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Provocation: Rural development through Entrepreneurial Opportunity Dr Robert Newbery Associate Professor for Entrepreneurship and Development Plymouth University

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What is to be sustained?

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Rural in Context (European Union) Fundamental changes in rural areas Primary sectors declining Manufacturing, Tourism and Services increasing (PIU, 1999) Footloose nature of enterprise (Woods 2005) Counter-urbanisation (Champion, 2007) Traditional focus on farming Common Agriculture Policy Excluded domains (Alsos et al. 2011) Primacy of non-farm sectors Experience economy

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A Differentiated Countryside Rurality is not a homogenous phenomenon (Lowe and Ward, 2003) A Differentiated Countryside Typology Preserved Contested Paternalistic Clientelist (Murdoch et al. 2003) What is to be sustained? It depends on who you ask.

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What is to be developed? Equality of opportunity Approaches Top down Bottom up Mixed Exogenous model Post-war Urban centres = growth poles Rurally destructive (Lowe et al. 1995)

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What is to be developed? Equality of opportunity Approaches Top down Bottom up Mixed Endogenous model 1970s Local people, mobilising local resources Suits local needs and circumstances Sticky (ibid) Ignores role of external flows and resource as catalyst (Snowdon 2003)

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Neo-endogenous development model endogenous-based development in which extra-local factors are recognised and regarded as essential but which retains belief in the potential of local areas to shape their future (Ray, 2001:4) New-Rural Paradigm Brokerage critical In-migrants are drivers of economic development (Stockdale, 2006) Importance of embedding (Atterton et al. 2011) HEI is key site for in- migrants

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What is sustainable development in the rural (EU) context? Locally interpreted Exogenous and endogenous interaction Evolving co-production of the commons

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What entrepreneurial actions need be supported Sites for embedding extra-local within local Alertness / openness amongst locals towards opportunity and new relationships Accessible local knowledge A key role for regional Universities? How can entrepreneurial education promote this agenda?

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