protesting in the age of social media wapor bogota 2012
DESCRIPTION
Paper presented at the V Latin American Congress on Public Opinion, Bogotá, Colombia, September, 2012.TRANSCRIPT
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Protesting in theage of social mediaInformation, opinion expression and activism in online networks
Sebas t i án Va l enzue l a , PhD
Facultad de Comunicaciones UC
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POLITICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL
Two correlated trends
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Tunisia, Dec. 2010
Chile, Aug. 2011
Egypt, Jan. 2011Madrid, May 2011
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Facebook users around the world
http://i.i.com.com/cnwk.1d/i/tim/2012/02/01/FB-regioncomp2_610x363.png
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CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Correlation is not necessarily causation. Yet,…
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ViralMS
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Existing research
Studies based on an individual-level approach
tend to find a positive relationship between
frequency of social media use and protest
behavior, in line with existing research on the
digital media-citizen participation link.(Gil de Zúñiga, Jung, & Valenzuela, 2012; Park, Kee, & Valenzuela, 2009; Rojas & Puig-i-Abril, 2009; Valenzuela,
Park & Kee, 2009; Zhang, Johnson, Seltzer, & Bichard, 2010).
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• Access to a large number of contacts helps
social movements reach critical mass (Lovejoy & Saxton,
2012).
• Personal and group identity construction
through reinforcement of group norms (Dalton, Sickle,
& Weldon, 2009; Papacharissi, 2010) .
• Build trusting relationships among members (Gilbert & Karahalios, 2009).
• Interest in collective issues by gaining insight
into the circumstances of others (Bennett & Segerberg,
2011).
Possible mechanisms
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• Information: social media as news sources or
information hubs (Gil de Zúñiga, Jung, & Valenzuela, 2012).
• Political expression: social media as spaces for
expressing political opinions (Pingree, 2007).
• Activism: social media as venues for joining
causes and opportunities for mobilization (Yamamoto, 2006).
Possible mechanisms (cont´d)
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• H1. Frequency of social media use will be
positively related to protest behavior.
• H2. Using social media for news consumption,
opinion expression and activism mediates the
relationship between frequency of social
media use and protest behavior.
Hypotheses
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Method
• Data: 3rd round of the “Jóvenes y Participación”
survey by Periodismo UDP-Feedback S.A.
• Cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of
adults living in Chile’s three main urban areas.
• Sample: multistage area probability sample stratified
by geographical region.
• Mode: face-to-face interviews.
• Sample size: 1,737 (data weighted due to youth
oversample).
• Fieldwork: Aug. 19 – Sept. 6 2011
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Variables
• Protest : public demonstrations, political forums/debates, petitioning, meeting authorities, letters to the media.
• Social media: Overall use of Facebook, Twitter, Google+ and YouTube (α = .70), hard news, opinionexpression (α = .83), activism (α = .79).
• Control variables:– Political and economic grievances
– Human values
– Material and psychological resources
– Online and offline hard news
– Interpersonal political discussion
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IMPACT
Results for H1:
What are the effects of frequency of social media use
on the likelihood of engaging in protest behavior?
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MEDIATORS
Results for H2:
What explains the relationship between frequency of
social media use and protest behavior?
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• Supported:
– H1. Frequency of social media use will be
positively related to protest behavior.
• Qualified support:
– H2. Using social media for news consumption,
opinion expression and activism mediates the
relationship between frequency of social media
use and protest behavior.
Hypotheses
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INTERVENING VARIABLES
“Effects” of social media onprotest behavior are indirect and contingent upon specific uses
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Directions for future research
• Replicate and test additional mechanisms.
• Examine others forms of participation.
• Triangulate survey data with:
– Content analysis of social media
– Social network analysis
– Longitudinal, panel surveys
• Cross-national comparative work
• DEVELOP THEORY!
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THANK YOU!
This presentation can be downloaded at
http:// www.slideshare.com/savalenz
Research work and papers are available at
http://uc-cl.academia.edu/Valenzuela