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Protons, Protons, Electrons, and Electrons, and Neutrons Neutrons

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Page 1: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Protons, Electrons, and Protons, Electrons, and NeutronsNeutrons

Page 2: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Protons, Electrons, and Protons, Electrons, and NeutronsNeutrons

Charges:Charges: ElectronsElectrons - Negatively charged - Negatively charged ProtonsProtons - Positively charged - Positively charged NeutronsNeutrons – Neutral (no charge) – Neutral (no charge)

Page 3: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Be9.01

Beryllium

4

Element NameElement Name

Atomic NumberAtomic Number

Element SymbolElement Symbol

Atomic MassAtomic Mass

(# of protons and electrons)

(# protons + # neutrons) protons)

Mass Number - Atomic Number = # of neutrons

++

++

9 - 4 = 5

(# protons)

Page 4: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Cl35.45

Chlorine

17171719

P =E =N =

What are the numbers of protons, electrons and neutrons?

Protons =

Electrons =

Neutrons =

17

17

18

Page 5: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Where are protons, electrons, Where are protons, electrons, and neutrons located?and neutrons located?

Protons –inside the atomic nucleus

Neutrons –inside the atomic nucleus

Electrons –orbit the atomic nucleus

Electrons Protons and Neutrons

Page 6: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

IsotopesIsotopes Different atoms of the same element Different atoms of the same element

# Protons stays the same # Protons stays the same # Neutrons are different# Neutrons are different

Ex. Carbon 12 – 6P, 6N, 6EEx. Carbon 12 – 6P, 6N, 6E Carbon 13 – 6P, 7N, 6ECarbon 13 – 6P, 7N, 6E

Carbon 14 – 6P, 8N, 6ECarbon 14 – 6P, 8N, 6E

The have the same # electronsThe have the same # electrons

The chemical properties don’t The chemical properties don’t change change

Page 7: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Chemical BondsChemical Bonds1.1. Ionic Bonds Ionic Bonds –formed b/w –formed b/w

oppositely charged ionsoppositely charged ions An atom that loses An atom that loses

electrons has a + electrons has a + chargecharge

An atom that gains An atom that gains electrons has a – electrons has a – chargecharge

IonsIons- Positively and - Positively and negatively charged negatively charged atomsatoms

2. 2. Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds- electrons - electrons are shared b/w atomsare shared b/w atoms When atoms share 2 When atoms share 2

electrons => single electrons => single covalent bondcovalent bond

When atoms share 4 When atoms share 4 electrons => double electrons => double covalent bondcovalent bond

Page 8: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Water and pH Water and pH

Page 9: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

WaterWater

Covers 3/4 of Earth's surface Covers 3/4 of Earth's surface The single most abundant compound in The single most abundant compound in

most living thingsmost living things One of the few compounds that is a liquid One of the few compounds that is a liquid

at the temperatures found on the Earth's at the temperatures found on the Earth's surface surface

Page 10: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Density of WaterDensity of Water Unlike most substances, Unlike most substances,

water expands as it freezeswater expands as it freezes Ice is less dense than liquid Ice is less dense than liquid

water and therefore floatswater and therefore floats If ice sank it would be If ice sank it would be

disastrous for: disastrous for: 1.1. fish and plant life in regions w/ fish and plant life in regions w/

cold winterscold winters

2.2. sport of ice skating sport of ice skating

Page 11: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Polarity: The Water Polarity: The Water MoleculeMolecule

Water is a Water is a polarpolar molecule molecule Due to the unequal sharing Due to the unequal sharing

of electronsof electrons• The oxygen end has a slight (-) The oxygen end has a slight (-)

chargecharge• The hydrogen end has a slight The hydrogen end has a slight

(+) charge (+) charge • http://programs.northlandcollege.

edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.html

+-

Page 12: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds Polar molecules, such as HPolar molecules, such as H220, attract each other 0, attract each other

because of their partial (+) and partial (-) chargesbecause of their partial (+) and partial (-) charges This is a This is a hydrogen bondhydrogen bond Not as strong as covalent or ionic bondsNot as strong as covalent or ionic bonds

Because it is only b/w partial chargesBecause it is only b/w partial charges

Page 13: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Properties of WaterProperties of Water

The ability of water to form multiple The ability of water to form multiple hydrogen bonds is responsible for many of hydrogen bonds is responsible for many of water's propertieswater's properties One water molecule may be involved in 4 One water molecule may be involved in 4

hydrogen bonds at the same timehydrogen bonds at the same time

Page 14: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Properties of WaterProperties of Water

1.1. CohesionCohesion- an attraction b/w molecules - an attraction b/w molecules of the same substanceof the same substance

Why drops of water form beads on a smooth Why drops of water form beads on a smooth surfacesurface

Also explains why some insects and spiders Also explains why some insects and spiders can walk on a pond's surfacecan walk on a pond's surface

• AKA “Surface Tension”AKA “Surface Tension”

Page 15: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

Properties of Water (Cont’d)Properties of Water (Cont’d)

2. 2. AdhesionAdhesion- an attraction b/w molecules of - an attraction b/w molecules of different substances different substances The meniscus in a graduated cylinder The meniscus in a graduated cylinder

• Forms because adhesion b/w water molecules and Forms because adhesion b/w water molecules and glass molecules is stronger than the cohesion glass molecules is stronger than the cohesion between water moleculesbetween water molecules

Capillary ActionCapillary Action• Adhesion also causes water to rise in a narrow Adhesion also causes water to rise in a narrow

tube against the force of gravitytube against the force of gravity• One of the forces that draw water out of the roots One of the forces that draw water out of the roots

of a plant and up into its stems and leavesof a plant and up into its stems and leaves

Page 16: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

MixturesMixtures

Mixture-Mixture- a material composed of 2+ a material composed of 2+ elements or compounds that are physically elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically mixed together but not chemically combinedcombined Examples - Salt & pepper or a SaladExamples - Salt & pepper or a Salad Cookies and Cream Ice CreamCookies and Cream Ice Cream

Page 17: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

SolutionsSolutions SolutionSolution - Mixture of 2+ substances where - Mixture of 2+ substances where

the molecules of the substances are the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed evenly distributed SoluteSolute - substance that is dissolved (ex. salt) - substance that is dissolved (ex. salt) SolventSolvent - substance in which the solute - substance in which the solute

dissolves (ex. water)dissolves (ex. water)

**Water is the universal solvent

because of its polarity

Page 18: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

pH ScalepH Scale

A water molecule can react to form ionsA water molecule can react to form ions

The The pH scalepH scale is used to indicate the is used to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution concentration of H+ ions in solution

pH stands for “power of Hydrogen” pH stands for “power of Hydrogen”

Page 19: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

OHH

OH-

If If moremore H H++ than OH-, the chemical is an ACID than OH-, the chemical is an ACID

If If lessless H H++ than OH-, the chemical is a BASE than OH-, the chemical is a BASE

If equal amounts of H+ and OH-, the chemical is NEUTRAL

OHH

OH-

OHH

OH-

HH++

HH++

HH++

Page 20: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Charges:  Electrons - Negatively charged  Protons - Positively charged  Neutrons – Neutral (no charge)

00

11

22

33

44

55

77

88

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

1414

More

Aci

dic

H+

More

Basi

c O

H-

Neutral66

• Litmus paper is used as an indicator for acids and bases

Acids turn blue litmus to red Bases turn red litmus to blue

An acid with a pH of 1 is stronger than one with a

pH of 6

A base with a pH of 14 is stronger than a base with

a pH of 8