protein synthesis. what is protein synthesis? how your cell makes very important proteinshow your...
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PROTEIN SYNTHESISPROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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What is Protein Synthesis?
• How your cell makes very important How your cell makes very important proteinsproteins
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Why are Proteins Important?
• Well, for starters, you are made of proteins.• 50% of the dry weight of a cell is protein of
one form or another. • Meanwhile, proteins also do all of the heavy
lifting in your body: – digestion, circulation, immunity, communication
between cells, motion-all are made possible by one or more of the estimated 100,000 different proteins that your body makes.
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• The production (synthesis) of proteinsproteins.
• 3 phases3 phases:
1.1. TranscriptionTranscription
2.2. RNA processingRNA processing
3.3. TranslationTranslation
• DNA DNA RNA RNA ProteinProtein
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DNA DNA RNA RNA ProteinProtein
Nuclearmembrane
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA ProcessingRNA Processing
TranslationTranslation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell
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Before making proteins, Your Before making proteins, Your cell must first make RNAcell must first make RNA
• Question:Question:
• How does RNARNA (ribonucleic acid) (ribonucleic acid) differ from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?
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RNARNA differs from DNADNA
1. RNARNA has a sugar ribosesugar ribose
DNADNA has a sugar deoxyribosesugar deoxyribose
2. RNARNA contains uracil (U)uracil (U)
DNADNA has thymine (T)thymine (T)
3. RNARNA molecule is single-strandedsingle-stranded
DNADNA is double-strandeddouble-stranded
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1. Transcription1. Transcription
• Then moves along one of the DNA strandsDNA strands and links RNARNA nucleotides together.
Nuclearmembrane
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA ProcessingRNA Processing
TranslationTranslation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell
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1. Transcription 1. Transcription (mRNA production) (mRNA production)
• RNA molecules are produced by copying part of DNA into a complementary sequence of mRNA
• This process is started and controlled by an enzyme called RNA polymerase.
A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNAmRNA
startcodon
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1. Transcription1. Transcription
DNADNA
pre-mRNApre-mRNA
RNA PolymeraseRNA Polymerase
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Question:Question:
• What would be the complementary RNARNA strand for the following DNADNA sequence?
• DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
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Types of RNATypes of RNA
• Three types ofThree types of RNARNA:
A.A. messenger RNA (mRNA)messenger RNA (mRNA)
B.B. transfer RNA (tRNA)transfer RNA (tRNA)
C.C. ribosome RNA (rRNA)ribosome RNA (rRNA)
• Remember: all produced in theRemember: all produced in the nucleusnucleus!!
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mRNA
• Carries instructions from DNA to the rest of the ribosome.
• Tells the ribosome what kind of protein to make
• Acts like an email from the principal to the cafeteria lady.
A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNAmRNA
startcodon
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A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stopcodon
proteinprotein
A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNAmRNA
startcodon
Primary structure of a proteinPrimary structure of a protein
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
peptide bonds
codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7codon 1
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If the cell is La Serna…If the cell is La Serna…
• The Nucleus is the school officeThe Nucleus is the school office
• The DNA is the principalThe DNA is the principal
• Ribosomes are the cafeteria ladiesRibosomes are the cafeteria ladies
• mRNA is the email from the mRNA is the email from the principal to the cafeteria ladyprincipal to the cafeteria lady
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rRNA• Part of the structure of a ribosome
• Helps in protein production
tRNA
A go-getter. Gets the right parts to make the right protein according to mRNA instructions
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B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
amino acidamino acidattachment siteattachment site
U A C
anticodonanticodon
methionine amino acidamino acid
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2. RNA Processing2. RNA Processing
Nuclearmembrane
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA ProcessingRNA Processing
TranslationTranslation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell
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2. RNA Processing2. RNA Processing
• IntronsIntrons are pulled out and exonsexons come together.
• End product is a mature RNA mature RNA moleculemolecule that leaves the nucleusnucleus to the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.
• Introns bad…… Exons good!Introns bad…… Exons good!
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2. RNA Processing2. RNA Processing
pre-RNA molecule
intron
intronexon exon exon
exon exon exon
Mature RNA moleculeMature RNA molecule
exon exon exon
intron intron
splicesome splicesome
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RibosomesRibosomes
PSite
ASite
Largesubunit
Small subunit
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
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3. Translation - making 3. Translation - making proteinsproteins
Nuclearmembrane
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA ProcessingRNA Processing
TranslationTranslation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell
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3. Translation3. Translation
• Three parts:
1. initiationinitiation: start codon (AUG)
2. elongationelongation:
3. terminationtermination: stop codon (UAG)
• Let’s make a PROTEIN!!!!PROTEIN!!!!.
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3. Translation3. Translation
PSite
ASite
Largesubunit
Small subunit
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
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InitiationInitiation
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa2
A U
A
1-tRNA
U A C
aa1
anticodon
hydrogenbonds codon
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mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA 2-tRNA
U A C G
aa1 aa2
A UA
anticodon
hydrogenbonds codon
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
ElongationElongation
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mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA
2-tRNA
U A C
G
aa1
aa2
A UA
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
Ribosomes move over one codon
(leaves)
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mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa1
aa2
A UA
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
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mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa1aa2
A U
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
(leaves)
Ribosomes move over one codon
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mRNAmRNA
G C U A C U U C G
aa1aa2
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
U G A
5-tRNA
aa5
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mRNAmRNA
G C U A C U U C G
aa1aa2
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
U G A
5-tRNA
aa5
Ribosomes move over one codon
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mRNAmRNA
A C A U G U
aa1
aa2
U
primaryprimarystructurestructureof a proteinof a protein
aa3
200-tRNA
aa4
U A G
aa5
C U
aa200
aa199
terminatorterminator or stopor stop codoncodon
TerminationTermination
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End ProductEnd Product• The end products of protein synthesis is
a primary structure of a proteinprimary structure of a protein.
• A sequence of amino acid amino acid bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds.
aa1
aa2 aa3 aa4aa5
aa200
aa199
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Question:Question:
• The anticodon The anticodon UACUAC belongs to a belongs to a tRNAtRNA that that recognizes and binds to a particular recognizes and binds to a particular amino amino acidacid..
• What would be the What would be the DNA base code DNA base code for this for this amino acid?amino acid?
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Answer:Answer:
• tRNA tRNA - UAC (anticodon)- UAC (anticodon)
• mRNAmRNA - AUG (codon)- AUG (codon)
• DNA DNA - TAC- TAC