Protein Synthesis

BY: Danielle Bowser

Transcription

Cell Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Transcription is the process of putting DNA into another print (RNA) that is small enough to move through the nuclear membrane of a cell.

Transcription

Cell Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Nuclear Membrane

Transcription begins in the nucleus of a cell where DNA is located.

Transcription

Inside the Nucleus

T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T

A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A

DNA Backbone made of phosphates and sugar

Hydrogen Bonds

T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

DNA is a double strand with a phosphate and sugar backbone and hydrogen bonds between the bases (A,T,G,C).

Transcription

Inside the Nucleus

T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T

A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A

T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads the DNA is a 3 prime to 5 prime direction and makes the new RNA strand in a 5-3 prime direction. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region (T,A,C), separates hydrogen bonds, synthesizes complementary RNA nucleotides, and stops at the termination sequence.

Transcription

Inside the Nucleus

T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T

A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A

T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

RNA

Polymerase

Promoter Region

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads the DNA is a 3 prime to 5 prime direction and makes the new RNA strand in a 5-3 prime direction. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region (T,A,C), separates hydrogen bonds, synthesizes complementary RNA nucleotides, and stops at the termination sequence.

Transcription

Inside the Nucleus

T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T

A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A

T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

Promoter Region

RNA Polymerase

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads the DNA is a 3 prime to 5 prime direction and makes the new RNA strand in a 5-3 prime direction. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region (T,A,C), separates hydrogen bonds, synthesizes complementary RNA nucleotides, and stops at the termination sequence.

Transcription

Inside the Nucleus

T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T

A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A

T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

Promoter Region

RNA

Polymerase

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads the DNA is a 3 prime to 5 prime direction and makes the new RNA strand in a 5-3 prime direction. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region (T,A,C), separates hydrogen bonds, synthesizes complementary RNA nucleotides, and stops at the termination sequence.

Transcription

Inside the Nucleus

T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T

A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A

T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

Promoter Region

RNA

Polymerase

mRNA Strand

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads the DNA is a 3 prime to 5 prime direction and makes the new RNA strand in a 5-3 prime direction. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region (T,A,C), separates hydrogen bonds, synthesizes complementary RNA nucleotides, and stops at the termination sequence.

Transcription

Inside the Nucleus

T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T

A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A

T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

Promoter Region

Termination Sequence

RNA

Polymerase

Coding Region

mRNA Strand

The area between the promoter region and termination sequence is called the coding region. The single strand of RNA produced is called mRNA or messenger RNA.

Transcription

Inside the Nucleus

T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T

A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A

T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

Promoter Region

Termination Sequence

RNA

Poly

mer

ase

mRNA Strand

The area between the promoter region and termination sequence is called the coding region. The single strand of RNA produced is called mRNA or messenger RNA.

Coding Region

Transcription

Inside the Nucleus

T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T

A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A

T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

Promoter Region

Termination Sequence

mRNA Strand

The area between the promoter region and termination sequence is called the coding region. The single strand of RNA produced is called mRNA or messenger RNA.

Coding Region

Transcription

Inside the Nucleus

T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

mRNA Strand

T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T

A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A

A U G C C U A U- C A A U U A A

After RNA polymerase finishes, the hydrogen bonds snap back into place. The mRNA strand has complementary nucleotides of the top DNA strand. The only difference is that Thymine is replaced with Uracil.

Transcription

Cell Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Nuclear Membrane/ Nuclear

Pores

The mRNA strand is now ready to leave the nucleus through tiny nuclear pores and head to the cytoplasm.

Transcription

Cell Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Nuclear Membrane/ Nuclear

Pores

The mRNA strand is now ready to leave the nucleus through tiny nuclear pores and head to the cytoplasm.

Transcription

Cell Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Nuclear Membrane/ Nuclear

Pores

The mRNA strand is now ready to leave the nucleus through tiny nuclear pores and head to the cytoplasm.

Transcription

Cell Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Nuclear Membrane/ Nuclear

Pores

The mRNA strand is now ready to leave the nucleus through tiny nuclear pores and head to the cytoplasm.

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

Start Codon Stop Codon

mRNA Strand

We are now taking a more in depth look at the mRNA strand for the process called translation. A ribosome attaches on to the start codon, which is a specific set of three nucleotides, and the process of converting the mRNA nucleotide sequence into amino acids starts.

Ribosome

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

We are now taking a more in depth look at the mRNA strand for the process called translation. A ribosome attaches on to the start codon, which is a specific set of three nucleotides, and the process of converting the mRNA nucleotide sequence into amino acids starts.

Ribosome

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

We are now taking a more in depth look at the mRNA strand for the process called translation. A ribosome attaches on to the start codon, which is a specific set of three nucleotides, and the process of converting the mRNA nucleotide sequence into amino acids starts.

Ribosome

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

tRNA molecules now come into play to attach complementary anticodons. The start codon always has the anticodon sequence of U, A, C.

Ribosome

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

G A U

Anticodon

Amino Acid

tRNA molecules are made up of amino acids and the anticodon. After the ribosome reads the first codon it moves on the next one while the first codon gets it’s anticodon. This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon and drops off the chain.

Ribosome

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

G A U

Anti-Codon

Amino Acid

tRNA

tRNA molecules are made up of amino acids and the anticodon. After the ribosome reads the first codon it moves on the next one while the first codon gets it’s anticodon. This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon and drops off the chain.

RibosomeC A U

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

A G G

G A U

Anti-Codon

Amino Acid

tRNA molecules are made up of amino acids and the anticodon. After the ribosome reads the first codon it moves on the next one while the first codon gets it’s anticodon. This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon and drops off the chain.

Ribosome

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

A G G G A U

G A U

Anti-Codon

Amino Acid

As the ribosome moves on peptide bonds form between the amino acids. Also, the tRNA molecules fall off leaving the amino acids with peptide bonds behind.

Ribosome

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

G A U A U U

G A U

Anti-Codon

Amino Acid

As the ribosome moves on peptide bonds form between the amino acids. Also, the tRNA molecules fall off leaving the amino acids with peptide bonds behind.

Ribosome

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

A U U

G A U

Anti-Codon

Amino Acid

As the ribosome moves on peptide bonds form between the amino acids. Also, the tRNA molecules fall off leaving the amino acids with peptide bonds behind.

Ribosome

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

G A U

Anti-Codon

Amino Acid

As the ribosome moves on peptide bonds form between the amino acids. Also, the tRNA molecules fall off leaving the amino acids with peptide bonds behind.

Translation

Cytoplasm

A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A

U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine

G A U

Anti-Codon

Amino Acid

The ribosome is now done with it’s job. The amino acids left behind will fold up on themselves to give their functions.

Translation

Final Protein Tertiary Structure

The ribosome is now done with it’s job. The amino acids left behind will fold up on themselves to give their functions.

Ribosome

Small Subunit

EXTRA INFORMATION

Ribosomes are made up of rRNA and they have a large and small subunit.

Large Subunit

Summary of Transcription

Transcription is the process of coping a DNA sequence in the nucleus and transporting it to the cytoplasm. DNA is too large to fit through the nuclear pores and not everything needs to be copied at one time. So, RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA strands copies what it needs and that new strand is called an mRNA strand or messenger RNA. The single stranded mRNA contains complementary nucleotides to the DNA strand; the only difference being that thymine is uracil. mRNA is small enough to fit through the nuclear pores and go to the cytoplasm where it will run into the ribosomes and start the translation process.

Summary of Translation

Translation is the process of converting the mRNA strand into a code that ribosomes can understand and make amino acids. This process starts when the mRNA strand runs into a ribosome or rRNA (ribosomal RNA). The ribosome reads the mRNA sequence in 3 nucleotides or codons. Each codon gets a specific anticodon (complementary codon) from a tRNA or transport RNA. tRNA’s contain amino acids at one end an anticodon on another end. The tRNA temporarily binds with the codon and peptide bonds form between the amino acids. The ribosome continues down the mRNA sequence until it reaches the stop codon where it falls off. tRNA fall off as the ribosome continues down the strand as well. The amino acid chain folds up on itself giving it’s function as the final step in translation.

THE END!