Proximalepiphysis

Epiphysealline

Articularcartilage

Periosteum

Spongy bone

Compact boneMedullarycavity (linedby endosteum)

Compact bone

Diaphysis

Distalepiphysis

Yellow bone marrow

Endosteum

Compact bone

Periosteum

Perforating(Sharpey’s) fibers

Nutrientarteries

Endosteum lining bony canalsand covering trabeculae

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibersPeriosteal blood vesselPeriosteum

Lacuna (withosteocyte) Lacunae

Lamellae

NerveVeinArtery

CanaliculusOsteocytein a lacuna

Circumferentiallamellae

Osteon(Haversian system)

Central(Haversian) canal

Centralcanal

Interstitial lamellae

Lamellae

Compactbone

Spongy bone

Bone collarforms aroundhyaline cartilagemodel.

Cartilage in thecenter of thediaphysis calcifiesand then developscavities.

The periostealbud inavades theinternal cavitiesand spongy bonebegins to form.

The diaphysis elongatesand a medullary cavityforms as ossificationcontinues. Secondaryossification centers appearin the epiphyses inpreparation for stage 5.

The epiphysesossify. Whencompleted, hyalinecartilage remains only in the epiphysealplates and articularcartilages.

Hyalinecartilage

Area ofdeterioratingcartilage matrix

Epiphysealblood vessel

Spongyboneformation

Epiphysealplatecartilage

Secondaryossificationcenter

Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud

Medullarycavity

Articularcartilage

Childhood toadolescence

BirthWeek 9 Month 3

Spongybone

BonecollarPrimaryossificationcenter

1 2 3 4 5

Hematoma Externalcallus

Bonycallus ofspongyboneHealedfracture

Newbloodvessels

Spongybonetrabecula

Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)

A hematoma forms. Fibrocartilaginouscallus forms.

Bony callus forms. Boneremodelingoccurs.

1 2 3 4

Skull

Thoracic cage(ribs andsternum)

Anterior view

Facial bonesCranium

Sacrum

Vertebralcolumn

ClavicleScapulaSternumRibHumerusVertebraRadiusUlnaCarpals

PhalangesMetacarpalsFemurPatella

TibiaFibula

TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges

Bones of cranium (cranial vault)

Lambdoidsuture

Facialbones

Squamoussuture

Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

Coronalsuture

Parietal boneSquamous part of frontal boneNasal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneZygomatic bone

MaxillaMandible

Infraorbital foramen

Mentalforamen

Anterior view Mandibular symphysis

Frontal boneGlabellaFrontonasal sutureSupraorbital foramen(notch)Supraorbital marginSuperior orbitalfissure

Inferior orbitalfissureMiddle nasalconcha

Inferior nasal conchaVomer

Optic canal

Perpendicularplate

Ethmoidbone

Coronal suture Frontal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Ethmoid boneLacrimal bone

Lacrimal fossa

Nasal boneZygomaticbone Maxilla

Alveolarmargins

MandibleMental foramen

Parietal bone

Lambdoidsuture

SquamoussutureOccipitalbone

OccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatusMastoid processStyloid process

Mandibular condyleMandibular notchMandibular ramus

External anatomy of the right side of the skullMandibular angle Coronoid process

Zygomaticprocess

Temporal bone

Incisive fossa

Median palatine sutureIntermaxillary suture

Infraorbital foramenMaxillaSphenoid bone(greater wing)

Foramen ovale

Foramen lacerumCarotid canalExternal acoustic meatusStylomastoidforamenJugular foramen

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle

Inferior nuchal line

Superior nuchal line

Foramen spinosum

Maxilla(palatine process)

Hardpalate

Zygomatic bone

Temporal bone(zygomatic process)

Mandibularfossa

Vomer

Styloid process

External occipital crestExternal occipitalprotuberance Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

Mastoid processTemporal bone(petrous part)

Pharyngeal tubercleof basilar region ofthe occipital boneParietal bone

Palatine bone(horizontal plate)

Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcicaMiddle cranialfossaTemporal bone(petrous part)

Posteriorcranial fossa

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

Frontal bone

Olfactory foramina

Optic canal

Foramen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen spinosum

Jugular foramenHypoglossal canal

Foramen lacerum

Internal acousticmeatus

Cribriform plateEthmoidbone Crista galli

Sphenoid

Anterior cranial fossa

Lesser wingGreater wing

View

GreaterwingHypophysealfossa ofsella turcica

ForamenrotundumForamenovaleForamenspinosumBody of sphenoid

Superiororbital fissure

Superior view

Optic canal Lesser wing

Body of sphenoid

Greaterwing

Superiororbitalfissure

Lesserwing

Pterygoidprocess

Posterior view

Orbitalplate

Ethmoidalair cells Perpendicularplate Middle nasal concha

Cribriformplate

Olfactoryforamina

Crista galli

Left lateral mass

Coronoidprocess

Mandibular foramen

Mentalforamen

Mandibularangle

Ramusofmandible

Mandibularcondyle

Mandibular notch

Mandibular fossaof temporal bone

Body of mandible

Alveolarmargin

Mandible, right lateral view

Temporomandibularjoint

Frontal process

Articulates withfrontal bone

Anterior nasalspine

Infraorbitalforamen

Alveolarmargin

Maxilla, right lateral view

Orbitalsurface Zygomaticprocess(cut)

Maxillary bone(palatine process)

Palatine bone(perpendicular plate)

Palatine bone(horizontal plate)

Pterygoidprocess

Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)

SphenoidsinusSphenoid

bone

Anterior nasal spine

Frontal sinusSuperiornasal conchaMiddlenasal concha

Ethmoidbone

Inferior nasalconcha Nasal bone

Superior, middle, andinferior meatus

Vomer

Crista galliCribriformplate

Ethmoidbone

Frontalsinus

Nasal bone

Septal cartilage

Alveolar marginof maxilla

Perpendicularplate of ethmoid bone

Sella turcica

Sphenoid sinus

Palatinebone Palatine processof maxilla

Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage

Hardpalate

Frontalsinus Ethmoidalair cells(sinus)

Maxillarysinus

Sphenoidsinus

FrontalsinusEthmoidalair cells

Maxillarysinus

Sphenoidsinus

Anterior aspect Medial aspect

Hyoid Bone

Greater hornLesser horn

Body

Cervical curvature (concave)7 vertebrae, C1–C7

Thoracic curvature(convex) 12 vertebrae,T1–T12

Lumbar curvature(concave)5 vertebrae, L1–L5

Sacral curvature(convex)5 fused vertebrae sacrumCoccyx4 fused vertebrae

Anterior view Right lateral view

Spinousprocess

Transverseprocesses

Intervertebraldiscs

Intervertebralforamen

C1

Posterior

Anterior

Lamina

Superiorarticularprocessandfacet

Transverseprocess

Pedicle

Spinousprocess

Vertebralarch

VertebralforamenBody(centrum)

Transverseprocess

Spinousprocess

Superior articularprocess

Transversecostal facet (fortubercle of rib)

Body

Intervertebraldisc

Inferior costalfacet (for headof rib)Inferior articularprocess

Thoracic vertebrae

Superiorarticularprocess

Transverseprocess

Spinousprocess

Intervertebraldisc

Body

Inferiorarticularprocess

Lumbar vertebrae

Coccyx

AnteriorsacralforaminaApex

Sacral promontory

AlaBody offirstsacralvertebra

Transverseridges (sites of vertebral fusion)

Anterior view

Coccyx

Posteriorsacralforamina

Mediansacralcrest

Sacralcanal

Sacralhiatus

Body Facet ofsuperiorarticular process

Lateralsacralcrest

Auricularsurface

Ala

Posterior view

Intercostal spaces

Trueribs(1–7)

Falseribs(8–12)

Jugular notchClavicular notch

ManubriumSternal angleBodyXiphisternaljointXiphoidprocess

L1

Vertebra Floating ribs (11, 12)Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view

Sternum

Costal cartilageCostal margin

ClavicleAcromio-clavicularjoint

Scapula

Articulated pectoral girdle

Acromial (lateral)end

Right clavicle, superior view

Posterior

Sternal (medial)end

Anterior

Acromion

Coracoidprocess

Suprascapular notchSuperior border

Superiorangle

Subscapularfossa

Medial border

Inferior angle

Glenoidcavity

Lateral border

Right scapula, anterior aspect

Superiorangle

Medial border

Coracoid processSuprascapular notch

Acromion

Glenoidcavityat lateralangle

Lateral border

Infraspinousfossa

Spine

Right scapula, posterior aspect

Supraspinousfossa

Greatertubercle

Lessertubercle

Inter-tubercularsulcus

Lateralsupracondylarridge

Radial fossa

Capitulum

Head ofhumerusAnatomicalneck

Deltoidtuberosity

Coronoidfossa

Medialepicondyle

TrochleaAnterior view

Radialnotch ofthe ulna

OlecranonprocessTrochlearnotchCoronoidprocess Proximalradioulnarjoint

Distal radioulnarjoint

Styloid processof radius

Radius

Neck ofradius

Head ofradius

Ulnar notchof the radiusHead of ulna

Styloidprocess of ulna

InterosseousmembraneUlna

HeadNeckRadialtuberosity

Radius

Styloidprocessof radius

Anterior view Posterior view

Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view

Olecranon processTrochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch

View

Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist

Ulnar notch of radius

Headof ulna

Styloidprocess

Articulationfor scaphoid

Articulationfor lunate

Styloidprocess

View

Coronoidfossa

Radius

Radialtuberosity

Head ofradius

Capitulum

Trochlea

Anterior view at the elbow region

Humerus

Medialepicondyle

Coronoidprocess of ulna

UlnaRadial notch

Olecranonfossa

Ulna

Olecranonprocess

Medialepicondyle

Posterior view of extended elbow

Humerus

Lateralepicondyle

Head

RadiusNeck

• Trapezoid• Trapezium

• Scaphoid

Phalanges

Carpals

Radius

• Proximal• Middle• Distal

• Triquetrum• Lunate

• Capitate• Hamate

• Pisiform

Metacarpals

Carpals

Posterior view of left hand

Ulna

• Base• Shaft• Head

• Trapezoid• Trapezium

• Scaphoid

Carpals

Anterior view of left hand

Radius

Sesamoidbones

Coxalbone(os coxaeor hip bone)

llium

Sacroiliacjoint

Iliac fossa

Pubicbone

Ischium

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacralpromontory

Pelvic brimAcetabulum

Pubic crestPubic symphysis

Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch

Anterior inferioriliac spine

Anteriorsuperior iliac spine

Pubic tubercle

IliumAla

Anterior gluteallinePosterior gluteal linePosteriorsuperioriIiac spine

Greater sciaticnotch

Posterior inferioriliac spine

Ischial bodyIschial spineLesser sciatic notch

Ischialtuberosity

Ischium

Ischial ramus Obturator foramen

Inferiorgluteal line

AcetabulumPubic body

Iliac crestAnteriorsuperioriliac spine

Anterior inferioriliac spine

PubisInferior ramusof pubis

Lateral view, right hip bone

Iliac fossa

Ilium

Iliac crest

Anteriorsuperioriliac spine

Anterior inferioriliac spineArcuate line

Pubic tubercle

Superior ramusof pubis

Inferior ramusof pubis

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Obturatorforamen

Body ofthe ilium

IschiumIschial ramus

Medial view, right hip bone

Auricularsurface

Ischial spineLesser sciatic notch

Greater sciatic notch

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Articular surfaceof pubis (at pubic symphysis)

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves

Characteristic Female MaleBone thickness Lighter, thinner, and

smootherHeavier, thicker, and more prominent markings

Pubic arch/angle 80˚– 90˚ 50˚– 60˚

Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together

Sacrum Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated

Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral

Coccyx More movable; straighter

Less movable; curves ventrally

Neck Foveacapitis

Greatertrochanter

Inter-trochantericcrest

Head

Intertrochantericline

Lesser trochanter

Gluteal tuberosity

Linea aspera

Lateralcondyle

LateralepicondyleIntercondylar fossa

Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines

Medial condyle

Medialepicondyle

Adductortubercle

Anterior view Posterior view

Femur (thigh bone)

Lateral epicondylePatellar surface

Posterior

Facet formedialcondyleof femur

Facet for lateralcondyle of femur

Surface forpatellarligament

ApexAnterior

(a) Patella (kneecap)

Medial condyle

Articular surface

Tibial tuberosity

Interosseous membrane

Anterior border

Tibia

Medial malleolus

Intercondylar eminence

Proximal tibiofibularjoint

Distal tibiofibularjoint

Lateral malleolus

Lateral condyle

Fibula

Head

Anterior view

Medial condyle

Articular surface oflateral condyle

Articular surfaceof medial condyle

Articular surface

Interosseousmembrane

Tibia Fibula

Head of fibula

Medial malleolusLateral malleolus

Posterior view

Medialcuneiform

Phalanges

Metatarsals

TarsalsNavicular

Intermediatecuneiform

Talus

CalcaneusSuperior view

Cuboid

Lateralcuneiform

Proximal54321

MiddleDistal

Trochleaof talus

Facet formedialmalleolus

Calcanealtuberosity

Medial view

Intermediatecuneiform Sustentac-

ulum tali(talar shelf)

Talus

Navicular

First metatarsal

Medialcuneiform

Calcaneus

Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)

Sternum(manubrium)

Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)

SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc

Pubic symphysis

Body of vertebra

Hyaline cartilage

SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage

Gliding Movements

Gliding

Gliding movements at the wrist

Angular Movements

Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck

Hyperextension Extension

Flexion

Angular Movements

Abduction

Adduction

Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder

Circumduction

Rotation

LateralrotationMedialrotation

Rotation

Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb

Acromionof scapula

Synovial membraneFibrous capsule

Hyalinecartilage

CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursaFibrousarticular capsuleTendonsheath

Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle

Synovial cavityof the glenoidcavity containingsynovial fluid

Humerus

Frontal section through right shoulder joint

Articularcapsule

Synovialmembrane

Synovial cavity

Articular cartilage

Coronoid process

Tendon ofbrachialis muscle

Ulna

Humerus

Fat pad

Tendon oftricepsmuscleBursa

Trochlea

Articular cartilageof the trochlearnotch

Median sagittal section through right elbow (lateral view)

Articular cartilageCoxal (hip) bone

Ligament ofthe head of the femur (ligamentum teres)

Synovial cavity

Articular capsule

Acetabularlabrum

Femur

Frontal section through the right hip joint

Sagittal section through the right knee joint

Femur

Tendon of quadricepsfemoris

Suprapatellar bursa

PatellaSubcutaneousprepatellar bursaSynovial cavityLateral meniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament

Infrapatellar fat pad

Deep infrapatellarbursaPatellar ligament

Articularcapsule

Lateralmeniscus

Anteriorcruciateligament

Tibia

Quadricepsfemoris muscle

Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris muscle

Patella

Lateral patellarretinaculum

Medial patellarretinaculum

Tibial collateralligament

Tibia

Fibularcollateralligament

Fibula

Anterior view of right knee

Patellar ligament