protein synthesis review by presentermedia.com presentermedia.com
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Protein Synthesis ReviewMagnolia High School2015
By PresenterMedia.com
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What is the name of this structure?
Nucleotides
What three things make up a nucleotide?
- sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base
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This is the structural component of what structure?
DNA
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What are the four nitrogenous bases that make up DNA?
1.Adenine2.Thymine3.Guanine4.Cytosine
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Which 2 bases are Purines and which are Pyrimidines? • Purine
• “Pure AG”• Adenine and Guanine
• Two rings
• Pyrimidines• Cytosine and Thymine
• Single ring
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How do the Nitrogen Bases Pair up?
Base pairing Rules
DNA• Adenine -- ?• Guanine -- ?
RNA• Adenine -- ?• Guanine -- ?
ThymineCytosine
UracilCytosine
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What makes up the backbone of DNA?
Phosphate and
Sugar (deoxyribose)
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What is unique about DNA’s shape?• Double helix• Discovered by Watson and Crick
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Where is DNA Found in Eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
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If one strand of DNA has the base sequence of AGGTTCGAC, what will the base sequence of the complimentary strand have?
AGGTTCGACT CCCAAG TG
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Three types of RNA and function
mRNA – messenger (codons)“blue print of genetic code”
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tRNA – transfer (anticodons)
Three types of RNA and function
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Three types of RNA and function
rRNA -- ribosomal
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Label this type of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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Label this type of RNA
tRNA – transfer
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Label this type of RNA
rRNA -- ribosomal
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List the Similarities between…DNA & RNA
• Made of nucleotides
• Have four bases• Carry genetic material
• Made of nucleotides
• Have four bases• Carry genetic material
DNA RNA
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Differences between…DNA & RNA
1. Deoxyribose Sugar
2. 2 strands
3. Thymine
4. Remains in nucleus
1. Ribose Sugar
2. 1 strand
3. Uracil
4. Can leave nucelus
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How many codons are needed to specify 3 amino acids?
3
How many bases are needed to specify 3 amino acids?
3x3 = 9
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DNA Contains What Sugar?
Deoxyribose
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RNA Contains What Sugar?
Ribose
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What is the process called when DNA is copied?
Replication
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What is the process called when DNA is copied?
Replication
What is important about the strands?
They are complimentary
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What does the figure below show?
Amino Acids
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What amino acids are in GUAUUCCGG?
ValinePhenyl-alanineArginin
e
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If given the mRNA code GUAUUCCGG, what are the anti-codons?
GUA UUC CGGGAC U AA GCC
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Why is it possible that many codons can code for one amino acid?
There are 64 combinations and 20 amino acids
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What is a gene?
Set of instructions for making a protein.
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What is the process below called?
Translation
Where does it take place?
Ribosome
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What are the different point mutations?
Substitutions
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Why do some mutations cause greater changes in proteins than others?
Some amino acids that have more than one codon coding for them
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•Transcription• DNA is transcribed into mRNA
• Takes place in the nucleus
• Only a single strand
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What are the steps by which proteins are coded and synthesized?
DNA RNA Protein
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An ______________ is a unit made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA.
anticodon
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The pair of nitrogenous bases, consisting of a purine linked by hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine, that connects the complementary strands of DNA
Base Pairing
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A relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus of a cell.
Chromatin
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Three-base code in DNA or RNA
Codon
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___________________is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
DNA
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___________________is an enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of new DNA molecules.
DNA Polymerase
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___________________is a genetic mutation caused by (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.
Frameshift Mutation
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They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation.
Histone
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It is a type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
Messenger RNA
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Permanent change in a cells DNA.
Mutation
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Cell division in which the sister chromatids do not separate correctly resulting in abnormal amounts of chromosomes.
Nondisjunction
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A Mutation in DNA or RNA molecule involving a change of only one nucleotide base.
Point Mutation
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Is the gene segment that serves as the initiation site where RNA polymerase binds to and initiates the transcription of certain genes.
Promoter
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A type of RNA that associates with proteins to form ribosomes.
Ribosomal RNA
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The process of duplicating or producing an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand such as DNA.
Replication
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The process of duplicating or producing an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand such as DNA.
RNA
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Enzyme that regulates RNA Synthesis
RNA Polymerase
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Process in which mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA strand.
Transcription
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Type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome.
Transfer RNA
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Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein in assembled.
Translation
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A chromosomal segment is moved from one position to another, either within the same chromosome or to anotherchromosome.
Translocation