PROSES

KELOMPOK

Psikologi Sosial II

Pertemuan 5 dan 6

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL :

THE COSEQUENCES OF BELONGING

GROUPS : A collection of persons who are

perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit

to some degree.

Perceived ENTATIVITY : The extent to which a group is

being perceived as being coherent entity (Campbell,

1958) important because it determined What Makes a

group is (really) a Group.

Exp: People line at a bank (score entativity = 2.40)

People who live in the same neighborhood (4.78)

Sport Team (8,27)

This rating is influenced by: to the degree to which

group members interacted with one another

Type groups usually identified

by their members

Intimacy group (family, relatives)

Task oriented group (committee, work

group)

Weak social relationship or Associations

(RT/RW, Kelompok mancing, dsb).

Groups Function(Roles, Status, Norms, Cohesiveness)

How precisely do groups affect their members ? through mechanism of : Group Roles, Status, Norms & Cohesiveness.

ROLES: Sets of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform.

STATUS : Position or rank within a group.

NORMS : Rules within a group indicating how its members should or should not behaves.

COHESIVENESS: All forces (factors) that cause groups members to remain in that groups.

GROUPS AFFECT INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE

(SOCIAL FACILITATION to SOCIAL LOAFING)

Social facilitation: Effects upon

performance resulting from the

presence of others.

Drive theory of social facilitation:

A Theory suggesting that the mere

presence of others is arousing and

increases the tendency to perform

dominant responses.

Performance

is

enhanced

Performance

is

impaired

If dominant responses

are correct in

the present situation

If dominant responses

are incorrect in

the present situation

Enhanced tendency to

perform dominant

responses

Presence of others

(either as an

audience or as

co-actors

Heightened

Arousal

Zajonc’s Drive Theory of

Sosial Facilitation

From Drive to Attentional focusHow does the presence of others influence task performance ?

Evaluation Apprehension: Concern over

being evaluated by others. Such concern

can increase arousal and so contribute to

social facilitation

Distraction-conflict theory: A theory

suggesting that social facilitation stems from

the conflict produced when individuals

attempt, simultaneously, to pay attention to

other persons and to the task being

performed.

Social Loafing(Letting Others Do the Work)

Additive Task: Task for which the group product is the sum or combination of the efforts of individual members.

Social Loafing: Reduction in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group compared to when the work individually or as independent co-actors

Collective effort Model: An explanation of social loafing suggesting that perceived links between individuals effort and their outcomes are weaker when they work together with others in a group. This, in turn, produces tendencies toward social loafing.

Cooperation, Competition &Conflict

Cooperation: Behavior in which groups work together to attain shared goals

Conflict : A process in which individuals or

groups perceive that others have taken or will

soon take actions incompatible with their own interest

Social Dilemmas:

Situation on which each person can increase

his or her individuals gains by acting in one way,

but if all (or most) persons do the same thing,

the outcomes experienced by all are reduced

Factors influencing cooperations(Reciprocity, Personal Orientations & Communication)

Reciprocity :A basic rule of social life suggesting that individuals tend to treat others as these persons have treated them. reciprocal altruism.

Personal orientation : orientation of person toward situation: cooperative, individualistic or competitive orientation ?

Communication; Individuals can use communication to discuss the situation, try to seek best alternative solution through communication.

The Discontinuity Effect : Why Groups are more competitive than Individuals

There is a tendency that group are competitive than individuals, because:

1) People tend to distrust other groups more than other persons

2) Easy to convince people that it is appropriate if a groups was selfish than individuals

3) In individuals setting they are easily identifiable, than if they are in group (anonymity)

Conflict: Its Nature, Causes

and Effects

Conflict

Opposing interest

Between the

two sides

Belief by each side that other

will or has already taken

Actions contrary to their

interest

Recogniton of these

opposing interest

Actions that interfere

With others side’s

interest

Major Causes of Conflict

Faulty attribution errors considering the causes behind other’s behavior

Faulty communication with anger

Bias of Ideology our own group is right, the other is wrong.

Personality traits or characteristic Type A : very competitive

Bargaining (negotiation)

A process in which opposing side exchange offers, counteroffers, and concession, either directly or through representative

Superordinate Goals

Create common goals, Goals that are both sides to a conflict seek and that tie their interest together rather than drive them apart.

Culture & Conflict

Focus on Relation or Outcomes ?

Research finding indicate that individuals

tend to focus more on relational factors in

conflicts within their own cultural or ethnic

group, but more on outcomes in conflict

that occurs across cultural or ethnic

boundaries. These finding have important

implication for efforts to resolve social

conflicts.

Perceived Fairness in Groups

Distributive justice (equity):

refers to individuals judgement about wether they are receiving a fair share of available reawards– a share proportionate to their contributions to the groups ( or to any social relationship)

Procedural Justice :

The fairness of the procedures used to distribute available reawards among group members.

Interactional (interpersonal) justice:

The extent to which persons who distribute reawards explain or justify their decisions and show considerateness and courtesy to those who receive the rawards.

Conflict is LowCouples focus little attention

On perceived unfairness

Conflict is High

Couples focus more attention

On perceived unfairness

Conflict is

Intensified

Decision Making in Group

Decision making:

Processes involved in combing and integrating available information in order to choose one of several possible courses of action

Social Decision Schemes:

Rules relating the initial distribution of member’s views to final group decisions.

Group Polarization:

The tendency of a group members, as a results of group discussion, to shift toward more extreme positions than those they initially held

Groupthink:

The tendency of the members of highly

cohesive groups to assume that their

decisions can’t be wrong, that all members

must support the group’s decision strongly,

and that information contrary to it should be

ignored.

Devil’s advocate technique:

A technique for improving the quality of

group decision in which one group member

is assigned the task of disagreeing with and

criticizing whatever plan or decision is under

consideration

Authentic dissent:

A technique for improving the quality of

group decisions in which one or more group

members actively disagree with the group’s

initial preference without being assigned this

role.