prr.hec.gov.pkprr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9296/1/phd... · 2019. 12. 31. ·...

IS/102/MPHILLEADINGTOPHD/UR/S-12/M

I


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IX XIV XVI ABSTRACT

VI

ABSTRACT

Urdu dastan is one of the main genre of urdu prose.Dastan is first kind

of story telling and writing in the history of urdu fiction which derived its

tradition from Arabic and Persian literature i.e dastan Alaf Laila and dastan

Ameer Hamza but it does not disconnect its relation from Hindustani

roots(jatak kahanian, katha surt sagar, maha bharat etc) .The time period

of 18th and 19th century in urdu prose is called the era of "Dastan".

The concept of characterization in urdu prose dastans is very

complicated and erratic.In these dastans we find subtle and highly

developed type of characters with all their characteristics and nuances.

This type of characterization and the technique of its use in dastan is so

perfect and profound. These characters belongs to different kinds(ie

Human beings, Animals, Birds, Supernatural etc),and are presented in an

alien world where time lacks any natural , everyday cyclicity. But in their

actions and feelings they all are like human beings.

In this thesis under consideration research carried out about a very

important part of dastan. The investigatory and the critical analysis of the

Important Supportive Characters of the prose dastans not only differ this

opinion that these dastans have not any kind of characterization but also

help to highlight the standard of characterization of that era which is

usually neglected in urdu crticicism.

In this thesis I tried my best to explore and analyse the Important

Supportive Characters which were presented in urdu prose dastans and

elaborated the concept of presentation of these characters.

In this thesis all those dastans are included which are published, having

XVI

unity of plot and variety of characterization. All those dastans are avoided

to include in which most of the material was borrowed from other dastans

or which revolved around the same topic. In this thesis, standard of

characterization in dastans, capabilities of characterization and how it was

differ from the characterization of modern fiction is discussed.Important

Supportive Character of dastans are also examined and elaborated

according to social, psychological and moral standardization of modern

era.

This thesis has been divided into five parts. Part one deals with the

craft of characterization in urdu dastan(ie Introduction, main characters,

qualification of important supportive chracter). Part two deals with the

important supportive characters of the foremost and prominent prose

dastans(period 1635 to 1800).Part three consists of critical analysis of

important supportive characters of the prose dastans, published under the

patronage of Fort William College. Part four, comprised of the important

supportive characters of the prominent dastans, published during the

same period but not under the patronage of the Fort William college and

also published after the period of this college. Part five (Epilogue) consists

on the collective evaluation and analysis of important supportive

characters of these three periods.

The objective of the research is to explore and highlight the important

supportive characters of these dastans which took part in fascination and

prolongation and are most necessary due to their actions, portray their

importance and judge the standard of important supportive characters.

XVII

"

"

"

"

" An exemplum is a story told as a particular instance of

the general theme in a religious sermon. The device

was popular in the middle ages, when extensive

collections of expempla, some historical and some

legendary, were prepared for use by preachers..... by

extension the term "exemplum" is also applied to tales

used in a formal, though non religious exhortation."(7)

Parable

"A parable.....is a brief moral tale that uses the device of

ALLEGORY. The parable resembles the FABLE, but

whereas a fable is a realistic narrative, a parable is an

extended metaphor that alludes to spiritual truth through

a simple story."(8)

Fable

Parable Tale

"A short moral tale, in verse or prose, in which human

situations and behaviour are depicted through (chiefly)

beasts and birds, or gods or inanimate objects. Human

qualities are projected onto animals, according to certain

conventions(e.g. malicious craftiness for the fox). Fables

are ironic and realistic in tone, often satirical, their

themes usually reflecting on the common sense ethics

of ordinary life."(9)

Romance

"

" (Myths) (Legend)

(Legend)

"

"

" "

"

"

"

"

" "

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

(Adventure Time and Space)

"

Stylos Style

Style "

"

"

"

Narrative

"

"

"

"

Character i zat ion Character

"

"

"The character is the name of a literary genre, it is a

short , and usually witty, sketch in prose of a distinctive

type of person. the genre was inaugrated by

Theophrastus, a Greek author of second century B.C,

who wrote a lively book entitled characters."(47)

" We may say that the actors in a story are, or pretend to

be, human beings."(49)

"

"

" We may divide characters into flat and round." (51)

(Round) (Flat)

" Flat characters...... in their purest form, they are

constructed round a single idea or quality: when there is

more than one factor in them, we get the beginning of

the curve towards the round."(52)

(Flat) (Round)

,

(Action) (Dialogue)

"

"

"In the one case the novelist portrays his characters

from the outside, dissects their passions, motives,

thoughts and feelings, explains, comments, and often

pronounces authoritative judgment upon them. In the

other case, he stands apart, allows his characters to

reveal themselves through speech and action and

reinforces their selfdelineation by the comments and

judgments of other characters in the story."(54)

"

"

"

"The roultedge dictionary of literary terms"

" There are characters and characters in fiction; we

recognize some as of the centre and others as of the

circumference. Some are characters in the Aristotelian

sense (i.e. detailed figures with their own motives and

capacity for distinctive speech and independent action);

some are enabling aspects of story, minor figures,

stereotypes; there are some to whose perceptions we

give credence (from poetic speakers to characters like

Anne Elliot in Persuasion) and some we regard as a

contextual society; some who partake in and are

changed in the action (heroes, protagonists and

confidantes or devices."(60)

"

"

"

"

"

"

" "

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"

"

" " " "

" " " "

"

"

(Verstyle)

( Survival)

"

In te rp e r so na l Function

"

"

"

" We can get a definition as to when a character in a

book is real: i t is real when the novel ist knows

everything about it. He may not choose to tell us all he

knows--- many of the facts, even of the kind we call

obvious, may be hidden. But he will give us the feeling

that though the character has not been explained, it is

explicable, and we get from this a reality of kind we can

never get in daily life."(76)

"

"

(Dialogue

Power)

" " " "

" "

" "

" "

"

"

" "

" "

" "

" "

" "

M.H.Abrams, A glassory of literary terms, earl mcpeek, united

state of America, 1999, P 7

Lexicon Universal Encylclopedia, v.15. p 73

Peter Childs and Roger Flower, The roultedge dictionary of

literary terms, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London and Newyork,

2006, P95

M.H.Abrams, A glassory of literary terms, earl mcpeek, united

state of America, 1999, P 32

E.M. Forster, Aspects of the novel, Harcourt INC,United States of

America,1955, P.58


America,1955, P 67


America,1955, P 68

W ill iam Henry Hudson, An Introduction To The Study Of

Literature, George G.Harrap & Company, Kingsway W.C. 1913,P 193

Peter Childs and Roger Flower, The roultedge dictionary of

literary terms, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London and Newyork,

2006, P24


America,1955, P63

"

"

-

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(Attractive Personality)

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"

(Face Reading)

(Dialogue Power)

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" "

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(Wise Man)

(Adventure Time)

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(Repression)

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(Self Satisfaction)

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(Behave)

" "

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(Love at first sight)

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."

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(In Action)

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(Wise Old Man)

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(Sadist)

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Id

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(Lust of Posession)

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(First Impression)

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(Phobia)

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Ego Id

Id

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(Id) (Ego)

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(Masochist)

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(Death Instinct)

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(Saviour)

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(Sadist)

(Selfish)

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' ' ' '' '' '

"

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(Lust of Posession)

"

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" " " " " " " "

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(Ghost)

"

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(Story Teller)

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"

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(Saviour) "

"

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"

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(Lust of Posession)

"

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(Sadist)

" "

"

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"

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(Central point)

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'

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(Adventure Time)

"

"

"

"

"

"

(Act)

"

"

"

"

"

"

(Wise and Clever Old Man)

"

"

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"

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" (Wise Man)

"

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(Dialogue) (Act)

" "

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" " " " "

" " " " "" "" " "

" "" " " ""

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"

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(Positive Approach)

"

"

" " "

"

"

"

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(Masochist)

"

"

" "

"

"

"

(Selfish)

" "

"

" /

" "

"

"

" " " " " "

" " " " " " " " "

" " " " "

" " "

"

"

"

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(Love at first sight)

"

"

"

"

(Reaction)

"

"

"

"

" "

" "

"

" Suspence

(Turning Point)

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

" "

" " " "

" " " "

" "

"

"

"

"

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(Middle Age)

"

"

"

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(Sadist)

"

"

" "

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" " "" " " " "" " " "

" " "

"

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(Discourse)

(Teen Age)

"

"

"

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(Actions)

"

"

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(Positiveness)

"

"

" " "

"

/

"

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(Interaction) /

"

"

(Action)

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

-

"

"

"

"

"

(Old Wise Man)

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

" "

" "

"

" "

"

"

"

" "

"

" "

-

"

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"

"

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" " " " ""

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"

"

"

"

" "

"

"

"

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(Dialogue Power)

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

" Dual Character

"

"

" " "" " "

" / "

"

" "

"

"

(React)

(Verstyle)

" "

"

" "

" "

(Helper)

" "

" "

"

"

"

" "

"

(Saviour)

" " "

"

"

"

" "

" "

" "

(REALISM) "

" " ""

"

"

"

"

"

"The main facts in human life are five: birth, food, sleep,

love and death."(4)

"

"

"

"

(Alien)

(Alien)

(Fairy Tales)

"

"

" "

" "

" " " " " "

" "

" " " "

" "

" " " "" "

" " " " " " " "

" " " " " ""

" " " " "

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" " "

" "

" " "

" " " "

E.M. Forster, Aspects of the novel, Harcourt INC,United States

of America,1955, P 47

1.E.M. Forster, Aspects of the novel, Harcourt INC,United States

of America,1955

2.M.H.Abrams, A glassory of literary terms, earl mcpeek, united

state of America, 1999

3.Peter Childs and Roger Flower, The roultedge dictionary of

literary terms, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London and

Newyork, 2006

4.William Henry Hudson, An Introduction To The Study Of

Literature, George G.Harrap & Company, Kingsway W.C. 1913

5.Lexicon Universal Encylclopedia, v.15, Lexicon

Publications,Inc,1983

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