prospect of partial utilization of waste ......concrete containing waste paper sludge ash waste...

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 160 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 6, Issue 9, Sep 2015, pp. 160-174 Article ID: IJCIET_06_09_015

Available online at

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=9

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication

PROSPECT OF PARTIAL UTILIZATION OF

WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE

PAPER SLUDGE ASH IN CONCRETE

Mohammad Iqbal Mirza

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IUST, Awantipora

Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir, Umar

Chowdhary

Civil Engineering Graduate Student, IUST, Awantipora

ABSTRACT

This research examines the possibility of using waste glass as partial

replacement of fine aggregates and waste paper sludge ash as partial

replacement of cement in concrete. The fine aggregates were replaced

partially up to 40% by weight using waste glass powder and cement was

replaced partially up to 20% by weight using waste paper sludge. The normal

concrete of M 25 design mix was used as a reference standard. The cube

specimens of size 150 mm for all mixture compositions were tested for

compressive strength, light weight character, water absorption (durability)

and cylinder specimens of size 300mm length and 150 mm diameter were

tested for splitting tensile strength. The light weight tests and water absorption

tests were carried out at 28 days of age. The compressive strength and

splitting cylinder tests were carried out at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.

Key words: Waste Glass, Waste Paper Sludge Ash, Compressive Strength,

Durability, Light Weight.

Cite this Article: Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad

Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir and Umar Chowdhary. Prospect of

Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash in

Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(9),

2015, pp. 160-174.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=9

1. INTRODUCTION

The sustainability of concrete industry is under threat due to continuous consumption

of natural resources. Natural resources necessary for making concrete or ingredients

of concrete are limited in quantity. If they are used at the current pace in concrete

industry, the time is near when we will have to discard concrete as a construction

material which will create havoc. In order to make efficient use of natural resources in

Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In

Concrete


consideration to concrete industry, we have an option of shifting to use of waste

materials as constituents of concrete. This will not only ensure sustainability of

concrete industry, but will reduce production cost of concrete and finally be

environment friendly. Waste material generation is accompanied with disposal

problem and hazardous effects on environment. Moreover, most of the waste

materials have no use. Some wastes are non biodegradable thus occupying permanent

land area in today’s world when land is so much insufficient that people are planning

to reside on moon. If such waste materials are utilized in concrete industry as

ingredient of concrete after accessing their performance, it will be extremely

beneficial in making concrete industry sustainable, utilizing idle waste materials and

rendering concrete production economical.

An enormous quantity of waste glass is generated all around the world. In India,

0.7% of total urban waste generated comprises of glass [1]. UK produces over three

million tons of waste glass annually [2] Waste glass is crushed into specified sizes for

use as aggregate in various applications such as water filtration, grit plastering, sand

cover for sport turf and sand replacement in concrete [3]. The use of river sand as fine

aggregate leads to exploitation of natural resources, lowering of water table, sinking

of bridge piers and erosion of river bed. If fine aggregate is replaced by waste glass by

specific percentage and in specific size range, it will decrease fine aggregate content

and thereby reducing the ill effects of river dredging and thus making concrete

manufacturing industry sustainable. The amount of waste glass produced has

gradually increased over the recent years due to an ever growing use of glass

products. Most waste glass has and is being dumped into landfill sites. The land filling

of waste glass is undesirable because waste glass is non biodegradable which makes

them environmentally less friendly. Utilization of this waste is the need of the hour.

There is huge potential for using waste glass in the concrete construction sector.

When waste glasses are reused in making concrete products, the production cost of

concrete will go down [4]. In this research, waste glass was crushed using los

Angeles abrasion machine and then sieved through 1.18 mm Indian Standard sieve

and then used as partial replacement of fine aggregates. In addition, waste glass

seemed to positively contribute to the mortar micro-structural properties resulting in

an evident improvement of its mechanical performance [5]. Hence the size of waste

glass used was in the range 0-1.18mm so as to perform new research so as to

determine change in mechanical performance of concrete and of the fact that it was

later used in combination with waste paper sludge ash which would be a new research

area in future.

Another waste material brought into focus in this research is waste paper sludge

ash, a byproduct of paper recycling industry. Paper fibers can be recycled only a

limited number of times before they become too short or weak to make high quality

paper. It means that the broken, low- quality paper fibers are separated out to become

waste sludge. Paper mill sludge can be used as an alternative material applied as

partial replacement of fine aggregates in manufacturing fresh concrete intended to be

used for low cost housing projects [6]. About 300 kg of sludge is produced for each

ton of recycled paper. This is a relatively large volume of sludge produced each day

that makes making landfill uneconomical as paper mill sludge is bulky. In 1995, the

U.S. pulp and paper industry generated about 5.3 million metric tons of mill

wastewater-treatment residuals (on oven-dry basis), which is equivalent to about 15

million metric tons of dewatered (moist) residuals. About half of this was disposed in

landfills/lagoons, a quarter was burned, one-eighth was applied on farmland/forest,

one sixteenth was reused/recycled in mills, and the rest, one sixteenth, was used in

Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar

Bashir and Umar Chowdhary


other ways [7]. Pulp and paper mill residual solids (also called sludge) are composed

mainly of cellulose fibers, moisture, and papermaking fillers (mostly kaolinitic clay

and/or calcium carbonate) [8]. The material is viscous, sticky and hard to dry and can

vary in viscosity and lumpiness. It has an energy content that makes it a useful

candidate as an alternative fuel for the manufacture of Portland cement. Paper sludge

is currently in use as an alternative fuel. It is classified as Class 2 (liquid alternative

fuels) in the Cembureau classification of alternative fuels. After incinerating paper

sludge at approximately 800 0C, the resultant fly ash may contain reactive silica and

alumina (in the form of metakaolin) as well as lime (CaO) which contributes

chemically to the Portland cement ingredients. As wastepaper sludge ash contains

higher percentage of silicon dioxide SiO2, it may provide extra strength to concrete.

This project will try to study the design parameters of concrete on inclusion of waste

paper as partial replacement of cement both individually and in combination with

waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates.

2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE

Sustainability of concrete industry is currently a grave concern and in addition

efficient waste material management is gruesome problem. The focus of this study is

to assess the potential of using waste glass partially in place of fine aggregates and

waste paper sludge ash partially in place of cement both individually and in

combination in concrete. The resulting concrete is expected to promote sustainability

of concrete industry through simultaneous enhancements of material greenness and

infrastructure durability and above all utilization of environmentally unfriendly

wastes in concrete. In a shorter term this research is about green concrete.

3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

Materials Used

The constituent materials used in this study are as follows:

Cement: Khyber ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade confining to IS 8112 [9] was

used throughout the work.

Aggregates: Fine aggregates used throughout the work comprised of clean river sand

with maximum size of 4.75mm conforming to zone II as per IS383-1970 [10] with

specific gravity of 2.6. Coarse aggregates used consisted of machine crushed stone

angular in shape passing through 20mm (0.787") IS sieve and retained on 4.75mm

(0.187") IS sieve with specific gravity of 2.7.

Waste glass powder: Waste glass was collected from Trilok Glass House, Srinagar,

J&K, consisting of waste window glass (Soda Lime glass). It was pulverized in Los

Angeles abrasion apparatus and then sieved through 1.18mm (0.046") IS sieve. The

specific gravity of waste glass was found to be 2.42. Chemical composition of glass is

presented in TABLE 1. Fig.1 shows sieved glass powder.

Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA): Waste paper sludge was obtained from JML waste

paper corporation, Pathankot, Punjab, India. It was then sun dried and incinerated so

as to convert it into ash. The ash was sieved through 90 micron (0.0035") Indian

Standard sieve. The specific gravity of waste paper sludge ash was found to be 2.6.

Chemical composition of paper sludge ash is presented in TABLE 2. Fig.2 shows

waste paper sludge ash placed on cement to present contrast.


Concrete


Specimen Preparation

The concrete mix design was proposed by using IS 10262 [11]. The grade of concrete

used was M-25 with water to cement ratio of 0.45. Normal M 25 concrete specimens

were casted so as to act as standard for test results when comparing with concrete

specimens containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash.

Concrete containing waste glass

Waste glass was used as partial replacement of fine aggregates. The mixture

proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 3.

Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash

Waste paper sludge ash was used as partial replacement of cement. The mixture

proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 4.

Concrete containing both waste glass and waste paper sludge ash

Waste glass and waste paper sludge ash was simultaneously used in concrete in

varying composition. The mixture proportions used in laboratory for experimentation

are shown in TABLE 5.

PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS

Tests on fresh concrete

Slump Test: The workability of all concrete mixtures was determined through slump

test utilizing a metallic slump mould. The difference in level between the height of

mould and that of highest point of the subsided concrete was measured and reported

as slump. The slump tests were performed according to IS 1199-1959 [12].

Tests on hardened concrete

From each concrete mixture, cubes of size 150mm (5.90") and 300mm (11.81")

length and 150mm (5.90") diameter cylinders have been casted for the determination

of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength respectively. The concrete

specimens were cured under normal conditions as per IS 516-1959 [13] and were

tested at 7 days, 28days and 60 days for determining compressive strength as per IS

516-1959 and splitting tensile strength as per IS 5816-1999 [14].

Water absorption test

The average dry weight of cube specimens after removing from moulds was measured

and the average weight of cube specimens after submerging in water for curing was

measured at 28 days of age. The percentage of water absorption was measured for

each concrete specimen and it gave indirect measure of durability.

Light weight character

The average dry weight of concrete cube specimens for all combinations of waste

glass and waste paper sludge ash was compared with average dry weight of normal

M-25 concrete cube specimens and the percentage decrease in dry weight was

measured.




4. RESSULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results are described in view of the experiments conducted as:

4.1. Fresh Concrete

4.1.1. Concrete containing waste glass (WG)

Slump test: The slump values of all the mixtures are represented in TABLE 3. The

slump increased with the increase in waste glass content. Waste glass particles

absorbed less water as compared to sand and thus improving the workability of

concrete mix. Slump was maximum for the concrete mixture containing 40% waste

glass in place of fine aggregates. The variation of slump with waste glass content is

depicted in Fig. 3.

4.1.2. Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash (WPSA)

Slump test: The slump values of all the mixtures are represented in TABLE 4. The

slump decreased with the increase in waste paper sludge ash content. Waste paper

sludge ash particles absorbed more water as compared to cement and thus decreasing

the workability of concrete mix. Slump was maximum for the concrete mixture

containing 5% waste paper sludge ash in place of cement. The variation of slump with

waste paper sludge ash content is depicted in Fig. 4.

4.1.3. Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination

(WG + WPSA)

Slump test: The slump values for mixtures containing waste glass (WG) and waste

paper sludge ash (WPSA) in combination increased continuously and was found to be

maximum for mixture containing 5% WPSA and 30% WG. WPSA particles absorb

moisture while glass particles do not which enhances the workability of concrete.

TABLE 5 and Fig. 5 depict slump values of mixture containing WG and WPSA in

combination at varied percentage contents.

4.2. Hardened Concrete


The compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests are presented in

TABLE 6. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried

out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed up to 30%

replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass and there after decreasing. The

maximum compressive strength measured was 25% more than that of reference mix at

28 and 60 days corresponding to concrete mix containing 20% waste glass in place of

fine aggregates. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 40% waste glass content

was found to be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength decreased

with increasing waste glass content. Fig. 6 present compressive strength of all

mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 7 present splitting tensile strength of

all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.



TABLES 7. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried

out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed at 5%


Concrete


replacement of cement by waste paper sludge ash and there after decreasing. The

maximum compressive strength measured was 15% more than that of reference mix at

28 and 60 days corresponding to normal M 25concrete mix. Compressive strength for

concrete mix with 10%, 15% and 20% waste paper sludge ash content was found to

be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength was found to be more than

that for reference mix at 5% cement replacement. Splitting tensile strength decreased

with increasing waste paper sludge ash content. Fig. 8 present compressive strength of

all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 9 present splitting tensile strength

of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.


(WG + WPSA)


TABLE 8. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried

out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed up to 30%

replacement of fine aggregates by WG and 5% replacement of cement by WPSA and

thereafter decreasing. The maximum compressive strength measured was 28% more

than that of reference mix at 28 and 60 days corresponding to concrete mix containing

20% replacement of fine aggregates by WG and 5% replacement of cement by

WPSA. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 10% WPSA and 30% WG

content was found to be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength

decreased with increasing WG and WPSA content. Fig. 10 present compressive

strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 11 present splitting

tensile strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.

4.3. Water Absorption

Water absorption test was carried out for all mixtures and percentage water absorption

was measured as:


The percentage water absorption decreased with increase in waste glass content. The

lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 40% waste glass

content. TABLE 9 depicts the percentage water absorption for all mixtures.


The percentage water absorption increased with increase in waste paper sludge ash

content. The lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 5%

waste paper sludge ash content. TABLE 10 depicts the percentage water absorption

for all mixtures.


(WG + WPSA)

The percentage water absorption increased with increase in WPSA content. The

lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 5% WPSA and

30% WG content. TABLE 11 depicts the percentage water absorption for all

mixtures.




4.4. Light weight character

Average dry weight of cube specimens of each mixture as compared to reference mix

was studied as:


It was observed that density decreased with increase in waste glass content. The

results showed 5% reduction in dry weight of concrete cube specimens for concrete

mix with 40% waste glass content as compared to reference mix. Thus, waste glass

concrete is light weight in nature. TABLE 12 depicts the value of dry density and

percentage change in dry weight with respect to reference mix.


The weight density of WPSA concrete decreased with increase in waste paper sludge

ash content. The results showed 4.58% reduction in dry weight of concrete cube

specimens for concrete mix with 20% waste paper sludge ash content as compared to

reference mix. This reduction in density can be attributed to lesser specific gravity of

waste paper sludge ash as compared to cement. Thus, waste paper sludge ash concrete

is light weight in nature. TABLE 13 depicts the value of dry density and percentage

change in dry weight with respect to reference mix.


(WG + WPSA)

The density of concrete containing WPSA and WG decreased with increase in WPSA

and/or WG content. The results depicted 4.61% reduction in dry weight of concrete

with 10% WPSA and 30% WG content as compared to reference mix. The reduction

in density is the resultant of less denser WPSA and WG. Thus, concrete containing

WG and WPSA becomes light weight which is a positive result. TABLE 14 depicts

the value of dry density and percentage change in dry weight with respect to reference

mix.

5. TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1 Chemical composition of waste glass

Oxides Percentage content

SiO2 70.4

Al2O3 1.9

Fe2O3 1.2

MgO 10.3

Na2O 14.0

K2O 0.4

Table 2 Chemical composition of waste paper sludge ash

Element Percentage Content

O 15.83

Ca 14.94

Si 60.57

Al 2.06

Mg 3.59

S 1.07

K 0.16

Fe 0.92


Concrete


Table 3 Mixture Proportion for concrete containing waste glass as partial replacement of fine

aggregates.

Waste

Glass

%

w/c

ratio

Water

(Kg/m3)

Cement

(Kg/m3)

Fine

Aggregate

(Kg/m3)

Waste

Glass

(Kg/m3)

Coarse

Aggregate

(Kg/m3)

Slump

(mm)

0 0.45 191.6 425.8 543.5 0.00 1199.36 25

10 0.45 191.6 425.8 489.15 54.35 1199.36 29

20 0.45 191.6 425.8 434.80 108.70 1199.36 34

30 0.45 191.6 425.8 380.45 163.05 1199.36 40

40 0.45 191.6 425.8 326.10 217.40 1199.36 50

Table 4 Mixture proportion for concrete containing waste paper sludge ash as partial

replacement of cement

Paper

Sludge

Ash

%

w/c

ratio

Water

(Kg/m3)

Cement

(Kg/m3)

Fine

Aggregate

(Kg/m3)

Paper

Sludge

Ash

(Kg/m3)

Coarse

Aggregate

(Kg/m3)

Slump

(mm)

0 0.45 191.6 425.80 543.5 0.00 1199.36 25

5 0.45 191.6 404.51 543.5 21.29 1199.36 24

10 0.45 191.6 383.22 543.5 42.58 1199.36 20

15 0.45 191.6 361.93 543.5 63.87 1199.36 16

20 0.45 191.6 340.64 543.5 85.16 1199.36 13

Table 5 Mixture proportions for concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash

in combination.

Paper

Sludge

Ash

%

Waste

Glass

%

w/c

ratio

Water

(Kg/m3)

Cement

(Kg/m3)

Fine

Aggregate

(Kg/m3)

Paper

Sludge

Ash

(Kg/m3)

Waste

Glass

(Kg/m3)

Coarse

Aggregate

(Kg/m3)

Slump

(mm)

0 0 0.45 191.6 425.80 543.50 0.00 0.00 1199.36 25

5 10 0.45 191.6 404.51 489.15 21.29 54.35 1199.36 27

10 10 0.45 191.6 383.22 489.15 42.58 54.35 1199.36 26

5 20 0.45 191.6 404.51 434.80 21.29 108.7 1199.36 33

10 20 0.45 191.6 383.22 434.80 42.58 108.7 1199.36 31

5 30 0.45 191.6 404.51 380.45 21.29 163.05 1199.36 35

10 30 0.45 191.6 383.22 380.45 42.58 163.05 1199.36 31

Table 6 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete with waste

glass. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2 = 145.037 psi)

Waste

Glass in %

Cube compressive Strength (N/mm2)

Cylinder splitting tensile strength

(N/mm2)

7 days 28 days 60 days 7 days 28 days 60 days

0 21.48 28.07 29.78 2.12 2.55 2.74

10 24.29 33.69 35.93 2.08 2.48 2.67

20 24.73 35.11 37.49 2.02 2.30 2.46

30 22.37 30.82 32.00 1.80 2.16 2.21

40 18.07 25.69 27.21 1.63 1.91 2.01




Table 7 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete with waste

paper sludge ash. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2 = 145.037 psi).

Waste Paper

sludge ash in

%

Cube compressive Strength

(N/mm2)


(N/mm2)


0 21.48 28.07 29.78 2.12 2.55 2.74

5% 23.62 32.34 34.32 2.22 2.69 2.86

10% 20.15 26.29 27.85 2.16 2.51 2.63

15% 17.92 24.74 26.24 2.05 2.33 2.45

20% 15.14 22.147 23.48 1.77 2.12 2.22

Table 8 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete waste glass

and waste paper sludge ash in combination. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2 =

145.037 psi).

Waste Paper

sludge ash in

%

Waste

Glass

%

Cube compressive Strength

(N/mm2)


(N/mm2)


0 0 21.48 28.07 29.78 2.12 2.55 2.74

5 10 22.82 33.78 35.83 2.08 2.51 2.64

10 10 22.15 32.73 34.72 2.01 2.39 2.50

5 20 26.07 36.14 38.34 1.91 2.26 2.39

10 20 23.77 33.62 35.61 1.80 2.15 2.28

5 30 23.33 32.00 33.93 1.84 2.26 2.36

10 30 20.67 26.90 28.54 1.91 2.33 2.48

Table 9 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste glass.

Waste

glass

content

Average dry

weight before

curing (g)

Average wet

weight after 28

days curing (g)

Water

Absorbed (g)

Percentage

Water

Absorption (%)

0% 8382 8480 98 1.169

10% 8343 8415 72 0.863

20% 8235 8295 60 0.729

30% 8130 8181 51 0.627

40% 7952 7993 41 0.516

Table 10 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste paper sludge ash.

S. No.

Paper Sludge

Ash

%

Dry weight of

cube (gm)

Wet weight of

cube (gm)

Water

absorbed

(gm)

Percentage

water

absorption

1 0 8382 8280 98 1.17%

2 5% 8352 8456 104 1.245%

3 10% 8225 8340 115 1.398%

4 15% 8115 8241 126 1.552%

5 20% 7998 8135 137 1.713%


Concrete


Table 11 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste glass and waste paper sludge

ash in combination.

S.

No.

Paper Sludge

Ash

%

Waste

Glass

%

Dry weight

of cube

(gm)

Wet

weight of

cube (gm)

Water

absorbed (gm)

Percentage

water

absorption

1 0 0 8382 8280 98 1.17%

2 5% 10% 8318 8398 80 0.962%

3 10% 10% 8255 8343 88 1.070%

4 5% 20% 8180 8281 101 1.235%

5 10% 20% 8080 8195 115 1.423%

6 5% 30% 8025 8080 55 0.685%

7 10% 30% 7995 8058 63 0.788%

Table 12 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste glass.

Waste glass

Content

Average dry

weight of cubes (g)

Dry density

(KN/m3)

Percentage change in

weight with respect to

reference M25 cubes

0% 8382 24.83 0%

10% 8343 24.72 - 0.456%

20% 8235 24.40 - 1.753%

30% 8130 24.10 - 3.006%

40% 7952 23.56 - 5.130%

Table 13 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste paper sludge ash.

Paper Sludge Ash

%

Avg. Dry weight of

cube (gm)

Avg. dry density of

cube (KN/m3)


weight as compared to

reference (%)

0 8382 24.83 0%

5% 8352 24.75 - 0.358%

10% 8225 24.37 - 1.870%

15% 8115 24.04 - 3.185%

20% 7998 23.70 - 4.580%

Table 14 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste glass and waste

paper sludge ash in combination.

Paper Sludge

Ash

%

Waste Glass

%

Avg. Dry

weight of cube

(gm)

Avg. dry

density of cube

(KN/m3)


weight as compared

to reference (%)

0 0 8382 24.83 0%

5% 10% 8318 24.65 - 0.763%

10% 10% 8255 24.46 - 1.515%

5% 20% 8180 24.24 - 2.490%

10% 20% 8080 23.94 - 3.600%

5% 30% 8025 23.78 - 4.260%

10% 30% 7995 23.69 - 4.610%




Figure 1 Sieved waste glass powder ready for usage.

Figure 2 Sieved waste paper sludge ash dark grey.

Figure 3 Variation of slump with waste glass content.


Concrete


Figure 4 Variation of slump with waste paper sludge ash content.

Figure 5 Variation of slump with waste glass and waste paper sludge ash content in

combination.

Figure 6 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.




Figure 7 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste glass at 7, 28 and 60 days of

age.

Figure 8 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste paper sludge ash at 7, 28 and 60

days of age.

Figure 9 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste paper sludge ash at 7, 28 and

60 days of age.


Concrete


Figure 10 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge

ash in combination at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.

Figure 11 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge

ash in combination at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of results obtained, following conclusions can be drawn:

1. 20% replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass showed 15% increase in

compressive strength at 7 days and 25% increase in compressive strength at 28 and

60 days.

2. Fine aggregates can be replaced by waste glass up to 30% by weight showing 9.8%

increase in compressive strength at 28 and 60 days.

3. With increase in waste glass content, percentage water absorption decreases and

average weight decreases by 5% for mixture with 40% waste glass content thus

making waste glass concrete light weight.

4. Workability of concrete mix increases with increase in waste glass content. Splitting

tensile strength decreases with increase in waste glass content.

5. Cement in concrete can be replaced by waste paper sludge ash up to 5% by weight

showing 15% increase in compressive strength and 5% increase in splitting tensile

strength at 28 and 60 days.

6. With increase in waste paper sludge ash content, percentage water absorption

increases, workability decreases and average weight decreases by 4.58% for mixture

with 20% waste paper sludge ash content thus making waste paper sludge ash

concrete light weight.




7. Simultaneous utilization of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash showed 28.7%

maximum increase in compressive strength for 20% waste glass and 5% waste paper

sludge ash combination.

8. Use of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in concrete will eradicate the disposal

problem of waste glass and prove to be environment friendly thus paving way for

greener concrete.

9. Use of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in concrete will preserve natural

resources particularly river sand and thus make concrete construction industry

sustainable.

REFERENCES

[1] Asoka Pappu, Mohini Saxena, and Shyan R. Asolekar. Solid Waste Generation in

India and Their Recycling Potential in Building Materials, Regional Research

Institute (CSIR) and IIT Bombay, India.

[2] P Turgut and E.S. Yahlizade, Research into Concrete Blocks with Waste Glass,

International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1:4 2009.

[3] Carpenter, A. J. and Cramer, C.M, Mitigation of ASR in pavement patch concrete

that incorporates highly reactive fine aggregate, Transportation Research Record

1668, Paper No. 99-1087,pp. 60-67,1999.

[4] I. B. Topcu and M. Canbaz, Properties of Concrete containing waste glass,

Cement and Concrete Research, 34, Feb. 2004, pp. 267-274.

[5] V. Corinaldesi, G. Gnappi, G. Moriconi, and A. Montenero, Reuse of ground

waste glass as aggregate for mortars, Waste Management, 2, pp.197-201,

Jan.2005.

[6] R.S. Gallardo, Mary Ann Q Adajar, Structural performance of concrete

with paper sludge as fine aggregates partial replacement enhanced with

admixtures, Symposium on Infrastructure Development and the

Environment, University of the Philippines, December 2006.

[7] T.R. Naik, Concrete with paper industry fibrous residuals: mixture

proportioning, ACI Materials Journal, 102(4), July 2005, 237-243.

[8] Y. Chun, T.R. Naik, and R.N. Kraus, Durable concrete through use of pulp

and paper mill residuals, composites in construction 2005 – third

international conference, Hamelin et al (eds) © 2005 ISBN, Lyon, France,

July 11 – 13, 2005.

[9] 43 Grade Ordinary Portland cement – Specification. IS 8112:1989, Bureau of

Indian Standards, New Delhi.

[10] Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete.

IS: 383-1970, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

[11] Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design. IS: 10262-1982, Bureau of

Indian Standards, New Delhi.

[12] Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete. IS: 1199-1959, Bureau of Indian

Standards, New Delhi.

[13] Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete. IS: 516-1959, Bureau of Indian

Standards, New Delhi.

[14] Vijaya Sarathy.R, Jose Ravindraraj.B, Geetha. and Vijayakumar. Experimental

Investigation on Effect of Shear Connector in Light Weight Concrete.

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(5), 2015, pp. 5-9.

[15] Methods of Test for for Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete. IS 5816:1999,

Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

prospect of partial utilization of waste ......concrete containing waste paper sludge ash waste...

Documents