abdul Ghani

6.Text book of Pharmacognosy, Mohammed Ali

PHR 114

Organic Pharmacy-I Credit: 3

The objective of the course is to introduce the physical and chemical behavior of organic molecules.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkanes / cycloalkanes, alkenes and alkynes: The variation of physical

properties of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes mainly boiling / melting point and solubility. Methods of

preparation, principle of different reactions and some applications in pharmacy.

Alkyl halides/ halogenoalkanes, alcohols: The variation of physical properties like boiling point, melting

point and solubility of halogenoalkanes and alcohols plus the effect of different factors on the variation of

boiling/melting point or solubility. The different methods of preparation (laboratory method, fermentation etc.)

and reactions of halogenoalkanes and alcohols which are important from pharmaceutical viewpoint. Special

attention will be imposed on Pharmaceutical applications of halogenoalkanes and alcohols.

Ethers and Carbonyl compounds (aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid and its derivatives especially

amines): The physical properties of ether and carbonyl compounds like aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid

and its derivative (mainly amines). The methods of preparation of ethers and carbonyl compounds and their

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reactions. Carboxylic acid and at least one derivative which is important from pharmaceutical viewpoint.

Principle of different types of reactions and the utilities of the reactions in the laboratory synthesis of

drug molecules: Principles of different types of reactions like addition, substitution (electrophilic, nucleophilic

and free radical substitutions), Elimination, rearrangement reactions etc and their application in the synthesis

of small drug molecules in the laboratory.

Purification processes of drug molecule after synthesis in the laboratory: The simple processes of

purification / partial purification of drug molecule after synthesis in the laboratory like work-up process (acid-

base extraction), crystallization, distillation, chromatography etc.

Recommended Books:

1. Organic Chemistry - Morrison and Boyd

2. Advanced Organic Chemistry - B. S. Bahl and Arun Bahl

3. Organic Chemistry, Vol. I & II – I. L. Finar

4. Organic Chemistry - Feiser and Feiser

5. Introduction to organic laboratory techniques- Pavia and Lampman

PHR 115

Pharmaceutical calculations Credit: 2

This course is designed to equip students with different calculations and functions involved in the dispensing

and production of pharmaceuticals. Fundamentals of measurements and calculations. Interpretation of

prescription or medication order. The metric system; calculation of dose; reducing and enlarging of formula;

density, specific gravity, specific volume; percentage and ratio strength; dilution and concentration; isotonic

solutions, electrolyte solutions, rate of flow calculation, other calculations.

Recommended Books:

1. Pharmaceutical Calculations. Howard C. Ansel, Mitchell J. Stoklosa

2. Text book of Pharmaceutical Analysis. K. A. Connors.

3. Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis. Ashutosh.

4. Elementary Organic Spectroscopy. Y. R. Sharma.

PHR 113L

Pharmacognosy Lab Credit: 1

Study of some medicinal plant of Bangladesh. General test for carbohydrates e.g. glucose, fructose, lactose,

sucrose, maltose etc. Examinations of starch and related products. Extraction and identification of some

anthraquinone derivatives from senna cascarda, sagrada, aloe. Extraction & Identification of Caffeine from

tea, coffee. Separation of different substances by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Study of cardiac

glycosides and some cardio-active drugs: Digitalis, squill, strophanthus. Examination of some saponin

containing drugs: sarsaparilla, discorea. Study of alkaloids and some alkaloid containing drugs: Belladonna,

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stramonium, hyoscyamus, cinchona, rauwolfia nux-vomica, ergot, ephedra, colchicum.

PHR 114L

Organic Pharmacy Lab-I Credit: 1

Qualitative Analysis of organic salts.

1st

Year 2nd

Semester

ENG 103

Intermediate Composition Credit: 2

Continued work on analytic reading and on fluency and control of the writing process. Development of

expressive, persuasive and referential writing with emphasis on planning, organization, cohesion and

coherence.

Recommended Books:

1. Houghton Mifflin English Grammar and Composition.

2. Effective Reading.m Simon Greenall and Michael Swan. Cambridge University Press.

3. Advance Writing. Book 1& 2. Greenberg, Karent and Peter Rondinone. Harper and Collins.

4. Develong Writing. Peterson, Patricia Wilcox. ELR Division, USA.

PHR 120

Inorganic Pharmacy Credit: 3

An introduction to the inorganic chemicals used in the pharmaceuticals and studying their basic laws and

behaviors. Structure of the atom and molecules. The chemistry of co-ordination compounds. Study of

medicinal inorganic compounds, such as, Antioxidants; Gastrointestinal agents; Dental preparations; Topical

agents, etc.

Recommended Books:

1. Inorganic Medical & Pharmaceutical Chemistry. John H. Block

2. Bentley and Driver's Text book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.

PHR 121

Human Physiology-I Credit: 3

Cell: Structure and functions. Cell organelles, Cell Division, Transport across cell membrane and membrane

potential

Tissue: Definition and classification. Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue. Muscle tissue. Blood, bone and

cartilage. Nerve tissue. Characteristics, Classification and functions of various tissues and their minute

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structure.

Blood: Composition and function.

Plasma: Electrolytes, Proteins and other organic constituents.

Blood cells: Their formation and destruction, cell count, functions of different blood cells.

Hemoglobin: Structure, properties and function.

Anemia: Causes and classification.

Blood coagulation: Blood groups. Blood transfusion.

Lymph: Composition, formation, circulation and function, lymph nodes.

Circulatory system

Heart: Structure, heart muscles, conducting system of heart, The Action Potential in Cardiac Muscle origin

and transmission of cardiac impulse; ECG. Control and requirements for the normal heart beat. Cardiac

cycle, cardiac output, Venous return.

Blood vessels: Types of blood vessels and their functions.

Blood pressure: Measurements and regulation of blood pressure. Nervous control and chemical control.

Systemic and Pulmonary circulation: Importance and functions.

Alimentary system

Structure of the different parts of the alimentary system. Movements of the different parts of the

alimentary tract and their control, swallowing, gastric contractions. Intestinal contraction, defection

secretion of digestive juices, Saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and bile. Mechanism

and control of the various secretions and their functions. Digestion of food stuff. Absorption of the

different digested materials.

Structure and functions of Kidney: Structure of kidney, Functions of Kidney.

Recommended Books:

1. Text book of Medical Physiology. Guyton & Hall

2. Review of Medical Physiology. William F. Ganong.

3. Human Physiology (vol. I & II) - C.C. Chatterjee.

PHR 122

Organic Pharmacy - II Credit: 3

Aromatic compounds and their derivatives: A brief review of organic chemistry, type of organic

compounds, aromatic compounds: benzene and its derivatives, sources, preparation, nomenclature of

aromatic compounds, structure of benzene, stability of benzene, aromaticity, properties, preparations of

benzene and its derivatives like phenols, nitrobenzenes, benzoic acids, anilines, aromatic aldehydes and

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ketones, benzene sulphonic acids etc., directive effect, activation and deactivation of benzene rings.

Synthesis of some drugs like paracetamol, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, aspirin, sulphanilamide etc.

Organic reactions and mechanisms: Principles, mechanisms and importance of electrophilic and

nucleophilic reactions, 1, 2 and 1, 4 additions, electrophilic / nucleophilic (SN1, SN2) substitutions, E1, E2

reactions, free radical additions and substitutions, rearrangement reactions etc.

Important Name Reactions and their pharmaceutical importance: Grignard reaction, Perkin

condensation, Wolf-Kishner reduction, Claisen and Mixed-Claisen condensation, Aldol and Mixed-Aldol

reaction, Friedel-Crafts reaction, Reformatsky reaction, Wittig reaction, Diels-Alder reaction etc.

Stereoisomers and their role as drugs and medicines: Optical isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers and

meso compounds, racemic mixture and its resolution. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rules for absolute

configurations. Role of stereochemistry in drug molecules.

Heterocyclic compounds: Definition, classification, properties and preparation of important heterocyclic

compounds like furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiophene, tetrahydrothiophene, pyrrole, tetrahydropyrrole, pyridine,

pyrimidine, piperidine and applications of heterocyclic compounds.

Recommended Books:

1. Organic Chemistry- McMurry

2. Advanced Organic Chemistry - B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl

3. Organic Chemistry - I.L. Finar

4. Vogel's Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry

5. Organic Chemistry - Morrison and Boyd

6. Advance Practical Organic Chemistry - N.K. Visnol

PHR 123

Physical Pharmacy-I Credit: 3

This course is designed to enable the students to understand the basics of the physical and chemical nature

of molecules, which will be helpful in designing proper formulation and manufacturing of dosage forms.

States of matter- Gaseous state: States of aggregation, Gas laws, Avogadro’s hypothesis. Dalton’s law of

partial pressure, Kinetic theory of gases, Derivation of the kinetic equation, Graham’s law of diffusion,

Brownian movement. Behaviour of real gases: Amagat’s curve, van der Waals’ equation of state, significance

and limitations of van der Waal’s equation. Liquefaction of gases, Degree of dissociation.

Liquid State: Vapor pressure, Kinetic theory of vapor pressure, boiling point, heat of vaporization, surface

tension, measurement of surface tension, viscosity of liquids, poiseuille equation, importance of viscosity.

Rheology: Newtonian and non-newtonian systems, plastic and pseudo plastic flow, dilatant flow, thixotrophy.

Solutions: Types and properties of solutions, units of concentration, ideal and real solutions, Henry’s law,

Effect of temperature on solubility, Nernst’s distribution law, partition coefficient, solvent extraction.

Dilute solutions: Colligative properties of dilute solutions, osmotic pressure and its measurement, Van Hoff

equation for osmotic pressure.

Ionic equilibria: Ionic theories of acids bases and salts, Lowry-Bronsted theory of acids and bases,

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dissociation of water, dissociation constants of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts, pH equation derivation of

salt solutions, Buffer solution, biological and pharmaceutical buffers, Henderson equation, Indicators for acid-

base titration.

Chemical equilibrium: law of mass action, criteria of chemical equilibrium, gaseous equilibria, determination

of equilibrium constant, heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibria, Le Chartelier and Braun principle,

application of principles of chemical equilibrium to reactions of industrial importance.

Chemical Kinetics and stability: Definitions, rates and orders of reactions, molecularity of reactions, kinetic

expression of different order of reactions, chemical degradation (Hydrolysis, oxidation, polymerization etc.),

stability testing, accelerated stability studies, prediction of shelf-life.

Recommended Books:

1. Essentials of Physical Pharmacy. B.S. Bahl, G.D. Tuli, Arun Bahl

2. Principles of physical chemistry: M M Haque and M A Nawab

3. Physical Pharmacy. Alfred Martin

PHR 124

Pharmaceutical Microbiology-I Credit: 3

It deals with the basic knowledge of different groups of microorganisms and also a detailed study of

morphology, nutrition, growth, cultivation and preservation of bacteria. Microscopy: Bright field, dark field,

fluorescence, phase contrast, electron microscopy. Properties of selected bacterial species. Study of yeast,

molds and viruses. Principle of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology. Microbiological spoilage and

preservation of pharmaceutical products. Contamination of non sterile pharmaceuticals and preservation of

pharmaceutical products. Chemical disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives. Contamination of non-sterile

pharmaceuticals in hospital and community environment.

Recommended Books:

1. Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hugo & Russel.

2. Microbiology. Michael Pelczar.

PHR 120L

Inorganic Pharmacy Lab Credit: 1

Qualitative analysis of Inorganic compounds., Manufacturing of Inorganic Drugs, such as aluminium

hydroxide, ferrous ferrous sulfate.

PHR 122L

Organic Pharmacy Lab-II Credit: 1

1. Preparation and purification of 2-iodobenzoic acid from anthranilic acid

2. Preparation and purification of acetanilide

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3. Separation of benzoic acid, phenol and aniline from their mixture by acid-base extraction

PHR 124L

Pharmaceutical Microbiology Lab-I Credit: 1

Study of compound microscope. Microscopic observation of stained cell preparations. Preparation of culture

media (Nutrient broth and Nutrient Agar), Pure culture isolation and identification. Gram-staining technique for

identification of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

2nd Professional Year Total Credit: 43

2nd

Year 1st

Semester

PHR 210

Physical Pharmacy-II Credit: 3

The objective of the course is to introduce students’ to dynamic of drugs or molecules and behavior of

molecules in dispersed systems. The dissolving characteristic of drugs or small molecules, drug delivery

systems, and surface-active properties of molecules and electrical behavior of molecules will be known.

Chemical thermodynamics: Introduction, scope and limitations, types of thermodynamic systems and

processes, First law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, heat capacities, thermochemistry, thermochemical laws,

2nd

law of thermodynamics, entropy.

Colloidal dispersions: Interaction and stability of colloids, pharmaceutical applications of colloids. Types of

colloidal dispersions, preparations, properties and purification of colloids:

Diffusion and Dissolution: Fick’s law of diffusion, steady state diffusion, diffusion study, diffusion principles

in biological systems. Dissolution: Drug release, drug release from modern drug delivery systems.

Phase Equilibria: Phase rule, eutectic mixture, azeotropic mixture, polymorphism.

Surface and interfacial phenomena: Surface and interfacial tension, adsorption at liquid surfaces,

classification of surfactants, HLB system, critical micelle concentration, application of surface active agents

Electrochemistry: electrolysis, electrolytic cell, electrolytic conductance, ionization of drugs, electrochemical

cell, electrodes, nernst equation.

Micromeritics: Introduction and concepts of particle size determination, different means of expressing

particle size, methods of particle size determination, powder properties.

Pre-formulation studies: physical and chemical incompatibilities.

Recommended Books:

1. Essentials of Physical Pharmacy. B.S. Bahl, G.D. Tuli, Arun Bahl

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2. Physical Pharmacy. S.P. Aqarwal, Rajesh Khanna

3. Physical Pharmacy. Alfred Martin

4. Principles of physical chemistry: M M Haque and M A Nawab

PHR 211

Human Physiology-II Credit: 3

This course deals with the functions of neuron for generation and transmission of different kind of impulses or

responses to the human brain, regulation of different types of cellular activities; organs and enzymes involved

on bio-transformation of foods and other foreign particles; role of endocrine glands for the generation of

hormones which are playing role for growth and maintenance of the human body. Function of lung for air

transport. Nervous system; Excretory system; Respiratory system.

Recommended Books:

1. Text book of Medical Physiology. Guyton & Hall

2. Review of Medical Physiology. William F. Ganong.

PHR 212

Pharmaceutical Technology-I Credit: 3

In this course the students will start learning of basic principles and technological matters related to dosage

form manufacturing.

Dosage Form Design; Pharmaceutical And Formulation Considerations:

The need for different dosage forms, General considerations for dosage form design, Pre-formulation studies

( a preliminary concept)

Solutions:

Definition of solutions, The process of dissolution, Solvent effect on dissolution, Methods of expressing the

concentration of solutions, Solubility, Methods of expressing solubility, Factors affecting the solubility of solids

in liquids, Solvents for pharmaceutical use ( with brief description and application of each), Different methods

of preparation of purified water, Pharmaceutical ingredients used in preparation for oral solution (with

purposes and examples), Preparation of solutions, Different extraction methods used for preparing solutions,

Dry mixture for solution, Oral rehydration solution, Syrup and its classification, Components of syrups,

Purposes of preparing sugar and non-sugar based syrup, Different methods of preparation of syrups, Elixirs

and its preference over aqueous syrup, Properties, classification and preparation procedure of elixirs,

Tinctures with their properties, Definitions and uses of aromatic waters, spirits, liniments and collodions.

Stability testing of solutions and its purpose, different stability studies.

Disperse Systems:

Definition, different types of dispersed systems, particle size of dispersed phase.

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Suspensions:

Definition and purposes of preparation, different forms of suspension, desired features, Sedimentation rates

of particles and Stokes’ Law with its importance and limitations, effects of viscosity on rate of sedimentation

of particles, physical properties of dispersed particles(particle-vehicle interactions, particle- particle

interactions, rheological properties), sedimentation parameters( sedimentation volume, degree of

flocculation), different flocculating agents, method of preparation of suspensions with example, packaging

and storage of suspensions, sustained- release suspensions, extemporaneous compounding of suspensions,

physical stability of suspensions, flocculated and non-flocculated suspensions, controlled flocculation.

Emulsions:

Definition , composition and purpose of emulsification, types, orally administered emulsions and emulsions

for external application, preparation method of emulsions, emulsifying agents and their types, desirable

properties and selection of emulsifying agents, the HLB system, mixed emulsifying agents and their

importance, emulsion stability, different forms of instability of emulsions.

Topical Preparations:

Definition and purposes, percutaneous absorption of topical preparations, factors affecting percutaneous

absorption.

Ointments:

Definition, ointment bases, physicochemical properties of ointment bases, classification of ointment bases

depending on composition and penetrability, selection of appropriate base, ophthalmic ointments, preparation

of ointments, microbial content and preservation, packaging, storage and labeling.

Creams:

Definition, composition, types and application of creams.

Gels:

Definition, properties, classification and types, preparation of magmas and gels, gelling agents, gel

formulation considerations, some important magmas and gels.

Recommended books:

1. Industrial Pharmacy, Lachman. 3rd Ed.

2. Modern Pharmaceutics: Banker, 4th Edition.

3. Pharmaceutics: The dosage form design: Aulton.

4. Bentley' Text book of Pharmaceutics, edited by E.A. Rawlins. 8th Edition.

5.Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, edited by S.J.Carter

6. Sprowl’s American Pharmacy, Lewis W. Dittert. Ph.D

7.Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Loyd V.Allen,Jr; Nicholas G.Popovich,

Howard C. Ansel

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PHR 213

Biochemistry & Cell Biology Credit: 3

The primary focus of this course is to make students familiar with key biochemical molecules and their role in

cellular activities in the body.

Introduction: Biochemistry and the organization of cells: Relevance to pharmacy studies Chemical components of cells / Biomolecules Proteins : Structures and Functions The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanism & Kinetics Carbohydrates Lipids Metabolism : Basic Concepts & Design

Catabolism --Generation of energy

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation

Anabolism – Synthesis of biomolecules

Nucleic Acids

Recommended Books:

1. Biochemistry by J.M. Berg. J.L. Tymo and L Stryer.

2. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (David L, Nelson, Michael M. Cox) 3. Molecular Biology of the Cell - Alberts, et al

PHR 214

Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy-I Credit: 3

Introduction to pharmacology, history, scope, limitation and pharmacological terminology. Routes of drug

administration and its fate. Autacoids: Histamine, Bradykinines and their antagonists. Lipid derived autacoids,

analgesics, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. Drug used in the treatment of asthma. The vitamins:

water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.

Recommended Books:

1. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th Edition). Goodman & Gilman.

2. Medical Pharmacology (5th Edition). HP Rang, MM Dale, JM Ritter

3. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (8th Edition). Bertram G Katzung

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PHR 215

Medicinal Chemistry-I Credit: 3

Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery:

A brief review of medicinal chemistry, searching of new lead compounds, types of drug discovery, structure

activity relationship (SAR), bioisosterism, ‘me too’ compounds, physicochemical properties in relation to

biological action, drug distribution, metabolism and excretion, receptor, acid-base properties, partition-

coefficient, steric features of drugs, optical isomerism etc.

Histamine and Antihistamine Agents and Antiulcerants:

Histamine - Introduction, biosynthesis and distribution, storage and release, histamine receptors

Histamine H1 antagonists – Mechanism of action, structure activity relationship, first and second generation

H1 antagonist drug classes, mast cell stabilizers, dual-acting antihistamines, chemical syntheses.

Histamine H2 antagonists – Mechanism of acid secretion, peptic ulcer and other related diseases, evolution

and structural derivation, structure activity relationship, chemical syntheses.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) – Parietal cells and proton pump, mechanism of inhibition, SAR of PPIs,

evolution of omeprazole and esomeprazole, H. pylori and ulcer, chemical syntheses.

Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Agents:

Narcotic analgesics – Pain and nociception, modulation of pain transmission, opioid receptors, tolerance and dependence, morphine and related compounds, SAR of opioid analgesics, modification of morphine by simplification of the core structure, narcotic antagonists and their SAR, opioids to treat diarrhea.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – Effects, prostaglandins and thromboxane, classification of

NSAIDs, mechanism of action, COX 1 and COX 2 enzyme inhibitors, SAR, chemical syntheses.

Diuretics: Introduction and classification of diuretics, SAR, mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazides, loop diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics and osmotic diuretics, therapeutic uses, diuretic resistance, chemical syntheses.

Anti-aging Drugs: Introduction, vitamins and related compounds, lipid and water soluble vitamins, antioxidants

and their mechanism of action, biosynthesis.

Recommended Books:

1. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry – Graham L. Patrick

2. A Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Wilson and Gisvold

3. Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry - Andrejus Korolkovas

4. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery

5. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry

PHR 210L

Physical Pharmacy Lab Credit: 1

Preparation of solutions of different pH. Preparation of buffer. Standardization of acids & bases.

Determination of the velocity constant of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of methy1 acetate at a known temperature.

Determination of adsorption isotherm of oxalic (or acetic) acid from aqueous solution by charcoal and

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calculation of the constant in Freundlich’s equation. Determination of energy of flow of a liquid through a

capillary by measuring viscosity as a function of temperature. Determination of the equilibrium constant of the

reaction KI +I2 = KI3 at a known temperature. Determination of the velocity constant of the hydrolysis of ethyl

acetate in the basic medium. Determination of viscosity of pure liquids such as glycerin, alcohol and

nitrobenzene using Ostwald viscometer. Study of variation of viscosity of a liquid with temperature using

Ostwald or Engler’s viscometer. Determination of solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water by conductance

measurement. Determination of velocity constant for the hydrolysis of an ester in the basic medium by

conductance measurements.

PHR 211L

Human Physiology Lab

Determination of bleeding time, clotting time; Determination of blood pressure; WBC count (TC and DC);

Determination of ESR.

PHR 212L

Pharmaceutical Technology Lab-I Credit: 1

Physical checking of emulsions suspensions, syrups, ointments, suppositories’ etc. Formulation of emulsions,

suspensions, syrups, ointments, suppositories etc. Preparations, problems encountered during preparation,

physical evaluation of the different dosage forms: i) Tablets including coated tablets, ii) Capsules, iii)

Suppositories, iv) Pharmaceutical Aerosols.

2nd

Year 2nd

Semester

PHR 220

Human Physiology-III Credit: 3

The course id designed for to make the student familiar with the physiological role of Reproductive systems of

both sexes; its function for reproduction; maintenance of sex characteristics; role of sex hormones; factors

influencing male & female reproductively and maintenance of fertility; pregnancy & lactation; Enzymes

involved in primary metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein & glands involved secretion of enzymes for

metabolism in the body; route of absorption of primary metabolized in the body; factors influencing absorption

and metabolism etc; role of endocrine systems for biosynthesis and release of hormones; vital physiological

roles of hormones for normal functions and factors influencing hormone production; pathology of hormonal

abnormality.

Recommended Books:

1. Text book of Medical Physiology. Guyton & Hall

2. Review of Medical Physiology. William F. Ganong.

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PHR 221

Pharmaceutical Technology-II Credit: 3

Pharmaceutical dosage forms and strength of dosage forms: Basics of dosage forms, active drug

substance and drug preparation, different type of dosage forms and the necessity of designing dosage forms,

pharmaceutical preparations, classification of dosage forms and utility of individual classes of dosage forms,

prescription, different parts of a prescription, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs. Strength of a medication

in a dosage form, units of measuring strength of medicines, drug activity.

Tablet dosage forms: Introduction, advantages and disadvantages of tablet dosage forms, absorption of

drugs from tablets, ingredients used in tablets formulation, essential properties of tablets, types of tablets,

tablet production, essential properties of powders for tablet production, tableting procedure, tablet

compression machines, single punch tablet press, multi-station rotary press, tableting methods-dry and wet

methods, granulation methods, properties of granules for tablet preparation, direct compression technique,

tablet excipients and their uses, problems encountered during tablet manufacturing and their remedies.

Coating of tablets and micro-particulates: Definition of coating, different types of tablet coatings, reasons

for coating tablets, major differences between sugar coating and film coating, general coating procedure,

formulation of coating solution / suspension, ideal characteristics of a film coating polymers, types of

polymers available for film coating, basic process requirements for film coating, use of plasticizers, colorants

and solvents in coating, ideal characteristics of film coated tablets, causes of coating faults, sugar coating

and different steps of sugar coating, process details, ideal characteristics of sugar coated tablets, coating

faults, coating of multi-particulates, types and mechanisms of drug release from coated multi-particulates,

enteric coating, standards for coated tablets.

Capsule dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of capsule over tablet dosage form, types of

tablets, formulation of capsule dosage forms, capsule production in both small-scale and large-scale,

composition of capsule shell, capsule manufacturing machine, and problems encountered during capsule

manufacturing and ways of overcoming those problems, microencapsulation and its purpose in industrial

pharmacy. Quality control study of capsules.

Recommended books:

1. Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy - Leon Lachman

2. Modern Pharmaceutics - Banker, 4th Edition.

3. Pharmaceutics: The dosage form design - Aulton.

4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences

PHR 222

Medicinal Chemistry-II Credit: 3

This course examines how drugs act on cells at pathological state or diseased state, how drugs are

developed by structural modifications, influence of structure on pharmacological activities of different types of

diseases.

Basic concepts on biological/mechanism of action of drugs: The role of physicochemical properties of

drug molecules like acidity, basicity, solubility etc. that affect the hydrophilicity or lipophilicity and the action of

drug. Stereochemical features in relation to drugs activity, basics of drug-receptor interaction, receptor

agonist, antagonist etc.

Chemistry, SAR, molecular modification and synthesis of the following group of drugs:

17

Antihypertensive agents – beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers

Psychotropic drugs and antidepressants – sedatives, hypnotics and tranquilizers

Oral contraceptives and steroidal hormones

Recommended Books:

1. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry – Graham L. Patrick

2. A Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Wilson and Gisvold

3. Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry - Andrejus Korolkovas

4. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery

5. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry

PHR 223

Pharmaceutical Microbiology-II Credit: 3

The course is designed to equip the students about the applied areas of microbiology in industrial pharmacy,

its role in production and quality control of pharmaceutical products of industrial importance. The course also

includes the detailed study of sterilization process and its applications in pharmacy.

Principle and practice of sterilization: Sterilization by dry heat and moist heat; Sterilization by radiation,

Gaseous sterilization and sterilization by filtration.

Sterilization control and sterility assurance

Fundamentals of immunology: Infection and immunity, Official vaccines (Toxoids, Suspension of micro-

organisms), Antibody containing preparations (SERA).

Manufacture and quality control of immunological products

Microbial Diseases

Recommended Books:

1. Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students - Cooper and Gunn

2. Tutorial Pharmacy - Cooper and Gunn

3. Pharmaceutical Microbiology - Hugo & Russel

PHR 224

Pharmaceutical Analysis-I Credit: 3

Introduce with different chemical and physical techniques used for the identification and estimation or

standardization of drugs by using different chemical methods of analysis in the pharmaceutical industry.

18

The art and science of pharmaceutical analysis; Introduction;

Gravimetric analysis: Definition, classification, factors affecting the validity, techniques used in gravimetric

analysis, pharmaceutical application,

Aqueous acid-base titrations: Introduction, law of mass action, Ionic theory of acid and bases, Dissociation

constants of acid and bases, The hydrolysis of salts, neutralization curves for acid base titration, Method for

determination of end point, indicator, theory of indicator, buffers solution.

Precipitation methods: Titration involving precipitation, Mohr, adsorption and volhard method,

Oxidation-reduction titrations: Principles and concepts, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate,

potassium iodate, iodometric and iodimetric determination.

Complexometric titrations: Introduction, complexes and chelates, stability of chelates and complexes,

titration based on complex formation, types of complexiometric titration, application in pharmacy

Non-aqueous titrations: Theory, titration of weak bases, titration of weak acids, scope

Aquametry: Principle and scope, physical method for water determination,

Potentiometric titrations: Introduction, theory and principles, electrochemical cells and half cells,

electrodes, measurement of potential, application of potentiometric titration

Recommended Books:

1. Pharmaceutical Chemistry. L.G. Chatten.

2. Text book of Pharmaceutical Analysis. K. A. Connors.

3. Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis. Ashutosh.

4. Elementary Organic Spectroscopy. Y. R. Sharma.

PHR 225

Basic Pathology & Toxicology Credit: 3

This course is designed to give pharmacy students an idea of different patho-physiologic conditions of

disease occurrence, progression and the causes of disease manifestations. The course will also survey the

principles of toxicology that pertain to the human health and the environment.

Introduction to Pathology

Diseases: Manifestation and patho-physiology

Cellular adaptations to stress

Cellular injury and death : Causes and Mechanisms (Apoptosis and Necrosis)

Cellular aging

Acute and chronic inflammation

19

Tissue repair: Regeneration, Healing and Fibrosis

Principles of toxicology: Different areas of toxicology and toxic agents, Distribution, Excretion and

Absorption of toxicants

Dose Response Relationships : Assumptions and calculations- Median Lethal Dose, Therapeutic index,

Spectrum of undesired effects, Toxicity test in animals, Incidence of acute poisoning and its management.

Heavy metal toxicology and antagonists

Non-heavy metal environmental toxicants

Recommended Books:

1. Robins Basic Pathology - Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Mitchell 2. Toxicology- Casarette and Doull

PHR 215L

Medicinal Chemistry Lab-1 Credit-1

Synthesis of organic compounds of medicinal importance.

Preparation and purification of Acetanilide

Synthesis of Aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid)

Preparation and purification of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

PHR 221L

Pharmaceutical Technology Lab-II Credit: 1

Physical checking of emulsions suspensions, syrups, ointments, suppositories’ etc. Formulation of emulsions,

suspensions, syrups, ointments, suppositories etc. Preparations, problems encountered during preparation,

physical evaluation of the different dosage forms: i) Tablets including coated tablets, ii) Capsules, iii)

suppositories, iv) Pharmaceutical Aerosols

PHR 223L

Pharmaceutical Microbiology Lab-II Credit: 1

Inoculation techniques, Serial dilution for colony counting, Bacterial Growth curve, Antibiotic sensitivity test by

disk-diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Determination

PHR 224L

Pharmaceutical Analysis Lab-I Credit: 1

Assay of acetyl salicylic acid in aspirin tablets, non-aqueous assay of phenobarbitone tablets, assay of

20

antazoline hydrochloride in antihistamine tablets, non-aqueous titration of PAS tablets, determination of

potency of penicillin tablets, determination of potency of vitamin tablets, determination of calcium gluconate

tablets and injections by EDTA titration, determination of saponification value, iodine value and acid value of

fixed oils, assay of sulfa-drugs by nitrate titration, microbiological assay of vitamins and antibiotics.

3rd Professional Year Total Credit: 41

3rd

Year 1st

Semester

PHR 310

Pharmaceutical Technology-III Credit: 3

This course will provide knowledge in areas of formulation, manufacturing, quality control and distribution

of some specialized dosage forms like aerosols, suppositories, and sustained release dosage forms. After

successful completion, pharmacists will be able to accept challenges to producing such therapeutic

dosage forms. Students enrolled in this course will also learn about different aspects of pharmaceutical

packaging.

Aerosol science and technology: Definition and classification of aerosols, advantages of aerosol

dosage forms, aerosol principle, aerosol systems, propellants for aerosol manufacturing, components of

aerosol formulations, containers and valves for aerosols, manufacturing of aerosols, inhalation aerosols,

particle size and particle deposition in airways, testing and quality assurance of aerosols.

Suppository: Definition, types of suppositories, advantage and disadvantage of suppository dosage

form, factors affecting drug absorption, suppository bases and their classification, preparation of

suppositories, quality control of suppository.

Sustained release drug delivery systems: Sustained release concept, advantages and limitations of

SR dosage forms, drug release mechanisms from SR dosage forms, classification and types of SR

dosage forms, Designing of SR dosage forms based on drug modification (Ion –Exchange Resin

Complexes, Drug complexes, Prodrugs, Adsorbates) and dosage form modification (Encapsulated slow

release beads or granules, Tabletted mixed or slow release granulations, Slow release core tablet,

osmotic tablet)

Packaging technology: Purpose of packaging, properties of packaging material, factor influencing

choice of package, advantages and disadvantages of different packaging materials, glass and glass

containers, metal and metal containers, plastic and plastic containers, films, foils and laminates, rubber

based materials, closures, tamper resistant materials, closures, tamper resistant packaging, different

packaging machines and accessories.

Recommended Books:

1. Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by E A Rawlins.

2. Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems: Allen, Popovich, Ansel.

3. Cooper and Gunn’s Dispensing for pharmaceutical students edited by S J Carter.

4. The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy: Lachman et al.

5. Pharmaceutics- the science of dosage form design by M E Aulton.

21

PHR 311

Pharmaceutical Engineering-I Credit: 3

This course includes the essential unit operations used in manufacturing of various pharmaceutical dosage

forms. The fundamentals of unit operations, such as fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer. This course

also covers various pharmaceutical process. Drying, theory of drying, drying mechanism, dryers used in

pharmaceutical process. Filtration, theory of filtration, different types of filters used in pharmaceutical

manufacturing. Mixing, mixing process, different types of solid and liquid mixtures. Size reduction and

classification. Evaporation and distillation. Crystallization. Construction materials for pharmaceutical

machines, equipments and piping system.

Recommended Books:

1. Industrial Pharmacy. Lachman, 3rd

Edition.

2. Pharmaceutical process engineering.

3. Physical Pharmaceutics, Shotton & Ridgway.

PHR 312

Pharmaceutical Analysis-II Credit: 3

Introduce with various physical techniques used for the identification, characterization, molecular weight

determination and estimation or standardization of drugs or pharmaceuticals in pharmaceutical industry.

Ultraviolet (UV) – Visible Spectroscopy:

Electromagnetic radiation(EMR) and its properties, emission and absorption spectra, units for expressing

EMR, electromagnetic spectrum, the absorption laws with mathematical expression and limitations, types of

electronic transition with examples, selection rules of electronic transition, transition probability and types of

transition depending on the value of Emax, symmetry restrictions in electronic transition, principle of

electronic spectroscopy, different parts and function of UV-visible spectrophotometer, formation of absorption

bands, types of absorption bands, effect of solvent and temperature on fineness of absorption bands,

chromophore and its types, identification of chromophores, Auxochrome, absorption and intensity shifts,

solvents used in UV spectroscopy, effect of polarity of solvent on the position and intensity of the absorption

for a particular chromophore and also on absorption bands, Woodward-Fieser rules for calculating absorption

maxima of dienes and alpha-beta unsaturated carbonyl compounds, steric hindrance and coplanarity,

colorimetric analysis with its purpose, procedure and advantages, applications of UV spectroscopy.

Infra-Red (IR) Spectroscopy:

Principle of IR spectroscopy, kinds of vibrations-stretching and bending, Hooke’s law for calculating

vibrational frequency for a functional group, regions of interest in IR spectroscopy, factors affecting vibrations

frequency of carbonyl functional groups, sampling techniques for taking IR spectra, wave numbers range of

some important functional groups required for structural elucidation of unknown compounds, application of IR

spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis.

Fluorometry/ Fluorescence Spectroscopy:

Absorption of radiation by molecules and origin of absorption spectra, difference between fluorescence and

phosphorescence, excitation spectra and emission spectra, molecular structure and fluorescence,

measurement of fluorescence intensity/ instrumentation, quantitative fluorescence analysis, Application of

fluorometry in pharmaceutical analysis.

22

Introduction to Chromatography:

A brief description of the evolution and principle of Chromatography, stationary and mobile phases used in

Chromatography, different kinds of Chromatography (like liquid chromatography or gas chromatography)

based on the phases used, uses of Chromatography.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC):

TLC plate, Micro-pipettes/ capillaries, spotting the plate with sample, the development of the tank, developing

the plate, visualizing the developed plate, retention factor(Rf) some useful staining systems for the

visualization of the spots not seen under UV lamp, comparisons with authentic materials and resolving close

running materials, Two-dimensional chromatography and its development using TLC technique, uses of two-

dimensional chromatogram of a mixture of stable and unstable components, Identification of some strangely

shaped spots on TLC plates and their prediction. Utility of TLC in pharmaceutical analysis.

Column Chromatography (CC):

Gravity column chromatography (GCC) and Flash chromatography (FCC) and their differences. A separate

brief description about the equipment, choosing the solvent system, packing the column, loading the sample,

eluting the column, disposal of the adsorbent for both gravity column and flash column chromatography.

Utility of column chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis, Introduction to Vacuum liquid chromatography

(VLC).

Recommended Books:

1.Elementary Organic Spectroscopy, Y.R.Sharma; S.Chand

2.Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis, Ashutosh Kar

3.Introduction to Spectroscopy, Pavia, Lampman, Kriz, Vyvyan

4.A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Kenneth A. Connors

PHR 313

Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy-II Credit: 3

Drugs used in infectious disease. Antimicrobial, antifungal and anti viral agents. Sulfonamides, Quinolone

derivatives; Penicillins and cephalosporins, amino-glycosides, miscellaneous antibacterial agents. Topical

and systemic antifungal agents. Anti viral agents, such as, anti-herpes, anti-influenza and others.

Chemotherapy of neoplastic disease: Different anti-neoplastic agents. Drugs used in immunomodulation:

Immunomodulators, immuno-suppressive agents, tolerogens, immuno-stimulants.

Recommended Books:

1. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th Edition). Goodman & Gilman.

2. Medical Pharmacology (5th Edition). HP Rang, MM Dale, JM Ritter

3. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (8th Edition). Bertram G Katzung

23

PHR 314

Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-I Credit: 3

This course includes the techniques used to assess the availability of the pharmaceutical product inside the

body so as to ensure its proper therapeutic efficacy.

Introduction to boipharmaceutics & pharmacokinetics: Definition of boipharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics,

pharmacodynamics. Subjects area of biopharmaceutics etc.

Gastrointestinal absorption of drugs: Biological consideration-Cell membrane physiology, Mechanism of

passage of drugs across cell membrane, Effect of surface area, pH gastric empting time, intestinal motility,

food etc. on drug absorption etc.

Physiological consideration: pH, partition theory, dissolution, drug stability& degradation in the GI tract etc.

Dosage form consideration: Influence of excipients, type & manufacturing process of dosage form etc.

Disintegration and dissolution: Noyes-whitney eqation, Factor affecting dissolution rate, In vitro-in vivo

correlation of dissolution.

Distribution of drug: Some important pharmacokinetics parameters- elimination rate constant, biological

half- life, apparent volume of distribution, interpretation of drug plasma level-time curve. Drug protein

interaction. Method for studying drug protein binding etc.

Drug clearance: Theoretical aspects of drug elimination. Renal excretion-effects of urine pH. Determination

of renal clearance. Hepatic drug elimination-biotransformation of drugs, pharmacokinetics of drugs and

metabolites, enzyme induction & enzyme inhibition. First pass effects.

Bioavailability and bioequivalence: Definition of various parameters relater to bioavailability. Purpose of

bioavailability studies. Methods of assessing bioavailability etc.

Recommended Books:

1. Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacokinetics. M. Gibaldi.

2. Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Notari.

3. Pharmacokinetics. M. Gibaldi & D. Perrier.

4. Basic Pharmacokinetics : Sunil S Jambhekar and Philip J Breen

PHR 315

Pharmacy Practice-I Credit: 3

Prescription: Definition, parts of prescription and abbreviations used in prescription, importance of

prescription,

Incompatibilities of Prescription: Physical, Chemical and therapeutic incompatibilities, correction of

incompatibilities

Extemporaneous Prescription Compounding: Need and reason for compounding, extemporaneous

24

compounding of powders, granules, tablets, syrups, ointments, suppositories, labeling of dispensed

medications.

Nuclear Pharmacy Practice: Radio pharmaceuticals and clinical applications of radiopharmaceuticals,

various aspects of nuclear pharmacy practice.

Drug Interactions: Drug-drug interaction, risk factors, mechanism of drug interaction, drug food interaction,

drug disease interaction, drug lab interaction.

Patient Counseling and Communication: counseling techniques, barriers of communication,

Pharmacoepidemiology: Definition, types of epidemiological studies, randomized clinical trials, COHORTs

case control studies, measurements, bias

Drug Information Center: Drug information, importance and function of a drug information center,

pharmacists role

Poison Control Center: Poisoning and its control, drug poisoning and prevention, general treatment of

poisoning, pharmacist role in poison control center.

Recommended Books:

1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy

2. Introduction to Pharmaceutics II - A.K Gupta. S.S Bajaj.

3. Dispensing for pharmaceutical students – Cooper & Gunn

4. Pharmacy Practice - Kevin M. G. Taylor

PHR 310L

Pharmaceutical Technology Lab-III Credit: 1

Preparation, Problems encountered during preparation, physical evaluation of different dosage

forms:

1. Formulation and Preparation of Cod Liver Oil Emulsion

2. Formulation and Preparation of Salbutamol Oral Solution

3. Formulation and Preparation of Amoxicillin Powder for Oral Suspension

4. Formulation and Preparation of Diclofenac Suppositories

PHR 312L

Pharmaceutical Analysis Lab-II Credit: 1

Assay, identification and potency determination of a variety of pharmaceutical products:

1. Introduction to Spectroscopic Analysis

2. Assay of Chloramphenicol Eye Drop by UV Spectrophotometry and Determination of its

Potency

25

3. Assay of Furosemide Tablet by UV Spectrophotometry and Determination of its Potency

4. Assay of Paracetamol Tablet by UV Spectrophotometry and Determination of its Potency

5. Identification and Standardization of Paracetamol in Marketed Products by Thin Layer

Chromatography (TLC)

6. Identification and Standardization of Aspirin in Marketed Products by Thin Layer

Chromatography (TLC)

PHR 313L

Pharmacology Lab-I Credit: 1

Maintenance and handling of experimental animals, routes for drug administration. Effect of CNS stimulants

and depressants on rats. Effect of drugs on gastrointestinal (GI) motility and GI absorption of rats.

3rd

Year 2nd

Semester

PHR 320

Medicinal Chemistry - III Credit: 3

Concept of drug design, drug discovery and drug development: Basics of drug design and its objectives,

lead compound and its sources with example, formation of analogues and prodrugs achieved through drug

design; stages of drug discovery and drug development, a brief discussion of the stages with special

emphasis on finding a lead compound: screening of natural products and synthetic ‘banks (compound

libraries)’, serendipity and prepared mind, starting from the natural ligand or modulator, combinatorial

synthesis; chemical synthesis of lead compounds like sulfa drugs, methods of lead optimization, toxicity

testing, clinical trials.

Processes used for drug design and discovery: Molecular modifications: Objectives/advantages of

molecular modification, various processes of molecular modification (drug-design based on structure-activity

relationship studies) with emphasis on conjunction, disjunction (molecular fragmentation, dissociation),

introduction of double bonds, introduction of chiral centres, introduction, removal or replacement of bulky

groups, isosteric and bioisosteric substitution. Molecular modifications of antineoplastic drugs, -lactams,

cephalosporin’s, anti-tubercular drugs and anti-thyroid drugs.

Drug design based on pharmacokinetic considerations: Drug distribution and ‘survival’, pharmacokinetic

issues in drug design like chemical stability, metabolic stability, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, ionization, size

etc.; drug design to improve solubility and membrane permeability, making drugs more resistant to hydrolysis

and metabolism, making drugs less resistant to drug metabolism; role of drug design for targeting drugs; drug

design to reduce toxicity; prodrugs.

Modern tools of drug discovery: Drug design based on QSAR study (computer-assisted drug design) and

its limitation.

Combinatorial Chemistry: Introduction to combinatorial synthesis and drug discovery through combinatorial

synthesis, basic processes of combinatorial chemistry: Parallel Synthesis, Split and Mix Synthesis; Library

synthesis on resin beads- solid phase chemistry, template-based libraries, Scaffold and its uses in

combinatorial chemistry, Ugi reaction.

26

Recommended Books:

1. Medicinal Chemistry - By Ashutosh Kar, Revised Third Edition.

2. Wilson and Gisvold’s Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Edited by Johan

H. Block, John M. Beale, Jr., Eleventh edition.

3. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry- By Graham L. Patrick

4. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery

PHR 321

Pharmacy Practice-II Credit: 3

Hospital pharmacy: Definition, types and classification of hospitals, Organogram of a hospital pharmacy,

drug distribution in a hospital, procurement and inventory control, storage and dispensing of controlled drugs,

pharmacist role in a hospital

Pharmacy and therapeutic committee: Role, function, organization and operation and policies.

Hospital formularies: Definition, formulary contents, guiding principle, evaluating medication for inclusion in

formulary, Importance of formulary in a hospital.

Community pharmacy: Definition and scope of community pharmacy, organization inventory control and

management of retail pharmacy, community pharmacy structure.

Emergency medicine Pharmacy practice: Overview, Scope of disease, drug related issues, patient’s

selection, pharmacy services in emergency department, Pharmacist role.

Medication use evaluation: Definition and types, objective, Organizational body in MUE, steps of MUE,

pharmacist’s role in MUE.

Adverse drug reaction: Definition, examples, classification, causes, mechanism, reporting management and

prevention ADR.

Therapeutic drug monitoring: Definition, process, monitoring drug therapy, serum drug concentration,

common drugs in TDM, factors affecting TDM.

Pharmaceutical care: Introduction, goal, components, scope of practice in pharmaceutical care, CORE,

PRIME and FARM, clinical skills and pharmacists role in pharmaceutical care,

Patient compliance: Non-compliance, types, consequences, detection and improving compliance.

Recommended Books:

1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy

2. Pharmacy Practice - Kevin M. G. Taylor

3. Textbook of Hospital Pharmacy – M.C Allwood, J.T.Fell.

27

PHR 322

Cosmetology Credit: 2

This course provides an in-depth understanding about the technology and advancements on various

cosmetics preparations. Concepts of designing, formulation, manufacturing, and quality control of Cold

cream, Vanishing cream, Transparent shampoo, Egg shampoo, Body lotion, Shaving cream, After shave

lotion, Tooth paste, Tooth powder, Mouthwash etc.

PHR 323

Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs Credit: 2

This course focuses on the concepts, working techniques and tools needed to examine and register

pharmaceuticals for human use at home and abroad. Drug Act 1940; Drug (Control) Ordinance 1982; Other

rules and regulations. Accepted standards of harmonization and technical requirements for the registration of

pharmaceuticals for human use; Approval process, format and registration of pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh.

This course reviews the recent global developments and trends in all the necessary steps of manufacturing

quality pharmaceuticals.

Recommended Books:

Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.

PHR 324

Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy - III Credit: 3

Drugs affecting gastro intestinal functions:

1. Overview of regulation of gastric acid seceretion. Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses,

pharmacokinetics, adverse effects of antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, mucosal

protective agents. Therapeutic management of gastrointestinal disorder.

2. Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects of antidiarrheals and laxatives.

3. Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects of antiemetic drugs. Therapeutic

management of emesis.

Antihyperlipidemic drugs :

Overview of lipid metabolism. Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects of

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, Fibrates, Bile acid sequestrants, Niacin. Therapeutic management of lipid

disorders.

Immunusuppresants :

Overview of immune system. Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects of

selective inhibitors of cytokine production and function, antimetabolites, Antibodies, Adrenocorticoids and

Niacin. Therapeutic management of immune disorders.

28

Recommended Books:

1. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th Edition). Goodman & Gilman.

2. Medical Pharmacology (5th Edition). HP Rang, MM Dale, JM Ritter

3. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (8th Edition). Bertram G Katzung

4. Principle of Toxicology. Craset & Dohl.

5. clinical pharmacy and therapeutics – edited by Roger Walker, Clive Edwards

6. Disease management – Randall and Neil.

PHR 325

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Credit: 3

Gene expression and regulation : DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation, Regulation of eukaryotic

gene transcription, DNA repair systems.

Basics Biotechnology: Basics of biotechnology, pharmaceutical biotechnology, cell cultures: cultivation of

microbes, cultivation of animal cells, role of biotechnology in drugs and medicine.

Recombinant DNA technology and genetic Engineering: Introduction to recombinant DNA technology,

techniques and enzymes used in manipulation of DNA, DNA amplification and cloning, DNA library, DNA

sequencing, blotting techniques, polymerase chain reaction,

Applications of recombinant DNA technology: formulations, production of recombinant pharmaceuticals

such as insulin and vaccines.

Gene and Cell therapy: Basics of gene therapy, gene delivery systems: viral vectors, non-viral vectors

liposomes. Antisense technology, somatic stem cell therapy, Human diseases treated by gene therapy such

as sickle cell anemia.

Immunological preparations: Introduction to immune systems, antigen-antibody reactions, monoclonal and

polyclonal antibody production.

Recommended Books:

1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (David L, Nelson, Michael M. Cox)

3. Molecular Biology of the Cell - Alberts, et al

4. Recombinant DNA – 2nd

edition, Watson and Gilman

5. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology:2nd

edition by Daan J A Crommelin and Robert D Sindelar

PHR 314L

Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Lab I Credit: 1

In vivo study of bio-availability of drug: Determination of concentration of aspirin in urine after oral

administration. Determination of paracetamol in blood after oral administration. In vitro study of bio-

availability of drug: Disintegration and dissolution tests of solid dosage forms. Determination of

viscosity of a prepared emulsion

29

PHR 322L

Cosmetology Lab Credit: 3

Methods of preparation and quality control of : talcum powder, tooth powder, tooth paste, vanishing and

cold cream, shampoo, after shave lotion, mouth wash, lipstick, lip gel, hair oil.

PHR 323L

Medicinal Chemistry Lab-II Credit: 1

1. Preparation and crystallization of Dibenzylideneacetone by condensation of

benzaldehyde with acetone: Claisen-Schimdt reaction

2. Preparation of Methyl salicylate from salicylic acid

3. Preparation and crystallization of p-nitroacetanilide

4th Professional Year Total Credit - 31

4th

Year 1st

Semester

PHR 410

Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis Credit: 3

This course is designed for the student to make them familiar with identification, standardization and

characterization of organic molecules used in pharmaceutical preparation.

Qualitative analysis: Identification of organic molecules used in Pharmaceutical preparation: Purity of

pharmaceuticals and its importance, different ways of identification of drugs, namely: determination of

physical constants, for instance, melting point, boiling point, specific gravity, refractive index, infra-red

absorption, sulfated ash, loss on drying etc.; chromatographic tests especially spot-tests by thin-layer

chromatography (TLC) of pure drug or present in a multi-component system; specific tests for identifying pure

drugs, degradation pattern and stability studies.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas chromatography (GC): Basic principle and

instrumentation of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and GC, different types of column used

in HPLC and GC techniques, applications of HPLC and GC in pharmaceutical analysis, problems

encountered during the operation of these chromatographic techniques and their solution.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Introduction, theory and principle of NMR (1H NMR

and 13

C NMR), Instrumentation, chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, 2D-NMR spectroscopy, interpretation of a

of the signal and coupling

constant, applications of NMR (1H and

13NMR) spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis.

Mass Spectrometry (MS): Introduction, basic principle/theory of EIMS, instrumentation, mass spectrum,

molecular ion or parent ions, mass fragmentation, determination of molecular formula, application of GC-MS.

Numerical problems on UV, IR, NMR and MS: Double bond and / or ring equivalents, structural elucidation

of the unknown compounds based on UV, IR, NMR and MS data.

30

Research skill development in synthetic organic and natural product Chemistry: Preparation of

laboratory notebook for experiments, data-sheet preparation, observation of the progress of reaction,

characterization of the compounds obtained from synthetic or natural sources by utilizing spectroscopic data /

combined application of spectroscopic methods.

Recommended Books:

1. Elementary organic Spectroscopy - Y. R. Sharma

2. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis - Kenneth A. Connors, Third Edition

3. Experimental Organic Chemistry (Standard and Microscale) – L. M. Harwood, C.M.Moody and

J.M.Percy

4. Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis - Ashutosh Kar

PHR 411

Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy - IV Credit: 3

Drugs affecting the Central Nervous System:

Neurotransmission in the central nervous system: Overview of neurotransmission in the central nervous

system.

Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs: Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects

of Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines. Therapeutic management of anxiety disorder.

Antidepressant drugs: Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects of

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Tricyclic antidepressants, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and atypical

antidepressants. Therapeutic management of mania and bipolar disorder.

Antipsychotic drugs: Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects of typical

and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Therapeutic management of schizophrenia.

Antiepileptic drugs: Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects of primary

and adjunct antiepileptic drugs. Overview of seizure, therapeutic management of epilepsy.

General and local anesthetics: Overview of anesthesia, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses,

pharmacokinetics, adverse effects of inhalation, intravenous anesthetics and local anesthetics.

Drugs affecting the Endocrine system :

Hypothalamic and Pituitary hormones: Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, adverse

effects of adrenocorticotropic, growth, gonadotropin-releasing and posterior pituitary hormones.

Thyroid and anti thyroid drugs: Therapeutic management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

Gonadal hormones (steroidal hormones): Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics,

adverse effects of steroidal hormones and their antagonists. Hormone replacement therapy.

Occular pharmacology: Overview of ophthalmic drugs

Dermatological pharmacology: Overview of dermatological drugs

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Recommended Books:

1. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th Edition). Goodman & Gilman.

2. Medical Pharmacology (5th Edition). HP Rang, MM Dale, JM Ritter

3. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (8th Edition). Bertram G Katzung

4. Principle of Toxicology. Craset & Dohl.

5. clinical pharmacy and therapeutics – edited by Roger Walker, Clive Edwards

6. Disease management – Randall and Neil.

PHR 412

Pharmaceutical Engineering-II Credit: 3

This course deals with the various aspects of pharmaceutical industry design and construction. Clean room

technology: Definition and classifications, Turbulently ventilated clean rooms, Construction materials and

surface finish, High efficiency air filter, Clean room testing and monitoring, Clean room discipline and gowning

practice. Cleaning and disinfection of clean rooms. Other issued of pharmaceutical engineering, such as,

humidification and dehumidification, HVAC systems, Pharmaceutical water engineering.

PHR 413

Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics –II Credit: 3

This course includes the techniques used to assess the availability of the pharmaceutical product by

compartmental analysis such as single or one compartment model; multiple compartment model;

pharmacokinetic of drug absorption; multiple dosage regimen etc.

Recommended Books:

1. Biopharmaceutics & Clinical pharmacokinetics-M. Gibaldi

2. Biopharmaceutics & Clinical pharmacokinetics-Notari

3. Biopharmaceutics & relevant pharmacokinetics- T.G. Wagner

4. Biopharmaceutics & Drug interactions-Cadwallader

5. Pharmacokinetics-M. Gibaldi & D. Perrier

PHR 414

GMP & Pharmaceutical Industrial Practices Credit: 2

This course reviews the recent global developments and trends in all the necessary steps of manufacturing

quality pharmaceuticals.General provisions, Organization and personnel, Buildings and facilities, Equipment,

Control of components and drug product containers and closures, Production and process control, Packaging

and labeling control, Holding and distribution, Laboratory controls, Records and reports, Returned and

salvaged drug products.

General provisions, Organization and personnel, Buildings and facilities, Equipment, Control of components

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and drug product containers and closures, Production and process control, Packaging and labeling control,

Holding and distribution, Laboratory controls, Records and reports, Returned and salvaged drug products

Recommended Books: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.

PHR 415

Pharmaceutical Technology-IV Credit: 3

Detail study of sterile pharmaceuticals. Formulation, packaging and Manufacturing of small volume

parenterals. Different process of manufacturing of small volume parenterals, ampoule filling and dry vial

filling mechanisms of small volume parenterals. Large volume parenterals, fundamentals of fluid and

electrolyte therapy, large volume parenterals manufacturing, the Blow –fill-seal technology. Parenteral

admixture and incompatibility, Blood components and plasma expenders. Radiopharmaceuticals. Ophthalmic

preparations.

PHR 411L

Pharmacology Lab-II Credit: 1

In vitro test for the evaluation of drugs acting on the cardiovascular system. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory

drugs in caraginine-induced oedema of rats. Analysis and interpretation of experimental data

PHR 413L

Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-Lab-II Credit: 1

In vivo study of bio-availability of drug: Determination of concentration of aspirin in urine after oral

administration. Determination of paracetamol in blood after oral administration. In vitro study of bio-

availability of drug: Disintegration and dissolution tests of solid dosage forms. Determination of

viscosity of a prepared emulsion.

4th

Year 2nd

Semester

PHR 420

Pharmaceutical Management Credit: 2

This course introduces the students to the basic concepts, styles and tools of pharmaceutical management.

Importance; Styles; Improving decision making; Qualities of a manager. Social and legal organizations; Sole

proprietorship; General partnership; Public limited company; Private limited company. Personnel

management; Principles; Methods; Motivation; Staff requirements theory. Inventory control; Methods;

Intuitive; Systematic wantbook; Perpetual inventory; Stock record card; Selection of optimum methods.

Purchasing; Effective buying policies; Selecting the sources of supply; Determining terms of purchase;

Stocking of goods.

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Recommended Books:

1. Management: A global perspective by Weirich, Heinz & Koontz

2. Principles and Methods of Pharmacy Management by H.A. Smith

3. Marketing Management by Philip Kotler & Garry Armstrong

4. Basic Principles of Marketing by Jeorge R. Terry

5. Macroeconomic Analysis by Shappiro

6. Microeconomics - Schaum’s outline series

PHR 421

Pharmaceutical Marketing Credit: 3

This course discusses various aspects of essential marketing operations in a pharmaceutical company.

Pricing of drugs: Competitive strategies of pricing; Pricing methods. Market Promotion: Approaches;

Developing a promotional plan; Executing the program; Steps in implementation; Advertising of drugs; Direct

mail; Personal selling; Miscellaneous promotion; Limiting factors; Evaluation. Advertising: Classification;

Primary and selective demand; Strategy; Appraising the opportunity; Media planning; Measuring

effectiveness. Market demand and forecasting: Understanding market demand; Anatomy of a market;

Patterns; Forecasting and planning; Using multiple forecasting methods.

Recommended Books:

1. Management: A global perspective by Weirich, Heinz & Koontz

2. Principles and Methods of Pharmacy Management by H.A. Smith

3. Marketing Management by Philip Kotler & Garry Armstrong

4. Basic Principles of Marketing by Jeorge R. Terry

5. Macroeconomic Analysis by Shappiro

6. Microeconomics - Schaum’s outline series

7. Macroeconomics - Schaum’s outline series

8. Microeconomic Theory – K.K. Dewett

PHR 422

Project Credit: 5

This is a research course. This course is designed to equip the undergraduate students with the basic

methodology of continuing research on various disciplines of pharmaceutical sciences. The students will have

to submit a dissertation for partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Pharmacy degree.

PHR 423

Internship Credit: 1

This internship training, report submission and evaluation is required for all the students before conferring the

Bachelor of Pharmacy degree. This internship training is mandatory for all the students after they have

completed at least 140 credits. The internship will be arranged in pharmaceutical industries located in

Bangladesh.

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