prsentation of solar cell

8/2/2019 Prsentation of Solar Cell

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APRACTICAL TRAINING SEMINAR REPORTON

Solar CellSubmitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the 7th semester curriculum of degree ofBachelor of Technology

inElectronics & Communication Engineering

Submitted to: Submitted by:Prof. Dr. A. Williamson Suyog Mathur

(HOD E&C) 07EYTEC097Electronics & Communication EngineeringYAGYAVALKYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

JAIPUR (RAJASTHAN).


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COMPANY PROFILE

Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Ltd. (REIL)has a prominent place amongst the electronics

industry of Rajasthan. The company is a jointventure between the Government of India & theGovernment of Rajasthan, through their respectiveinstitutions. The company was conferred the statusof a "MINI RATNA"by the Department of Public

Enterprises, Ministry of Industry, Government ofIndia in 1997 on account of it's good all-roundperformance and excellent products.


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Board Of Directors

Chairman: Shri MM Bharadwaj Managing Director: Shri PM Bharadwaj Director: Ms. Urmila Rajoria Director: Mrs. Aparna Sahay Director: Shri Debasis Jana


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Products of Reil

Reil has an area of business extends tomanufacturing and marketing of electronicproducts/services in the following areas:

Agro-Dairy Sector Solar photovoltaic sector Industrial Electronics Sector

Information Technology


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Solar Cell:

The Ultimate RenewableResource


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Renewable Energy

Alternate sources of energy Solar Energy. Wind Emergy. Geothermal Energy. Microhydel. Fuel cells.


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Why Solar Energy ?

Solar energy is the most readily availablesource of energy.

It is free. It is also the most important of the non-

conventional sources of energy because itis non-polluting.


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What is a Solar

Cell? A structure that converts solar energy directly

to DC electric energy.o It supplies a voltage and a current to a resistive

load (light, battery, motor).o Power = Current x Voltage=Current2 x R=

Voltage2/R It is like a battery because it supplies DC

power. It is not like a battery because the voltage

supplied by the cell changes with changes inthe resistance of the load.


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Basic Physics of Solar Cells

Silicon (Si) is from group 4 of the periodtable. When many Si atoms are in closeproximity, the energy states form bands of

forbidden energy states. One of these bands is called the band

gap(Eg) and the absorption of light in Si is

a strong function of Eg.


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Working principle of

solar cell

The figure shows a typical crystalline solarcell. The electric current generated in thesemiconductor is extracted by contacts tothe front and rear of the cell. The top contactstructure which must allow light to passthrough is made in the form of widely spacedthin metal strips that supply current to larger

bus bar.


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-V characterstic of solar

cell


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How much solar energy?

The surface receives about 47% of the totalsolar energy that reaches the Earth. Only thisamount is usable.


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Putting Solar Energy to Use:Heating Water

Two methods of heatingwater: passive (no movingparts) and active (pumps).

In both, a flat-plate collector

is used to absorb the sunsenergy to heat the water.

The water circulatesthroughout the closedsystem due to convectioncurrents.

Tanks of hot water are usedas storage.


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Heating Living Spaces

Best design of a building is for it to act as a solarcollector and storage unit. This is achievedthrough three elements: insulation, collection, andstorage.

Efficient heating starts with proper insulation onexternal walls, roof, and the floors. The doors,windows, and vents must be designed to minimizeheat loss.

Collection: south-facing windows and appropriatelandscaping. Storage: Thermal massholds heat.

Water= 62 BTU per cubic foot per degree F. Iron=54, Wood (oak) =29, Brick=25,

concrete=22, and loose stone=20


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Power Towers

Power tower in Barstow, California.


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Direct Conversion intoElectricity

Photovoltaic cells arecapable of directlyconverting sunlight intoelectricity.

A simple wafer of silicon

with wires attached to thelayers. Current is producedbased on types of silicon (n-and p-types) used for thelayers. Each cell=0.5 volts.

Battery needed as storage No moving parts do no

wear out, but because theyare exposed to the weather,

their lifespan is about 20


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Solar Panels in Use

Because of their current costs,only rural and other customersfar away from power lines usesolar panels because it ismore cost effective than

extending power lines. Note that utility companies are

already purchasing, installing,and maintaining PV-homesystems (Idaho Power Co.).

Largest solar plant in US,sponsored by the DOE, servedthe Sacramento area,producing 2195 MWh of

electric energy, making it costcompetitive with fossil fuel


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Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages

All chemical and radioactive pollutingbyproducts of the thermonuclear reactionsremain behind on the sun, while only pureradiant energy reaches the Earth.

Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By onecalculation, 30 days of sunshine striking theEarth have the energy equivalent of the total ofall the planets fossil fuels, both used andunused!

Disadvantages Sun does not shine consistently. Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it,

we must concentrate it into an amount and

form that we can use, such as heat andelectricit .


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Final Thought

Argument that sun provides power only duringthe day is countered by the fact that 70% ofenergy demand is during daytime hours. Atnight, traditional methods can be used to

generate the electricity. Goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil

fuels. Currently, 75% of our electrical power is

generated by coal-burning and nuclear powerplants.

Mitigates the effects of acid rain, carbon dioxide,and other impacts of burning coal and counters

risks associated with nuclear energy.

ollution free indefinitel sustainable.

Thank you for


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Thank you for

your patience

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prsentation of solar cell

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