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Albemarle County Architectural Review Board Sign Guidelines 09/14/04– page 1

Proposed Amendments to Albemarle CountyArchitectural Review Board Design Guidelines

SIGNS

I. INTRODUCTION

Background

Albemarle County has a rich heritage that is reflected in both the natural and builtenvironments. Albemarle has a scenic environment that derives from its rolling terrain andmountains, river and stream valleys, and wooded and open areas. An architecturally andhistorically significant place, the built environment of Albemarle reflects not only the influenceof Thomas Jefferson and the work of master builders following his example, but also the worksof other significant architects and builders, expressed in the variety of architectural styles.There is a wealth of interesting public and vernacular buildings that supports the exceptionalenvironment of the County. These abundant resources are viewed as ensembles of buildings,land, and vegetation and it is this collection of resources in the broader landscape that establishthe unique character of Albemarle.

Entrance Corridors

Entrance Corridors are established to implement the Comprehensive Plan goal of protecting andconserving the County’s wealth of natural and built resources. They are established to ensure aquality of development that is compatible with the significant resources of the County and toprotect its character. These promote the public health, safety and welfare of the citizens of theCounty and the visitors thereto.

As major tourist routes, the Entrance Corridors are the first impressions that welcome visitors toAlbemarle County. They also function as major commercial corridors to serve the citizens ofthe County. It is recognized that signs within a community not only advertise the businesseslocated along highways, but also help establish the character of the community and, whenappropriately designed, can enhance its physical setting.


Purpose of Sign Guidelines for Entrance Corridors

The sign guidelines in this document are part of the Albemarle County Architectural ReviewBoard Design Guidelines. They provide direction to maintain the unique character and qualityof the County’s Entrance Corridors. These sign guidelines balance the recognized need forbusiness identification with the Comprehensive Plan goal of protecting and enhancing thevisual qualities of the County. They seek to establish a visual balance between commercialneeds and the aesthetic priorities of our community, harmony between what we build and thenatural beauty of this place. The purposes of these Sign Guidelines are to:

Create a consistent and unified design approach along the Entrance CorridorsThe placement, size, illumination and colors of signs can create unity along the corridor, orthey can create a disjointed, visually competitive environment. Consistent and unified signdesign allows the businesses located along the Corridor to have equal standing in visibility.It also provides a pattern of sign placement that makes the business locations and entrancesmore easily recognizable to both vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

Establish simplicity and reserve as preferred characteristics for sign design in theseareas. This reflects the historic character of the area and enhances the aesthetic qualities ofthe Corridor. To this end, the overall design of a sign will be evaluated concurrently withthat of the building on which it will be installed. The design of a building’s walls, windowlocations, parapets and other architectural features will influence the Board’s evaluation ofappropriate signage. Likewise, a freestanding sign is evaluated in the context of the overalldevelopment in which it will be placed. Because each site is composed of a variety ofelements that work together to create a unique character and appearance, ARB review ofeach sign proposal is guided by these sign guidelines within the context of the specific sitefor which the proposal is made.

Encourage creative design. The County encourages imaginative and innovative signsconsistent with the purposes expressed above and in conformance with the regulations ofthe Albemarle County Code.


How to Use This Document

1) Refer to the Albemarle County Architectural Review BoardDesign Guidelines for an explanation of the ArchitecturalReview Board process and for guidelines for the design ofdevelopments other than Corridor signs.

2) Refer to Albemarle County Code, Chapter 18 Zoning, Section 4.15,for sign design standards and regulations.

3) Review the design guidelines in this document and use theinformation contained herein as you design your sign(s).

Section II: General Sign Guidelines should be referred to forall proposed types of signs.

Section III: Illustrations in this section are visual examplesof wall signs that explain the design themes usedin the guidelines. These should be referred to forexamples of appropriate and inappropriate signdesign.

Section IV: Guidelines for Specific Sign Types containsguidelines for various sign types. Find the sign type you want to install(freestanding, wall-mounted, and etc.) and review the guidelines for that specifictype. Refer to Appendix A for definitions. Guidelines for fuel pump canopiesare contained in the Albemarle County Architectural Review Board DesignGuidelines.

4) Refer to page 31 of this document for the location of Entrance Corridors.


II. GENERAL SIGN GUIDELINES

The following guidelines are applicable to signs of alltypes in the County’s Entrance Corridors.

A. Design Compatibility

1. Placement:

The design of a building’s walls, window loca-tions, parapets and other architectural featuresshall influence the Board’s evaluation of appro-priate signage. Wall signs can help establishrhythm, scale and proportion across thefaçade of a building.

See the Illustrations on pages 12 & 14-17 forexamples of sign placement coordinated witharchitecture.

2. Scale and Size:

Signs located within the Entrance Corridor maynot exceed the size, height and setbackrequirements as outlined in Section 4.15 of theAlbemarle County Zoning Ordinance (unless thesign has received a variance).

See the Illustrations on pages 8-9 & 14-17 forexamples of over-scaled, under-scaled and well-scaled signs.

3. Materials:

Materials used in both the sign and supportstructures should complement the building and/or multiple business center (see page 24) beingserved by the sign.

ENCOURAGED: Signs that arecoordinated with the architecture

Sign in proportion to architecture

DISCOURAGED: Sign obscureswindows and cornice


4. Sign Lettering and Typeface:

Lettering should be in proportion to the sign andthe building for visual clarity and overall bal-ance. Proportion of lettering includes font (size)and typeface (style). The use of three typefacesor fewer is more appropriate for signs in theEntrance Corridor. Additional typefaces may beapproved only if they contribute to a balanced,legible, unified sign design.

See the Illustrations on pages 10-11 forvariations of font or color examples.

5. Color:

Colors must be harmonious with each other. (Formore information on harmonious colors, go toAppendix B.) Colors must not clash with otherelements on the site, both when viewed indaylight and at night, whether the signs areexternally or internally lit. Overly intense color,such as but not limited to dayglo or fluorescentcolors, are prohibited.

The use of three colors or fewer is moreappropriate for signs in the Entrance Corridor.Black and white are counted as colors.Additional colors may be approved if theycontribute to a balanced and unified signdesign.

For raceway-mounted channel letters, racewaysshall match the wall color.

6. Trademarks, Corporate Logos and Graphics:

The ARB may require that the color and scale ofstandard templates for trademarks, service marks,corporate logos and graphics be modified. Whenused, trademarks, service marks, corporate logosand/or graphics should be incorporated as anintegral part of the overall sign.

See the Illustrations on page 13 for examples oflogo placement.

ENCOURAGED: A color paletteharmonious with the building

ENCOURAGED: Logo placmentrelated to sign design; racewaysthat match the wall color


B. Lighting

The purpose of ARB review is to ensure that newdevelopment in the Entrance Corridors is compatiblewith the historic architecture of the County and topromote orderly and attractive development. There isno historical precedent for internally illuminatedsigns. However, the ARB recognizes the need toidentify businesses to help the traveling public findtheir destination and exit the highway safely.

When illumination is required, the preferred solutionis to externally illuminate the sign – in other words, toshine a light on the sign. External illumination ispreferred because it allows consistency with thedaytime image of the sign. External lighting appearsto the viewer as reflected light and allows the focus ofthe sign to be the original overall shape, color andcomplete design of the sign. Internal lightingproduces a fragmented, rather than unified, signimage at night compared to external lighting and mayproject light that is distracting to the viewer.Similarly, exposed light sources that form the body ofa sign (such as, but not limited to, exposed or bareneon) are not appropriate for the Entrance Corridors.They can produce glare and, generally, do not achievethe subtle character and compatibility that is the goalfor the Entrance Corridors.

Since external illumination does not fit every case,individual channel letters – a type of internallyilluminated sign that has less visual clutter impact onthe Entrance Corridors – may also be approved.Channel letters are generally the preferred type ofinternally illuminated wall sign because they projectthe total sign and are identifiable with the daytimeimage of the sign. When channel letters cannot beadequately accommodated, internally illuminatedcabinet signs may be considered. If cabinet signs areutilized, the backgrounds of such signs must be madeopaque (zero light transmission).

Cabinet sign with an opaque back-ground

Internally illuminated freestandingsign with an opaque background

ENCOURAGED: Lighting inte-grated with overall building design


External illumination is also preferred for approvedgraphics/logos; internal illumination may be con-sidered for approval on a case-by-case basis. TheBoard will evaluate the specific design for size(adjusted in proportion to the accompanyinglettering), balance, complexity, and distance from andrelationship to the Entrance Corridor. These factorswill determine the extent of internal illumination thatcan be approved.

These solutions are intended to reduce glare, visualclutter and distraction along the streetscape, toprovide for coordinated appearances along theEntrance Corridors, to increase visual continuity, toachieve a balance of business identification with orderand continuity, and to limit negative impacts along theCounty’s Entrance Corridors.

1. External Illumination:

Lighting should be shielded and not createglare. Lighting should be aimed so as not toproject illumination beyond the sign. Allexternal light sources shall be white.

2. Internal Illumination:

Any internal illumination is considered tocontribute to visual clutter and will be limited.

3. All Illumination shall be non-blinking.

4. Exposed Light Sources:

An exposed light source that forms the body of asign, such as but not limited to signs formed ofexposed neon, as opposed to a light shining on asign, shall not be used in the Entrance Corridors.

ENCOURAGED: Externally illu-minated sign

Internally illuminated sign withopaque background


III. ILLUSTRATIONS

A. Scale and Proportion (multiple businesses)

A proportioning system can establish a consistent set of visual relationships among theparts of a building. Such a system can visually unify the various elements in anarchitectural design. It can provide a sense of order and continuity in the building. Ifsigns are sized and located within the system, the signs will likely appear to fit visuallywithin the overall structure. Typically, a ratio of 1/3 text to 2/3 wall area or 1/4 text to3/4 wall area is a good working proportioning system for placing a sign on a buildinglike the one illustrated below. These ratios are general guidelines. Actual design andstructural conditions could make other ratios acceptable, or could make these ratiosinappropriate. The ARB will consider the degree of visibility, the distance from theEntrance Corridor, and the architectural design of the building and the sign area in itsdetermination of appropriate proportions.

Scale can be described as how small or large something appears to be in relation to thesize of things around it. The concept of scale can be applied to the size of a sign. Asign that is placed in a sign band with free space around it, as in examples #1 and 2, canbe called appropriately scaled.

Encouraged: Appropriately scaled1.

Encouraged: Appropriately scaled2.


A sign that is so large that it touches the edges of the sign band on which it isplaced or occupies most of the area of the sign band can be called over-scaled, as inexample #3.

Discouraged: Over-scaled

A sign that is very small, such that the free space around it is considerably largerthan the sign itself, as in example #4, is called under-scaled.

Discouraged: Under-scaled

Numerous factors can affect our perception of scale: color, form, surface pattern,shape, and disposition of elements and openings in an architectural design. Suchfactors can impact the appearance of a sign on a building, and are considered by theARB in their review of proposed signs.

3.

4.


B. Variation of Font or Color (multiple businesses)

When multiple signs must be located on a single building elevation, an organizingsystem is required to unify the overall appearance of the building and signage. Anexample of an organizing system is choosing two elements that all of the signs on asingle building have in common, like font style and letter size. Once the signs all havethese elements in common (i.e., once the organizing system is in place), varying otheraspects of the signs will allow them to be different enough to identify individualbusinesses. The variations can add interest to the building elevation.

In example #1, the font, color, placement, and size are repeated with no variation. Inthis case, the signs “match” each other in every way, but there is no variation todifferentiate one business from another or to allow for interest through contrast.

Discouraged

In example #2, the placement, font, and size remain consistent, while variations incolor are added to introduce a second rhythm. This variation provides interest andallows each business its own identity within a unifying system.

Acceptable

1.

2.


In example #3, the unifying systems are consistent alignment and size. Again, byproviding an element of unity, the variation in font provides interest and identifiesindividual businesses.

Encouraged

In example #4, there are no uniting elements or organizing systems, which creates theimpression of random placement.

Discouraged

Example #5 illustrates how simple choices like aligning the bottom edge of signs andkeeping them roughly the same size will help unify the overall elevation even when thesigns are very different.

Encouraged

3.

4.

5.


Encouraged: Centered on doors

Encouraged: Centered between columns

Encouraged: Centered on columns

C. Coordinated with Architectural Elements (multiple businesses)

1.

2.

3.


Discouraged: Overscaled logo -Disproportionate

Discouraged: Logo unrelated to lettering -Disjointed appearance

Encouraged: Logo related to lettering -Part of overall design

D. Logos (multiple businesses)

1.

2.

3.


E. Scale and Location (single building / multiple story)

Encouraged: Logo related to lettering; both related toarchitecture (centered)

Encouraged: Lettering in scale and related toarchitecture (centered)

Discouraged: Signage overwhelms and is out of scalewith the overall architecture

1.

2.

3.


Encouraged: Logo related to sign lettering -Both related to architecture (centered)

Encouraged: Lettering in scale -Related to architecture (centered)

F. Appropriate and Inappropriate Signage(single building / single story)

2.

1.


F. Appropriate and Inappropriate Signage(single building / single story, cont.)

Encouraged: Sign related to architecture -In proportion to pediment, centered3.

Discouraged: Lettering overwhelms sign bandand conflicts with architecture

4.


Discouraged: Sign related to architecture(centered on pediment) but

overscaled, approaching billboard

Discouraged: Logo unrelated to sign letteringUpper sign conflicts with architectural element

Lower sign not related to architecture

F. Appropriate and Inappropriate Signage(single building / single story, cont.)

5.

6.


IV. GUIDELINES FOR SPECIFIC SIGN TYPES

Guidelines for sign design may differ for the type of sign proposed. Sign types addressed inthese guidelines include WINDOW SIGNS, FREESTANDING SIGNS (monument orpole), WALL SIGNS (on buildings), and FUEL PUMP CANOPY SIGNS.

For the purposes of these guidelines, projecting signs and awning signs should follow theguidelines for wall signs. See Section 4.15.2 of the Zoning Ordinance for definitions ofthese types of signs.

Reader boards are discouraged. Their typical structure, style, color and location add anelement to the site that is often incompatible with other design elements that establish theoverall appearance of the site. They do not contribute to a cohesive image on site. Theirgeneral appearance is typically temporary in nature; temporary sign permits are available ifa business requires the display of a temporary message.

Monument sign Projecting sign

Wall sign

SIGN TYPES:

Window signFuel pump canopy signPole sign

Reader board


A. WINDOW SIGNS

1. Signs that are placed on the outside or insideface of a window or storefront, or within adistance of three (3) feet inside the window orstorefront, and that can be viewed from theEntrance Corridors, are regulated by theArchitectural Review Board.

2. Total area of such signs should not exceed nine(9) square feet maximum per business frontage.

3. Such signs must remain in proper proportion tothe window and storefront.

4. Interior display of merchandise is not regulatedby the Board.

5. Two window signs, not exceeding 12” x 18” insize each, that substantially maintain the trans-parent quality of the window or storefront, areexempt from ARB review.

6. Illumination of window signs is discouragedwhen the window sign is not the only signbecause it is distracting and competitive withthe main wall sign.

ENCOURAGED: Window signsshould maintain glass transparency

Small window signs are exemptfrom ARB review


B. FREESTANDING SIGNS

1. Monument signs are preferred to pole-mountedsigns because they are often of a smaller scaleand can be more fully integrated into the overalldevelopment. Pole signs may be considered forapproval if existing site conditions rule out theability to use a monument sign, and only whenthe pole is in proportion to the sign cabinet orpanel.

2. Materials used in both the sign and supportstructures should be complementary. Theyshould also support the aesthetics of thebuilding and /or complex being served by thesign, although a direct duplication is notnecessary. It is preferred that the base materialmatch one of the primary building materialsunless the design of the sign represents itself asa freestanding element complementing thebuilding.

3. The structure of a monument sign shall notoverwhelm the sign. The structure and the signthat it supports must be in proportion to eachother.

4. Landscaping:

Use ground cover, shrubs and/or trees tointegrate freestanding signs into the overalllandscape development of the site. Refer tothe Albemarle County Recommended PlantsList, which is included in the AlbemarleCounty Architectural Review Board DesignGuidelines and is available on-line atwww.albemarle.org.

ENCOURAGED: Uniform basefor multiple businesses

ENCOURAGED: Landscapingintegrating the sign into the site


5. Lighting:

External illumination is preferred forfreestanding signs.

External Illumination:

Landscaping for monument and pole signsshould be designed to shield ground mountedlighting so that it is not visible from anyadjacent property or right-of-way.

Internal Illumination:

Channel letters with translucent faces shall beconstructed such that no light spills outwardfrom the top, bottom, sides or back. If back-lit(halo-lit), the faces and returns of channel lettersshall be opaque.

Cabinet signs shall have a non-illuminatedbackground, or an opaque (zero lighttransmission) background. Cabinet signs shallbe constructed such that no light spills outwardfrom the top, bottom, sides or back. If outlinesof letters are proposed, the width of the outlinemust be in proportion to the width of the letter.An outline width of 1/8” has been found to bean appropriate dimension for signs in theEntrance Corridors.

ENCOURAGED: Lighting inte-grated into the site landscaping

ENCOURAGED: Cabinet signwith an opaque background

ENCOURAGED: If an outlineis used it must be in proportion tothe width of the letter.

T1/8 ”


C. WALL SIGNS

1. Wall signs shall be integrated with the archi-tecture of the building and the placement ofsuch signs should not obscure architecturalfeatures or details, including but not limited tocornices, windows, columns, pilasters andpaneling.

See the Illustrations on pages 14-17 forexamples.

2. Channel lettering (mounted on a raceway orindividual letters) is preferred to cabinet signsbecause cabinet signs tend to appear less inte-grated with the building. Channel lettersoverlay the wall material and allow the structureof the building to “read through” with less inter-ruption. This results in a more coordinatedoverall appearance.

3. For raceway-mounted channel letters, the race-way shall match the wall color.

4. The size of a wall sign shall be coordinatedwith the size of the architectural element onwhich it is placed. The sign should not over-crowd the architectural element, the wall, or thesign area. (See Illustration 6 on page 17.)Buildings and building elements should not beused as a billboard. For example, anappropriate height for channel letters in a 30"high sign band is 18". This allows 6"of unoccupied space above and below theletters. Generally, 4" of clear space above,below, and to the sides of a channel letter sign isconsidered a minimum, with larger clearancesrequired for larger sign bands. The ARB willconsider the degree of visibility, the distancefrom the Entrance Corridor, and thearchitectural design of the building and the signarea in its determination of appropriate sizesand placement.

ENCOURAGED: Raceways thatmatch the wall color

ENCOURAGED: Channel lettersintegrated with the building design

30”18”


5. Lighting:

External illumination is preferred for wall signs.


Lighting directed toward a sign should bedesigned and shielded so that it illuminates theface of the sign and does not shine beyond theedge of the sign.


Channel letters with translucent faces shall beconstructed such that no light spills outwardfrom the top, bottom, sides or back. Faces andreturns of channel letters shall be opaque whenback-lit (halo-lit).

Cabinet signs shall have a non-illuminatedbackground, or an opaque (zero lighttransmission) background. Cabinet signs shallbe constructed such that no light spills outwardfrom the top, bottom, sides or back. If outlinesof letters are proposed, the width of the outlinemust be in proportion to the width of the letter.An outline width of 1/8” has been found to bean appropriate dimension for signs in theEntrance Corridors.

Internally lit channel letters

ENCOURAGED: Lighting thatilluminates only the face of the sign


D. WALL SIGNS FOR MULTIPLEBUSINESS CENTERS

For the purposes of these guidelines, a multiplebusiness center is a single building that housesmore than one business, or a group of buildingslocated in close proximity to each other anddesigned to be coordinated with each other, aspart of a larger unit.

Coordination among signs is required for thosesigns installed in multiple business centers in theEntrance Corridors. Coordination can beachieved in sign type, size, placement,illumination, color, and /or font. All signs in amultiple business center must utilize the samesign type. (For example, all signs must bechannel letters or all signs must be externally litpanels. A combination of channel letters andpanels will not be approved.) Compatibilityamong signs must be maintained through coloror font and typeface selection. Unified signplacement is required; signs must be placed onthe building to establish a unified appearance.Coordination of these elements of sign design issought to help unify a building or buildingcomplex, to reduce visual clutter and distractionalong the Entrance Corridors, and to helpmaintain the architecture of the building as thefocus of the development.

See the Illustrations on pages 10–12 forexamples.

A complete sign package shall be provided aspart of the submittal materials for the review ofany new multiple business center. The proposalshould address how compatibility among signswill be achieved, and how new signs will becoordinated with the architecture of the building(s); the first approved sign installed in a multiplebusiness center will establish the standard for allfuture signs for that center. The future review ofproposals for new signs in existing multiplebusiness centers will take into consideration thecompatibility of the proposed sign with the

ENCOURAGED: Coordinatedsigns integrated with architecture

ENCOURAGED: Coordinationof sign type and placement

ENCOURAGED: Uniform wallmounted channel letter signs withconsistent color


character and appearance of the existingbuilding(s) and with existing sign(s).

The following guidelines are provided to assistapplicants in designing signs for multiplebusiness centers:

1. Multiple business centers shall use a singlesign type for all wall signs.

2. Compatibility among signs must be main-tained through color or font and typefaceselection.

3. Signs must be placed on the building in amanner that establishes a unifiedappearance. (See pages 10-11.)

4. Lighting:

External illumination is preferred forsigns in multiple business centers.


Lighting should be aimed so as not toproject illumination beyond the sign.


Channel letters with translucent faces shallbe constructed such that no light spillsoutward from the top, bottom, sides or back.Faces and returns of channel letters shall beopaque when back-lit (halo-lit).

Cabinet signs shall have a non - illuminatedbackground, or an opaque (zero lighttransmission) background. Cabinet signsshall be constructed such that no light spillsoutward from the top, bottom, sides or back.If outlines of letters are proposed, the widthof the outline must be in proportion to thewidth of the letter. An outline width of 1/8”has been found to be an appropriatedimension for signs in the EntranceCorridors.

ENCOURAGED: Compatibilityamong signs establishes a unifiedappearance

ENCOURAGED: Channel lettersmounted on a raceway

ENCOURAGED: Uniform signbase, externally illuminated signs


ENCOURAGED: Use threecolors or less for canopy signs

E. FUEL PUMP CANOPY SIGNS

Refer to the guidelines for fuel pump canopies inthe Albemarle County Architectural ReviewBoard Design Guidelines.

1. Sign Lettering and Typeface

The number of typefaces should be limited toone.

2. Color

The use of three colors or less is more appro-priate for canopy signs in the Entrance Corri-dors. Black and white are counted as colors.


APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY *

Aesthetics that which deals with the beautiful

Balance an aesthetically pleasing integration of elements; a physical equilibrium;a harmonious or satisfying arrangement of parts or elements

Cabinet Sign a sign composed of one or more faces (some part of which is translucent),retained to a metal frame, with lamps contained inside the structure

Channel Letter Sign a sign composed of dimensional letters or shapes with self - containedillumination, the letters mounted directly to a wall or raceway

Complementary component elements related to each other and to the whole

Coordinated brought into harmony

Harmonious having component elements pleasingly or appropriately combined; exhibitingaccord

Harmony just adaptation of parts to each other; agreement between the parts of designor composition giving unity of effect or an aesthetically pleasing whole

Multiple Business Centera single building that houses more than one business, or a group of buildingslocated in close proximity to each other and designed to be coordinated witheach other, as part of a larger unit

Opaque not allowing light to pass through; zero light transmission; objects cannot beseen through an opaque material; when lit only from behind, the color of anopaque material as viewed in the day cannot be determined in the dark.

Proportion harmonious relation of parts to each other or to the whole; a part consideredin relation to the whole

Raceway a channel designed to enclose and loosely hold electric conductors, such asthose used for the installation of channel letter signs

Reader Board a type of internally illuminated cabinet sign that provides for changeablecopy

Return the continuation of a molding or similar element in a different direction,usually at a right angle


APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY *(cont.)

Rhythm movement or fluctuation marked by the regular recurrence of relatedelements; a regular or harmonious pattern created by lines, forms andcolors

Scale a proportion between two sets of dimensions; a distinctive relative size,extent or degree; according to the proportions of an established scale ofmeasurement; proper proportion; the size of something compared to thesize of something else

Translucent allowing light to pass through, but not allowing objects to be seen

Unified/ Unity made into a unit; in agreement; harmonious

* These definitions are based on Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Fifth Edition; and information provided atwww.signweb.com


APPENDIX B: HARMONIOUS COLORS

There are four types of color harmonies:monochromatic, analogous, triadic, and complementary

Analogous

Analogous relationships are formed by colors that are adjacentto one another on the color wheel.

Triadic

Triadic relationships are formed by three colors that areequally spaced around the color wheel.

Complementary

Complementary relationships are formed by colors that arelocated directly across from one another on the color wheel.

Based on the Itten color wheel

Monochromatic

Monochromatic relationships are formed by a range of lightand dark variations (tints and shades) of the same color.


APPENDIX C: ENTRANCE CORRIDORS

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