prospective future introduction of reduction of energy … · prospective future introduction of...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Prospective future introduction of
reduction of energy use in buildings in
Arctic regions
Petra Vladykova 1,2 and Søren P. Bjarløv 1
1 Technical University of Denmark
2 Swegon AB
Healthy Buildings, July 8-12, 2012, Brisbane, Australia
March 1, 2012
How might it affect the indoor climate?
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2
Content
Current situation in Greenland
”Typehouse 18D”
”Low-energy house”
Results from investigations
– Indoor temperature and relative humidity
– Air tighness and thermal comfort
– Health damaging materials
– Energy consumption
Conclusion
3
First energy-efficient Arctic building
Arctic
Definition
– Geographical, climatological and
climate
Population
– 60-66º (15,000,000)
– 66-70º (3,600,000)
– above 70º (400,000)
Climate
– Long, cold winters and short, cool
summers, strong winds and storms
– Solar distribution and low sun
elevation
4
Sisimiut, Greenland and
Brisbane, Australia
5
Lat. °N
[°]
Mean
annual
temp
Ta,avg
[°C]
Design
outdoor
temp
Tdesign
[°C]
Heating
degree
hours
HDH
Tbase = 20°C
[kKh/a]
Solar
radiation
horizontal
Gh
[kWh/(m2.a)]
Solar radition on
vertical surface
S, W, N, E
[kWh/(m2.a)]
Sisimiut,
Greenland
66.6°N;
53.4°W
-3.9 -30.0 209 945 1,019; 839; 442; 815
Brisbane,
Australia
27.3°S;
153.1°W
5.0 ?
Population: Sisimiut 5,460 Brisbane
Situation in Greenland
Resources
– No natural building materials
– No factories for building materials
Dependency
– Dependent on import
– Transportation by sea or air
– Remote, small and isolated dependent on supplies
Knowledge
– The need of large amount of planning and organization
– Lack of skilled craftsmen and difficult transport
6
7
Buildings
Population of 56,462 (1.1.2008) and 22,075 buildings
Residential 11,452 buildings with Agross = 65.5 m2
terraced houses;
1,946
other;
8,497
detached and
semi-detached
house:
Period 1; 6,479 detached and
semi-detached
house:
Period 2; 4,973
detached and
semi-detached
house:
Period 3; 180
detached and
semi-detached
houses;
11,632
Building practices
Building regulations (2006)
– Uwall = 0.20 W/(m2.K), Uroof = 0.20 W/(m2.K),
– Ufloor = 0.15 W/(m2.K), Uwindow = 1.8 W/(m2.K)
– Energy demand ≈ 200 kWh/(m2.a)
Design regulation
– Tdesign and heating degree day method
Building practices
– Vapor and airtight barrier, wind tight barrier
– Agross and lightweight structures
– Natural vents versus mechanical ventilation system
8
Building systems
Systems in buildings – Natural ventilation versus mechanical
– Boiler with a hydronic heating system covering heating and hot water consumption
Challenges – Hybrid (combined) system
– Control, maintenance and reliability
– Renewable sources and technology
9
Parameters: Building and Energy Parameter Symbol and
unit
Standard house
18D
Low-energy house
Gross heated floor area Agross [m2] 63 208
Energy consumption [kWh/(m2.a)] 381 90 (60%)
Oil consumption [liters/a] 2,100 1,500
Internal volume of a building V [m3] 157 450
Thickness of insulation and Uwall [mm]; [W/(m2.K)] 100 0.497 (1) 300 0.150 (2)
Thickness of insulation and Ufloor [mm]; [W/(m2.K)] 100 0.439 (1) 350 0.140 (2)
Thickness of insulation and Uroof [mm]; [W/(m2.K)] 100 0.434 (1) 350 0.130 (2)
Uwindow for glazing and window [W/(m2.K)] 2.0 3.0 0.8 1.1
Leakage air change n50; n[h-1] 18.5 0.78 3.1 0.15
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Table 1. Parameters related to the building structure, indoor climate and energy consumption in18D and LEH. (1) Lambda value of Rockwool in 1962 was ≈ 0.049 W/(m.K) (2) compared to 0.035 W/(m.K) today.
Interior temperature
26
15
20
25
30
35
Nov-1
0
Dec
-10
Dec
-10
Jan-1
1
Mar
-11
Mar
-11
Apr-
11
May
-11
Jun
-11
Jul-
11
Aug-1
1
Sep
-11
Oct
-11
Tem
per
atu
re [°C
]
1. 18D - Temp in living room N 2. 18D - Temp in bedroom N&W
2
1
4
3
Interior temperature
27
15
20
25
30
35
Nov-1
0
Dec
-10
Dec
-10
Jan-1
1
Mar
-11
Mar
-11
Apr-
11
May
-11
Jun
-11
Jul-
11
Aug-1
1
Sep
-11
Oct
-11
Tem
per
atu
re [°C
]
1. 18D - Temp in living room N 2. 18D - Temp in bedroom N&W
3. LEH - Temp in living room S-E 4. LEH - Temp in living room S-W
2
1
4
3
Relative humidity
28
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60N
ov-1
0
Dec
-10
Dec
-10
Jan-1
1
Mar
-11
Mar
-11
Apr-
11
May
-11
Jun-1
1
Jul-
11
Aug
-11
Sep
-11
Oct
-11
Rel
ati
ve
hu
mid
ity
[%
]
1. 18D - RH in living rooom N&W 3. 18D - RH in bedroom N
2
1
4
3
Relative humidity
29
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60N
ov-1
0
Dec
-10
Dec
-10
Jan-1
1
Mar
-11
Mar
-11
Apr-
11
May
-11
Jun-1
1
Jul-
11
Aug
-11
Sep
-11
Oct
-11
Rel
ati
ve
hu
mid
ity
[%
]
1. 18D - RH in living rooom N&W 3. 18D - RH in bedroom N
4. LEH - RH in living room S-E 3. LEH - RH in living room S-W
2
1
4
3
Air tightness
30
Dwelling
18 D
Air change
@50Pa n50
[h-1]
Air change @50Pa
n50 [l/s per m2 of floor
area]
18D –
Oscar
18.5 11.2
18D –
Ester
11.3 7.3
18D - Eva 14.4 8.7
LEH and
date
Air change
@50Pa n50
[h-1]
Air change @50Pa
q50 [l/s per m2 of floor
area]
Feb, 2009 3.35 2.28
Mar, 2010 3.07 2.10
Health damaging materials
Possibilities to find in buildings in Greenland
– Lead (in paint)
– PCB (polychlorinated bipheny) in rubber seals)
– Formaldehyde (used in glue in chipboard)
– Asbestos (in rubber seals, cement asbestos plates)
– Radon (from the ground)
– Fungus (mould growth)
31
Energy consumption
32
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8Ja
n-0
5
Jul-
05
Jan-0
6
Jul-
06
Jan-0
7
Jul-
07
Jan-0
8
Jul-
08
Jan-0
9
Jul-
09
Jan-1
0
Jul-
10
Jan-1
1
Tem
per
atu
re [
ºC]
Oil
[li
ters
/m2]
Typehouse 18D Low-energy house total oil
Tamb,month Temp DRY (1961-1990)
Use of buildings
Design conditions – RH 30-60%, Tindoor 20-24°C in summer and 23-26°C in winter
– Ti, design usually 20°C as for 18D but 21°C for LEH
– Higher internal loads 5 W/m2
Living preferences related to the cultural heritage – Cooking habits – traditional dishes
Weather influence – Low content of the water in the air
– High energy consumption and high moisture accumulation in ventilation
– Overhating and large temperature variations
33
Discussion
Old vs new buildings – Potential in old buildings
– Future renovation focused on energy, indoor and outdoor climate,
lifestyle and building materials
Necessities – Energy monitoring
– Energy optimisation
– Energy and indoor climate improvements
34
Conclusion
Comparison shows tremendous differences in energy
consumption, but a similar pattern in temperature
variations, generally low indoor humidity levels, low indoor
relative humidity in the cold periods and problems with
overheating.
Potential future reductions in energy use in buildings in the
Arctic regions will be directly connected to the environment,
effectiveness of ventilation strategies, building materials
and their properties, the lifestyle of inhabitants, and the
design of buildings.
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