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Protein Concentrates Pages 220-229

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Protein Concentrates. Pages 220-229. Classes of Protein Concentrates. Plant Byproducts of oilseed or grain processing Animal Byproducts of meat, dead animal, fish or dairy processing Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN). General Characteristics of Protein Concentrates. Processing of Oilseed Meals. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Protein Concentrates

Protein ConcentratesPages 220-229

Page 2: Protein Concentrates

Classes of Protein Concentrates

• Plant– Byproducts of oilseed or grain processing

• Animal– Byproducts of meat, dead animal, fish or

dairy processing • Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN)

Page 3: Protein Concentrates

General Characteristics of Protein ConcentratesSource

Plant Animal NPNCrude protein concentration

High High High

Protein digestibility High Variable NAProtein quality Low to Mod. Mod. to High NA

Ruminal protein degradability

Variable Variable High

Net energy concentration High High Low

Fiber concentration Variable Low LowCalcium concentration Low High LowPhosphorus concentration

High High High, if present

Phosphorus availability Low High High, if presentVitamin A Low Low LowB vitamins Low to Mod. Mod. to High Low

Page 4: Protein Concentrates

Processing of Oilseed MealsExpeller process Solvent extraction

OilseedDrying Drying

Extrude throughdies

Hull removal Hulls

Cooking

Crushing

Flaking

Hexaneextraction

MealMeal Heat,

if needed

Oil Hexane & Oil

Distillation

Oil

Hexane

Page 5: Protein Concentrates

Soybean Meal (SBM)• Nutritional characteristics

Solvent extracted Expeller processProtein concentration 44 – 50% CP 41% CPProtein digestibility High, dependent on heatingAmino acids, Good source of Lysine, Tryptophan Limiting MethionineRuminal protein degradability, %

75 50

TDN, % 84 85NDF, % 7-15% 7-15%Palatability Good• Antiquality factors

• Trypsin inhibitor (Destroyed by heating)• Urease (Destroyed by heating)• P34 protein (May cause allergic reaction in young animals)

Page 6: Protein Concentrates

• Use of SBM in ration balancing– Commonly used in diets of all nonruminant and ruminant

species– Expeller processed SBM may be useful in the diets of ruminants

with high protein requirements• High producing dairy cows• Calves less than 600 lbs

– Limit SBM in the early diets of young animals (To avoid allergic reactions)• Milk replacers

– Use purified soy protein concentrate • Nursery pigs (First diet)

– Use purified soy protein concentrate– Limit SBM to 12 to 15% of first diet

Page 7: Protein Concentrates

• Whole (Full-fat) soybeans– Nutrition characteristics

• Crude protein 38%• Fat 18% (Highly unsaturated)• TDN 99.8%

– Processing• Must heat at 100oC for 3 minutes• Destroys trypsin inhibitor and urease

– Uses in diets• Depends on the economics of soybean oil• Nonruminants

– Can replace all of the soybean meal in growing-finishing pigs– Will increase the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in

the pork• Ruminants

– Limit to 8 lb/day in dairy cow diets to prevent milk fat depression

– Liltte use in beef cattle

Page 8: Protein Concentrates

Cottonseed Meal (CSM)• Nutritional characteristics

– Crude protein concentration, % 36-41– Protein digestibility High– Limiting amino acids Lysine, Methionine, Tryptophan– Ruminal protein degradability 75– TDN, % 78– NDF, % 28– Palatability

• Cattle High• Swine and poultry Moderate

• Antiquality factors– Gossypol

• Toxic to young nonruminants (Pneumonia-like symptoms)• Turns egg yolks green• Can be avoided with degossypolized CSM or adding Ferrous Sulfate

(1:1 Fe:Gossypol) to diet– Sterculic acid

• Turns egg whites pink

Page 9: Protein Concentrates

• Uses in diets– Ruminants

• Can supply all of the supplemental protein• Commonly fed as supplement to grazing cattle in south

– Nonruminants and poultry• Limit to 25 to 30% of the protein supplement

• Whole cottonseed– Can be fed as both an energy and protein supplement

• Also high in fiber– Used with lactating dairy cows– Limit to 8 lb/day

Page 10: Protein Concentrates

Sunflower Meal (SNFM)• Nutritional characteristics

– Crude protein concentration, % 40-45– Protein digestibility High– Limiting amino acids Lysine– Ruminal protein degradability 75– TDN, % 65-74– NDF, % 40– Palatability

• Cattle High• Swine and poultry Low

• Antiquality factors– Fiber

Page 11: Protein Concentrates

• Uses in diets– Ruminants

• Can supply all of the supplemental protein– Swine

• Limit to 30 to 50% of the protein supplement for pigs greater than 75 lb

– Poultry• Limit to 30 to 50% of the protein supplement for broiler or layer

diets

Page 12: Protein Concentrates

Linseed Meal (LSM)• A byproduct of flax seed processing• Nutritional characteristics

– Crude protein concentration, % 34-38– Protein digestibility High– Limiting amino acids Lysine, Tryptophan– Ruminal protein degradability 75– TDN, % 81– NDF, % 25– Palatability High

• Antiquality factors– None

• Additional beneficial characteristic– Expeller processed LSM contains some linseed oil and mucin

• Increases the glossiness of the coat of horses and show cattle

Page 13: Protein Concentrates

• Uses in diets– Ruminant and mature horses

• Can supply all of the supplemental protein– Nonruminants (including young horses) and poultry

• Limit to 25 to 33% of the protein supplement

Page 14: Protein Concentrates

Rapeseed (Canola) Meal • Nutritional characteristics

– Crude protein concentration, % 35-40– Protein digestibility High– Limiting amino acids Lysine– Ruminal protein degradability 75– TDN, %69– NDF, % 17– Palatability Low

• Antiquality factors– Goitrogens (Reduced by heating or use GM rapeseed)

• Erucic acid• Myrosinase

• Uses– Ruminants

• Limit to 10% of the diet– Nonruminants and poultry

• Young swine and poultry– Limit to 5% of diet

• Mature swine and poultry– Lmit to 12% of diet

Page 15: Protein Concentrates

Peanut Meal • Nutritional characteristics

– Crude protein concentration, % 40-48– Protein digestibility Low– Limiting amino acids Lysine, Methionine– Ruminal protein degradability 77– TDN, % 75– NDF, % 14– Palatability Moderate

• Antiquality factors– Trypsin inhibitor– Mold (Aspergillus flavus)

• Uses– Ruminants

• Can comprise of all of the supplemental protein– Nonruminants and poultry

• Limit to 30% of the supplement• Supplement with lysine and methionine

Page 16: Protein Concentrates

Why is the CP requirement of a 150 lb growing-finishing pig 15% CP?

1. To meet the N requirement for pigs fed any diet.

2. To meet the total Amino acid requirements of pigs fed any diet.

3. To meet the lysine requirements of pigs a corn-soybean meal diet.

4. To meet the essential amino acid requirements of pigs fed any diet.

Page 17: Protein Concentrates

Synthetic Amino Acids

• Manufactured by fermentation of corn• Economically viable

– L-lysine– L-methionine– L-threonine– L-tryptophan

• Use– Nonruminants and poultry

• Supply essential amino acids to young animals• Reduce the amount of total crude protein required in diets

– Ruminants• Protected forms fed to high producing dairy cows

Page 18: Protein Concentrates

Animal Protein Concentrates• Byproducts of meat, dead animal rendering, poultry,

fish, or dairy processing• Expensive relative to plant protein concentrates• Used in small quantities• Uses

– Supply limiting amino acids, particularly to young animals– Replace more expensive protein sources in milk replacers– Impart additional nonnutritional benefits to young animals

• Enhanced immune system• Increased maturity of digestive tract

– Supply ruminally undegraded protein to ruminants with high protein requirements

Page 19: Protein Concentrates

Meat Processing ByproductsProduct

Meat meal Meat tankageSource Meat processing Meat processing and

dead animal rendering

Composition Meat scraps All tissue except hair, hide, and horns

Processsing Cooked in steam-jacketed kettle

Cooked in stream-jacketed kettle or

under direct steam

Blood added No YesP level If > 4.4%, the product

is called meat and bone meal

If > 4.4%, the product is cattle meat and

bone tankage

Page 20: Protein Concentrates

• Nutritional characteristicsProduct

Meat meal Meat tankage

Protein concentration, % 50 60

Protein quality Good Moderate

Amino acids

Good source of Lysine

Limiting amino acids Tryptophan, Methionine

Ruminal protein degradability, %

50

TDN, % 72

Page 21: Protein Concentrates

• Uses in diets– Nonruminants and poultry

• Feed at 5 to 10% of diet to balance lysine– Ruminants

• Can be fed to supply ruminal undegradable protein– Ruminants can only be fed meat meal or meat and bone

meal from nonruminant species» Prevention of prion transfer that causes Bovine

Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease)

Page 22: Protein Concentrates

• Blood products– Blood meal

• Dried coagulated blood• 80% Crude protein• Low protein digestiblity• High lysine content, but low availability (20%)• Low isoleucine and methionine• Low ruminal degradability (25%)• Uses

– Ruminant diets» Source of ruminally undegraded protein

– Nonruminant diets» Only use in small quantities in diets of young

pigs

Page 23: Protein Concentrates

– Spray-dried blood plasma• 78% crude protein• High lysine content• Contains immunoglobulins

– Stimulates immune function• Contains peptide growth factors

– Stimulates maturation of intestinal epithelium• Uses

– Nursery pigs» Fed at 4 to 7% of the diet

– Milk replacers» Can replace all of the milk protein in replacers

Page 24: Protein Concentrates

Fish Processing Byproducts• Fish meal

– Produced from residues of fish processing industry or from fish caught for purpose of making fish meal

– Nutritional characteristics• Crude protein concentration, % 35-70• Protein digestibility High• Amino acid composition All essential AA• Calcium, % 2.2• Phosphorus, % 1.7• B vitamins High

– Uses• Young swine and poultry

– Used in small quantities to supply deficient amino acids• Little use in ruminants

– Concerns• Expense• Unsaturated fatty acids may become rancid• Imparts a fishy flavor to pork

Page 25: Protein Concentrates

Poultry Processing Byproducts• Poultry byproduct meal– Composed of heads, legs, intestine, and eggs

• No feathers– Wet or dry rendered– Nutritional characteristics

• 55-65% crude protein• Similar to meat and bone meal

– Uses• Nonruminants

– Small quantities to balance lysine• Ruminants

– Little use

Page 26: Protein Concentrates

• Feather meal– Feathers are cleaned and pressure-treated– Nutritional characteristics

• Crude protein, % 85• Protein digestibility, % 75• Limiting amino acids Lysine, Methionine,

Tryptophan, Histidine– Uses

• Nonruminants– No more than 3% of diet

• Ruminants – Can be used as a source of rumen undegraded protein

Page 27: Protein Concentrates

Dairy Processing Byproducts• Nutritional characteristics

ProductDried skimmilk Dried

buttermilkDried whey

CP, % DM 33 33 13Protein quality ExcellentFat, % 1 5 1Lactose 35 35 61• Uses

• Ruminant and nonruminants• Milk replacers or starter diets

• Poultry• Little use

• Concern• Expense

Page 28: Protein Concentrates

NPN supplements• Used in ruminant diets for supply degradable N to

the rumen bacteria

• Can not be used to meet the protein requirements of nonruminants and poultry

• NPN sources% N % CP Other

Urea 42 – 45 262-281 Most commonBiuret 35 218.75 Slow release NMonoammonium phosphate

9 56 Supplies P

Diammonium phosphate

17 106 Supplies P

Ammonium sulfate

21 131 Supplies S

Page 29: Protein Concentrates

PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS

True protein NPN

Undegraded Small intestine Metabolizable Degraded proteinRecycled viasaliva (20% of dietary N) NH3 Microbial protein

NH3

Liver

Urea Kidney Excreted

Page 30: Protein Concentrates

PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS

True protein NPN

Undegraded Small intestine Metabolizable Degraded proteinRecycled viasaliva (20% of dietary N) NH3 Microbial protein

NH3

Liver

Urea Kidney Excreted

TDN

Page 31: Protein Concentrates

• Major concern with feeding NPN sources– Ammonia toxicity– Occurs when

• Excessive NPN is fed• NPN is not properly mixed into diet• Inadequate energy is fed with NPN

Page 32: Protein Concentrates

• Thumbrules for NPN use– Use NPN only in diets of ruminants with low to

moderate protein requirements• Use in diets of: Feedlot steers > 600 lb Beef cows fed low protein roughages Dry dairy cows• Do not use in diets of: Lactating dairy cows Young cattle < 600 lb

– NPN should not be > 1% of the diet DM– NPN should not be > 33% of the total N of the diet– NPN should not be > 10 to 15% of the protein

supplement– NPN should not be > 5% of the protein

supplement fed with a low quality roughage– Supply adequate energy in the diet if NPN is

added.• Grain • Molasses

– Liquid supplements or protein tubs