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    PSAT User Manual

    This document contains proprietary information and shall not be reproduced in whole or in pa rt without the prior written pe rmission of Powertech.

    Powertech Labs Inc.

    PSATPowerflow & Short-circuit Analysis Tool

    User Manual

    A product of

    Powertech Labs Inc.Surrey, British Columbia

    Canadawww.powertechlabs.comwww.DSATools.com

    http://www.powertechlabs.com/http://www.powertechlabs.com/http://www.dsatools.com/http://www.dsatools.com/http://www.dsatools.com/http://www.powertechlabs.com/
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    This document contains proprietary information and shall not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of Powertech.

    Powertech Labs Inc. i

    DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES

    THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION WERE PREPARED BY POWERTECH LABS, INC. (PLI).

    NEITHER PLI, ANY COSPONSOR, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM:

    (A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESSOR IMPLIED, (I) WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION,APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THISREPORT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR APARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ONOR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANYPARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS REPORT ISSUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE; OR

    (B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITYWHATSOEVER (INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF

    PLI OR ANY PLI REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THEPOSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTIONOR USE OF THIS REPORT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD,PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS REPORT.

    PSAT program and its documentation are confidential property of Powertech Labs Inc. This Program is protected

    under the copyright laws and by application of international treaties. All Rights Reserved under the Copyright

    Laws.

    Except as expressly provided by the terms and conditions set forth in the License, the LICENSEE shall not:

    (A) distribute or disclose the Program, Documentation or Derivative Work thereofto others; or

    (B) disclose the Proprietary Information associated with or embodied in theProgram and Documentation in any form whatsoever;

    without prior written consent of Powertech Labs Inc.

    The LICENSEE shall not use the program except as expressly provided by the conditions of LICENSE TYPE in the

    License.

    Copyright Powertech Labs Inc. 20022011

    Last modifiedApril 11

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    CONTENTS Page

    1 PREFACE 12 PROGRAM INSTALLATION AND TESTING 22.1 Minimum System Requirements 22.2 Installing the Program 22.3 Installing Driver/Server for Security Keys 32.4 Running the Program 33 OVERVIEW 43.1 Windows Graphical Interface 43.2 Getting Started 5

    3.2.1 PSAT Main Window 53.2.2 Creating new Project and Powerflow 63.2.3 Opening, Viewing and Modifying a Project 73.2.4 Creating a New Diagram 83.2.5 Adding Components Graphically 83.2.6 Solving Powerflow 93.2.7 Viewing Solution Reports 93.2.8 Macros 93.2.9 Python Scripts 10

    4 DATA AND REPORT TABLES 114.1 Modifying Powerflow Data in Tables 114.2 Customizing Data and Report Tables 124.3 Sorting Data and Report Tables 124.4 Filtering Data and Report Tables 134.5 Searching Data and Report Tables 145 BUS VIEW 156 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 166.1 Powerflow and Diagram Files 166.2 Using the SLD Toolbox 166.3 Using the Bus Tree 186.4 Drawing Features 19

    6.4.1 Zooming 196.4.2 Cropping the Diagram 196.4.3 Redrawing the Connections 196.4.4

    Labels 20

    6.4.5 Animation of Flows 216.4.6 SLD Contours 216.4.7 Automatic Drawing Auto Generate One Level 216.4.8 Automatic Drawing Bus Split 216.4.9 Adding Other Drawing Objects 22

    6.5 Sub-Diagrams 226.6 Printing Diagrams 227 MENUS 23

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    7.1 File Menu 237.2 Solution Menu 247.3 Reports Menu 257.4 Subsystem Menu 257.5 Edit Menu for Data Windows 26

    7.5.1 Data Manipulation Submenu 277.6 Edit Menu for Report Windows 287.7 Edit Menu for Diagram Windows 287.8 Settings Menu 28

    7.8.1 Background Submenu 307.8.2 Bus View Label Appearance Submenu 30

    7.9 Script Menu 307.10 View Menu 317.11 Window Menu 328 DIALOGS 338.1 Open and Save As Dialogs 338.2 Import Powerflow Dialog 338.3 Export Powerflow Dialog 348.4

    Page Setup Dialog 34

    8.5 Print Dialog 348.6 Preview and Print Dialog 348.7 Solution Parameters Dialog 358.8 Bus Mismatch Threshold Dialog 368.9 Limit Check Options Dialog 368.10 Simple Subsystems Dialog 378.11 Composite Subsystems Dialog 398.12 Table Customization Dialog 418.13 Diagram Data Matching Dialog 428.14 Comparison Data Matching Dialog 428.15 Color Options Dialog 438.16 Contour Options Dialog 458.17 Set Label Appearance Dialogs 458.18 Show / Hide Labels Dialog 468.19 Customize Dialog 468.20 Set Bus Dialogs 478.21 Set Area, Zone, Owner Dialogs 488.22 Bus Connections Dialog 488.23 Sectional Branch Dialog 498.24 Select Branch Dialog 498.25 Composite Label Dialog 508.26 Interface Label Dialog 509 MODELS AND PROPERTIES 519.1 AC Bus 519.2 Generator 529.3 Load 549.4 Load Model 559.5 Fixed Shunt 579.6 Switchable Shunt 579.7 AC Line 599.8 Fixed Transformer 609.9 Adjustable Transformer 619.10 Impedance Correction Table 649.11 Three Winding Transformer 65

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    9.12 Fixed Series Compensator 699.13 Adjustable Series Compensator 709.14 Static Tap Changer / Phase Regulator 729.15 DC Bus 769.16 DC Line Commutated Converters 769.17 Voltage Source Converter 789.18 DC Line 809.19 DC Breaker 819.20 Area 829.21 Zone 829.22 Owner 829.23 Sectional Branch 839.24 Case Description 8310 DATA MANIPULATION 8410.1 Reassign Zone Error! Bookmark not defined.10.2 Reassign Area 8410.3 Scale MW Generation 8510.4 Scale Load 8510.5

    Scale MVAr Load 86

    10.6 Scale Fixed Shunt 8610.7 Convert Load Model 8710.8 Delete Out-of-Service 8711 SOLVING POWERFLOW 8811.1 Governor Response 8912 COMPARING TWO POWERFLOWS 9013 REDUCTION 9113.1 How to Reduce a Network 9113.2 Purging from the Network 9214 SHORT CIRCUIT 9314.1 How to Run Short Circuit Analysis 9314.2 Menus of Short Circuit Window 9415 PSAT ASCII POWERFLOW FILE FORMAT 9515.1 Solution History Data 9515.2 Bus Data 9715.3 Generator Data 9715.4 Load Data 9915.5 Load Model Data 10115.6 Fixed Shunt Data 10115.7 Switchable Shunt / SVC / STATCON Data 10215.8 Line Data 10315.9 Fixed Transformer Data 10415.10 ULTC Transformer Data 10615.11 Impedance Correction Tables 10815.12 Fixed Series Capacitor Data 10815.13 Switchable Series Capacitor Data 10915.14 Static Tap Changer / Phase Regulator Data 11015.15 3-Winding Transformer Data 113

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    15.16 Area Interchange Data 11615.17 Interface Data 11715.18 Multi-Terminal DC Data 118

    15.18.1 Line Commutated Converters 11815.18.2 DC Lines 12115.18.3 DC Breakers 12215.18.4 DC Buses 12215.18.5 Miscellaneous Data 12215.18.6 Voltage-Sourced Converter 123

    15.19 Zone Data 12515.20 Node Mapping Data 12515.21 File Section Data 126

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    1 PrefaceThe PSAT software is a full-featured graphical powerflow program to create, examine and modify the powerflow

    data, solve the powerflow, and view the solution reports. The powerflow data and solution are displayed in Tables

    as well as on Diagrams.

    The powerflow data contains a complete and advanced set of models of power system components. It can be

    imported from (and exported to) commonly used powerflow data formats such as the PSS/E Raw data (versions 26-

    32), GE EPC data (version 16), etc.

    The Single Line Diagram (SLD) is created easily by dragging and dropping the symbols of buses, generators, lines,

    etc., on the diagram. The Bus View diagram graphically shows all components at a selected bus.

    Several diagrams can be created from a powerflow data, each representing a different part of the system or different

    level of details. These diagrams can be saved in individual files and used with another (similar) powerflow data.

    In addition to its own macro, PSAT supports scripting in Python. A separate users guide described the features and

    functionalities of this option.

    This manual describes the overall operation of PSAT. Chapter 2 describes the program installation. Chapter 3

    provides an overview of the program features and operation.

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    2 Program Installation and TestingThis chapter describes program installation and testing on Windows XP/Vista/7 systems. In addition to installing

    the program, you must install the driver and server for the security key.

    2.1 Minimum System RequirementsTheminimum hardware and software requirements for the Windows version are:

    1. PC Pentium IV2. 50 Mb of free hard disk space3. 2 GB of RAM4. VGA card5. Windows 7, Vista, XP or Server2003 (or higher versions of these operating systems)6. Acrobat Reader1 5 or higher for viewing the User Manual

    2.2 Installing the ProgramRunning the installation program provided on a CD creates the necessary folders and files on your computer. To

    install the software:

    1. Place the CD in your CD drive. After a few seconds, the Powertech Software Installation Guide window willappear on your screen. In this case go to step 3, otherwise go to step 2.

    2. To open the Powertech Software Installation Guide window, from the Start menu of your computer select Runand type:

    X:\start.exe

    where X is the drive in which the CD is inserted (e.g. D:\start.exe)

    3. To start the installation of PSAT, click on Install DSA Software. When the DSAToolsTM installer windowappears, follow the steps as shown on your screen to complete the installation. The installation steps are:

    3.1 Display of program information and welcome message.

    3.2 Display of License Agreement: You must accept the terms of license to complete the installation.

    3.3 Display of installation information.

    3.4 Selection of destination folder: By default, the installation program creates a directory named DSATools_n(n is the version number, e.g., 11) on the destination drive (C) where it puts PSAT folder and its files. You

    may change this default destination to other directories/drives.

    3.5 Selection of setup type: You may select to install some or all of the DSAToolsTM components provided onthe CD. The Typical setup (default) installs all components. The Custom setup allows you to choose

    1Adobe and Acrobat are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated

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    which component is to be installed. In the Custom setup window, click on the arrow beside each

    component to make your selection from the drop-down list.

    3.6 After copying the files, the installation creates a folder named DSATools under Start | Programs menu withsubfolder PSAT n.m (n.m is the program version number, e.g. 11.0) and places shortcuts to the executables

    in this folder.

    2.3 Installing Driver/Server for Security KeysYou may be provided with stand-alone (single-user) keys or a network key. For these keys to function properly, you

    must installed:

    Driver for stand-alone key on all computers running PSAT. One key must be connected to theparallel port or USB port of each computer running the program.

    Driver and Server for network key on a computer on the network where you intend to connect thesecurity key. This server must be running for PSAT to obtain license from the network key and

    run (on any computer on the network).

    Optionally, the Monitoring Tool to track the use of licenses of the network key.

    Click on Install Sentinel Driver/Server (or run the Sentinel\Sentinel Protection Installer.exe program from the CD)

    to install the driver and, if needed, the server for the security key. When the Sentinel installer window appears,

    follow the steps as indicated on the screen.

    You may choose the Custom setup type to select the parallel driver or USB driver (dependin g on the type of key

    you have received with the software; install both drivers on Windows XP) and the server to be installed.

    For more information, refer to the Sentinel\Readme.pdf file on the CD. You may need administrative privileges to

    install the driver/server. To complete the driver/server installation, the computer must be rebooted.

    2.4 Running the ProgramConnect the Security key to the parallel or USB port and, in case of the network key, make sure its server is running

    on the same computer. You may run the Monitoring Tool to check the server and available licenses in the key. If

    you have installed driver and server as described above, the server will start automatically every time you start the

    computer.

    Under the Start | Programs menu, find and click the PSAT shortcut to start the program. You may copy this

    shortcut to your desktop for easier access.

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    3 OverviewThis chapter describes the overall features and operation of PSAT. With PSAT, you can create a new powerflow

    data (case) and save it, open an existing powerflow data file in the PSAT ASCII (see Appendix I for details) or

    PSAT binary data (PFB or PSF), or import a powerflow data file in a variety of formats. You can also create SingleLine Diagrams (SLD) of the system by drawing some or all buses in the powerflow data and their connections. The

    data can be viewed and modified through Properties dialogs or data tables.

    You can then solve the powerflow and view the solution on the diagram or solution tables. PSAT also supports a

    network reduction facility that can be used to eliminate a portion of the system by computing appropriate

    equivalents at boundary buses.

    You can also perform the classical short circuit analysis for the powerflow case with a specified sequence data or

    default data and view the results in a table or on the diagram.

    Each diagram can be saved in a file. You may store the powerflow data and any number of diagrams in a PSAT

    Project (PSP) file. By opening a project file, the powerflow data and all its diagrams will be loaded in and available

    for display. The diagrams created for a powerflow data (case) can be used for another (similar) case without theneed for redrawing them. In this way, you can mix and match saved powerflow and diagram files in several project

    files.

    Many aspects of the data/solution tables and diagrams are customizable. The configuration files remember your

    customizations and appearances of the tables and diagrams. In addition, PSAT supports scripting in Python that

    allows the users to perform a variety of operations on the power system including data manipulation, obtaining

    specialized reports, etc.

    3.1 Windows Graphical InterfaceThe PSAT interface and its description in this manual follow the standard Windows convention. The PSAT mainwindow includes several menus, toolbars and sub-windows that function similar to commonly used Windows

    programs.

    Select or Click in this manual means you move the mouse to position the cursor on an object,e.g., a menu item, button, tool icon, or title bar of a window or dialog box, and press the left

    mouse key to select that object.

    Right click means a similar action except that you press the right mouse button instead of theleft one.

    Drag means you select an object and while you keep the left mouse key pressed, move thecursor to another position.

    Drop means after you drag an object to a new position, you release the mouse button, so theobject stays at the new position.

    On the diagrams, if you press the left mouse button and drag the mouse, a dotted rectangle shows the growing

    selected area and when you release the mouse button, all objects in that rectangle will be selected together. You can

    also hold the Shift key while clicking on (selecting) several objects to have them selected together.

    In PSAT several windows can be open at the same time. One of these is the active window and is the focus of

    mouse click, menu selection and keyboard. To make any window the active window, click on the title bar or

    anywhere else in that window, or select it from the Window menu.

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    3.2 Getting StartedThis section is a brief tutorial to familiarize you with the operation of PSAT, using the samples provided with the

    program. The next chapters describe the program features and interface in detail.

    In PSAT, you deal with Powerflow, Single Line Diagram (SLD) and Project files. A PSAT Project is a collection of

    a powerflow data and one or more associated diagrams. You can create new powerflow, diagram and project files,or open existing (previously created and saved) files.

    3.2.1 PSAT Main WindowWhen you start the program (see Section 2.4) the PSAT main window appears with:

    The menu bar The toolbars with icons for commands such as open, save, etc. The SLD toolbox (bar on the right margin of the PSAT main window) with symbols for AC bus,

    generator, etc., for drawing diagrams, and Drawing toolbox with symbols for line, rectangle,

    grouping, etc., for adding and arranging drawing symbols in the diagrams

    Three panes for the project, data/report tables and diagrams, and messages (if the messagewindow is hidden, open it by selecting Message in the View menu)

    The main window is better described by first loading a sample project. From the File menu selectOpen Project

    and choose test1.psp in samples subdirectory of PSAT to open it.

    The three panes of the PSAT main window show the following:

    Workspace Window

    The Workspace window appears on the left and has two tabs (on the bottom).

    The Project Tab contains the tree structure of:

    Single line Diagrams Powerflow Data Solution Reports Data Verifications Limit Checks

    The Bus Tree Tab shows the Bus Tree for drawing Single Line Diagrams.

    By clicking on the + icon beside Single Line Diagrams in the Project tab, it expands to show all diagrams files

    in the current project. Clicking the + icon beside Powerflow Data expands the tree to shows the list of all tables

    (categories) of powerflow data, e.g. AC Bus, Generator, etc. Clicking the + icon beside Solution Reports shows

    the list of all reports, e.g. Bus Mismatches, Bus Flows, etc. Clicking the + icon beside Data Verifications shows

    the list of all verification categories, e.g., Islands, Isolated Buses, etc. Clicking the + icon beside Limit Checksshows the list of all types of checks, e.g., Bus Under/Over Voltages, Overloaded Lines, etc.

    In the Bus Tree Tab, by clicking on the + icon beside each bus in the Bus Tree, it expands to show all

    components at that bus by their symbol and ID. If a component is a line (or transformer, etc.), the tree shows

    the bus at the other end of the line (or transformer, etc.). See section 6.3 for more information.

    Right Pane

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    The right part of the window contains opened diagrams, data tables and reports. Double clicking on a diagram

    filename under Single Line Diagrams of the Workspace window, opens that diagram in a window in the right

    pane. Similarly, double clicking a Powerflow Data table (e.g. AC Bus) or a Solution Report table (e.g. Bus

    Mismatches) in the Workspace window, opens that data or report table in the right pane.

    The windows in the right pane can be resized, minimized or rearranged (cascade/tile). The columns of the

    tables can be customized by adjusting their width, reordering, hiding and freezing (so that they wont scroll

    left). The data in the tables can also be sorted by one or more columns.

    For drawing a Single Line Diagram (SLD), first an existing or new diagram window is opened in the right pane,

    then buses (and their connected components) are dragged from the Bus Tree of the Workspace window and

    dropped in this diagram window.

    Message Window

    The bottom pane of the main window shows the message window, which has three tabs:

    Messages: This tab shows messages related to opening/importing powerflow files, solving,

    saving/exporting powerflow files, etc. Right-click in this tab to open the pop-up menu with

    commands for clearing or saving its contents.

    Change Log: This tab shows the log of data modifications in the tables, diagrams and Property dialogs.

    Right-click in this tab to open the pop-up menu with commands for clearing or saving its

    contents.

    Macro: This tab shows all the recorded Macro activities. Use the Macro menu or right-click in this

    tab to open the pop-up menu with commands for clearing, modifying (editing) or saving the

    contents of this tab.

    The Workspace and Message windows can be torn off by dragging their handle bars (the bar on the top or left

    margin) away from their docked position and leaving them anywhere in the desktop. You may even close these

    windows by clicking the x button on their title bar (when they are torn off) or deselecting them in the View menu.

    To redisplay these windows, select them again in the View menu.

    3.2.2 Creating new Project and PowerflowIn the PSAT main window, from the File menu select New Project. A new (empty) powerflow case will be created.

    You can add new buses, generators, lines, and other components to the powerflow data in two ways:

    1. Open a Data table and use the Insert New Row command of the Edit menu as described below.

    2. Open a new or existing Diagram and use the SLD Toolbox as described in sections 3.2.5 and 6.2

    For example, double click on AC Bus under Powerflow Data in the Project tab of the Workspace window to open

    the AC Bus table on the right. Then use the Edit | Insert New Row menu (or press the F2 key) to add a new bus to

    the table. This command first opens the Property dialog where you can enter/modify data for the added bus.

    When you add a bus, after closing the Property dialog, the Bus Connections dialog opens where you can add

    generators, loads, etc., to the new bus. You may choose not to add any component at this time and close this dialog

    to return to the AC Bus table. You may then open the Generator table, Load table, etc. and use the Edit | Insert

    New Row menu to add new components. For these components, a dialog first appears to select one of the existing

    buses for connecting the new component. Then, the Property dialog appears for entering data for the new

    component.

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    To delete a powerflow component, open its Data table, click on the row of that component to select it, and use the

    Delete Row command of the Edit menu.

    You may modify the powerflow data at any time by entering new values in the cells of Data tables, or Property

    dialogs. To open the Property dialog of a component, double click on it in the Data table, Bus Tree or Diagram.

    You save the powerflow data that you have created by selecting File | Save Powerflow as... menu item. This willopen the Save as window where you can navigate the directories and choose a filename for the powerflow data to

    be saved in.

    Similarly, you can save the diagram that you may have created by clicking on its window (or double clicking on its

    name under Single Line Diagrams in the Project Tab) and then selecting File | Save Diagram as menu item. You

    may then save the new project (powerflow and diagram files) by selecting File | Save Project as... menu item.

    3.2.3 Opening, Viewing and Modifying a ProjectFrom the File menu select Open Project and in the Open window that appears, find a PSAT Project file (PSP)

    and click open. For example, you may open test1.psp in samples subdirectory of PSAT.

    As described in Section 3.2.1, the Project tab of the Workspace window in the left shows the diagrams and

    powerflow data of the opened project. By clicking on a diagram filename under Single Line Diagrams in the

    Workspace window, that diagram opens in a window in the right pane of the PSAT main window. Also, clicking on

    each table name (AC Bus, Generator, etc.) under Powerflow Data in the Workspace window, that table appears in a

    window in the right pane. In the test1 project, clicking the test1-a diagram opens this diagram, which contains some

    of the buses in this case, and clicking the AC Bus opens the AC bus table, which shows data of all AC buses in this

    case.

    Instead of opening a project, you may open an existing PSAT Power Flow Binary (PFB) file without any diagram.

    For this, select File | Open Powerflow menu item and in the Open window that appears, choose a PSAT powerflow

    binary file to open. If a PSAT project (PSP) file with the same name is found, the program will ask you whether to

    open that project or not. If you select No, or if a project file is not found, a new project is created with this

    powerflow file.

    If the powerflow file is not in the PFB (or binary PSF) format, you need to select File | Import menu item. This

    will open the Import window where you specify the powerflow file and its type and click the Import button to

    convert it to PFB format.

    If you have previously created and saved a diagram (in another project), to include it in the current project, select

    File | Open Diagram menu and choose that diagram file to open. For example, in the test1 project you can open

    test1-b.pfd in samples subdirectory. If the opened diagram was created for another powerflow data and has some

    components that do not exist in the current powerflow data, those components are ignored and only the remaining

    components (which match the current data) appear in the diagram. In this case (and after modifying the diagram), it

    is better to save the diagram in a new file so that the original diagram wont be lost.

    It is also possible to open/import a powerflow or diagram by simply dragging the file from the windows file

    manager into the PSAT main window.

    As described in the previous section, to modify a data item of a component (e.g. MW output of a generator), simply

    open its Powerflow Data table, click on the item in the table and type a new value, or double click on that

    component in the table (or in the diagram) to open its Property dialog and enter new values for its data items.

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    3.2.4 Creating a New DiagramTo create a new single line diagram of powerflow components, select File | New Diagram menu. It opens a new

    (blank) diagram window in the right pane. Click on the Bus Tree tab in the left pane to display the Bus Tree. Drag

    a bus from the Bus Tree to the diagram window and drop it at a desired location. All generators, loads and shunts

    connected to this bus will be automatically drawn. Also, after adding other buses, any line, transformer, etc.,

    connecting the added bus to the existing buses on the diagram will be automatically drawn. See section 6.3 for moreinformation.

    If you cut (erase) any component (select it and press Delete key) from the diagram, you can redraw it by dragging it

    from the Bus Tree to the diagram window and joining it to its bus(es). The components that are drawn on the

    diagrams are shown in bold in the Bus Tree.

    To display bus names/numbers, line IDs, etc., select one or more buses, lines, etc., on the diagram (click on them

    while holding the Shift key or hold the left mouse key and drag on the diagram), then open the View menu and click

    on Label (or click the label icon on the toolbar). The Show / Hide Labels Dialog opens. Select Bus Name, ID, etc.,

    by clicking on the box beside each item, then click the Apply button. If you click the Apply All button instead, the

    selected labels appear on all drawn components. Click the OK button to close the Show / Hide Labels dialog (or

    click the x button on the top-right corner) and click on the diagram to deselect the selected components.

    After you modify the diagrams or powerflow data, you can save them in the existing files or in new files by

    selectingFile | Save Diagram (as) and File | Save Powerflow (as) menu items. Alternatively, you can save

    them by selecting Save Project or Save Project as... from the File menu.

    3.2.5 Adding Components GraphicallyYou can graphically add components to the opened powerflow case. For this, first open a new or existing diagram

    as described in sections 3.2.3 and 3.2.4. The window appears on the right pane of the PSAT main window. Then

    add new components on the diagram as follows:

    1. Click on the bus symbols in the SLD toolbox (short bar with a short line in the middle) to select it.

    2. Bring the mouse in the diagram and click anywhere to position the new bus at that location.

    3. Click on the generator or another symbols in the SLD toolbox to select it.

    4. Bring the mouse in the diagram and click anywhere to position the new component at that location, thenclick on the bus in the diagram to connect the component to that bus.

    5. Add other buses, lines, etc., in the same way. For lines, transformers, etc., you connect their two ends totwo buses by first clicking one bus and then the other bus.

    6. Double click any component in the diagram to open its Property dialog and enter/modify its data.

    For example, you first select AC bus in the toolbox and click in the diagram to add one bus. Then select generatorin the toolbox and click in the diagram near the bus to add one generator. At this time the cursor changes to indicate

    you are in the Draw mode and allow you to connect the generator to a bus. Simply move the cursor over the bus and

    click to complete this connection.

    Then draw another AC bus and connect a load to it similar to the first bus and generator. Now connect the two

    buses by a line by selecting the AC line in the toolbox. The cursor changes to Draw mode and by clicking on one

    bus and then the other, a line will be connected between the two. If you first click on one bus, then on a point

    between the buses, and then on the second bus, the connected line will have two segments, with a Vertex (or

    breakpoint) at the clicked position.

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    The new components that you draw from the toolbox are added to the powerflow data and appear in the Data tables.

    Double click on each added component in the diagram or Data tables to open its Properties dialog and enter required

    data for it.

    3.2.6 Solving PowerflowAfter you open the powerflow data and, if needed, modify (and preferably save) it, you can solve the powerflow by

    using the Solution menu.

    First select Solution | Parameters menu item to open the Solution Parameters Dialog where you can examine

    and, if needed, modify the solution options. After closing this dialog, select Solution | Solve menu item to start the

    solution. The Message window pops-up and shows the solution process. If the messages show data/solution errors

    or indicate that the solution is not found (did not converge), you need to examine and modify the data or solution

    options and repeat the solution.

    See section11for more details.

    3.2.7 Viewing Solution ReportsClick on the + button beside Solution Reports in the Project tab of the Workspace to see the list of reports. Double

    click on a report (e.g., Bus Mismatches, Bus Flows, Losses, etc.) to open it in the right pane.

    You may store each opened solution report. After you select the report by clicking on its title or double clicking on

    its name in the Workspace, use the Edit menu and choosing Save to Text File, Save to Excel File or Save to

    Clipboard to save the report in one of these places. The first two choices bring up the Save AS window where you

    select a file for saving the report.

    The solution can be viewed on the diagram as well. Select one or more buses, lines, etc., on the diagram (click on

    them while holding the Shift key or hold the left mouse key and drag on the diagram), then open the View menu and

    click on Label (or click the label icon on the toolbar). The Show/Hide Labels dialog opens. Select Voltage

    Magnitude, Power, etc., by clicking on the box beside each item, then click the Apply button. If you click theApply All button instead, the selected labels appear on all drawn components. Close the Show/Hide Labels dialog

    by clicking the OK button (or the x button on the top-right corner) and click on the diagram to deselect the selected

    components.

    As described in the previous sections, you may save the solved powerflow in the existing or a new PFB file by using

    the File | Save Powerflow (as) menu items.

    3.2.8 MacrosYou can record all your activities, such as opening files, changing data, solving powerflow, saving solution reports

    to files, etc., in Macros which can be played back to repeat similar activities on the same case or a similar case.

    When you start a macro (using Start Recording of the Macro menu or the Record button of the toolbar), PSAT asks

    you to specify a file for saving the activities that will follow. When you stop the macro (using Stop Recording of

    the Macro menu or Record button of the toolbar), the file will be closed. The activities will be reflected in the

    Macro window (Macro tab of the Message window) as well. You may use this window similar to a text editor to

    modify its contents and save them to a file, just as you can open a saved macro file in an editor outside PSAT and

    modify and save it.

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    You can run saved macro files or the Macro window (using Run commands of the Macro menu) to repeat the

    recorded activities. For these activities to give similar result as before, PSAT status must be as it was when the

    recording of the macro had started. For example, the same or similar powerflow case must be open, similar

    subsystems must be defined and selected for open data and report tables, etc. Obviously, to make sure that you will

    get similar results, you can start recording of the macro before you open the powerflow file, define subsystems, etc.,

    so these will also be recorded in the macro.

    3.2.9 Python ScriptsPSAT supports the use of Python programs. Python is a powerful and popular programming language, which can be

    freely downloaded from http://www.python.org. This site provides valuable information on Python and includes

    tutorials to help you become familiar with this tool. The specific versions of Python supported by PSAT are

    described in the PSAT-Python manual. A module named psat_python is provided with PSAT. It includes the

    functions that you can call from a Python program to obtain powerflow data, change powerflow data, solve

    powerflow, etc. You write a Python program, using these PSAT functions and any other Python feature, and you

    run it within PSAT by choosing Run Python File from the Script menu.

    See the PSAT-Python manual and help which are provided separately from this PSAT manual and help.

    http://www.python.org/http://www.python.org/
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    4 Data and Report TablesThis chapter describes the features and contents of the powerflow data tables and solution report tables.

    The data tables appear in the right pane of the PSAT Main Window by double clicking a data category (e.g., ACBus) under the Powerflow Data group in the Project tab of the Workspace. Each data table contains the powerflow

    data for one type of component, such as AC bus, Generator, Load, etc. Double clicking on a row of a data table,

    opens the Property dialog for that component which shows the same data items that were in the selected row. When

    you are viewing or modifying data items of one component, you may find it easier to use the property dialog, but

    when you are viewing or modifying the same data item for several components (e.g., MVAr output of a group of

    generators), it is easier to use the column of the tables. To find out the meaning and purpose of powerflow data

    items (columns of data tables and boxes of property dialogs), refer to chapter 9 which describes the models and

    attributes of powerflow components.

    The report tables also appear in the right pane of the PSAT main window by double clicking a report (e.g., Bus

    Flows under the Solution Reports or Overloaded Lines under Limit Checks) in the Project tab of the Workspace.

    The data shown in the report tables are not editable.

    You can customize the appearance and contents of the tables (see section 8.12), print them, save them in text or

    Excel files, or copy them to the clipboard (see the description of menus for details).

    The data tables and property dialogs have two types of fields (columns and boxes): External and Internal. The

    internal fields contain the attributes of the component to which the table or dialog belongs, while the external fields

    contain the attributes of another component related to this component. For example, generator table and property

    dialog contain the internal fields Status, MW output, MVAr output, etc., which are attributes of the generator, and

    external fields Bus Number, Bus Name and Bus Type, which are attributes of the bus to which the generator

    belongs. The External fields are shaded in the data tables and property dialogs.

    4.1

    Modifying Powerflow Data in TablesTo modify a data item in a table, click on it and specify a new value. For example, in the generator table, you can

    click on MW output column of one of the rows (generators) and type a new value, or click on Status and select In or

    Out from its pull-down list. You need to press return or click on another field to complete the change.

    If you double click on an internal filed or the row number of a generator, the property dialog of that generator opens

    where you can change the attributes (e.g., MW output or Status) similar to changes in the table.

    For the external fields, two kinds of changes are possible by single click and double click. In the case of generator

    table, if you double click on the Bus Number, Name or Type of a generator, the Bus property dialog opens where

    you can modify the attributes of that bus. For example, you can change the bus type from Load Bus to Gen. Bus. On

    the other hand, if you single click on Bus Number, Name or Type for generator X, a down-arrow appears. Clicking

    this arrow opens the Set AC Bus dialog, which shows the list of all buses. If you double click on a bus in this

    dialog, it becomes the bus of generator X (i.e., the generator is moved from its previous bus to the new bus).

    Similarly, in other tables, single clicking on an external field of component X and changing it from A to B, connects

    (or relates) component X to component B instead of A, but double clicking on this field opens the property dialog of

    component A for viewing and modifying its attributes.

    Use the Edit menu, described in section 7.5, to add new components (rows) in the tables or delete existing

    components.

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    Modified fields and added rows will be highlighted blue. This coloring persists until the powerflow is saved, the

    solve powerflow command is run, or a solution report is loaded.

    In the AC Bus table, after you select a bus by clicking on it, the Edit Bus Connections command ofEdit menu (or

    the right click pop-up menu) opens the Bus Connections Dialog where all connected components to the bus are

    listed and you can modify or delete them and add new components.

    4.2 Customizing Data and Report TablesFirst select a data or report table to be customized by clicking on it in the right pane or on its name in the

    Workspace. Then select Customize table in the Settings menu or the menu that pops up after right click on the

    table header row. The Table Customization dialog pops up where you can customize the columns and sorting orders

    as described in section8.12. The following shortcut can also be used to customize the table.

    Column Width: To adjust the width of a column, click on the column border line in the headings row and drag it to

    the right or left, or double click on the border line to fit the column width to its contents.

    Column Position, Hiding and Freezing: To change the position of the columns in the table, hide or show

    columns, or freeze them from scrolling left, use the Table Customization Dialog (see section8.12).

    Fonts: To change the font, size, and style of the text used in data tables, use the options listed under the Global

    Settings tab. For more information see section8.12.

    4.3 Sorting Data and Report TablesThe rows of tables can be sorted by one or more columns. To sort by one column (e.g. Bus number), simply clickon the column header. An up arrow appears in the column header, indicating that table is sorted by that column in

    ascending order (e.g., the row with lowest bus number is first). If you click again on the same column header, the

    sorting toggles between ascending and descending. The up arrow changes to a down arrow to indicate the new

    sorting direction.

    By clicking on another column header, the table is sorted by that column after canceling any previous sort. To sort

    by more than one column, after you click on the first sort column header, right click on another column header and

    select Add to Sort (2) from the pop-up menu. Up arrows appear in the column headers with numbers 1 and 2

    to indicate the table is sorted first by the column with 1 in the header and then by the column with 2 in the

    header. If you right click on another column header and select Add to Sort (1), it becomes the first sort column and

    the previous first and second sort columns become the second and third sort column, respectively.

    If you right click on, for example, the second sort column header and click on the small arrow in the pop-up menu,

    the sorting direction for this column toggles between ascending and descending. If you select Reorder Sort (1)

    from the right click menu, this column becomes the first sort column and the first one becomes the second sort

    column. If you select Remove from Sort instead, this column is removed from the sort order and the third sort

    column becomes the second one.

    You may use the Table Customization Dialog instead to specify the sort orders (see section8.12).

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    4.4 Filtering Data and Report TablesWhen working with a very large case, you may not need to view the whole data and reports in very large tables. In

    that case, you can define portions of the case (powerflow data) as subsystems and limit the contents of each table to

    one of these subsystems.

    Subsystems can be defined as:

    Simple Subsystems: Bus number list, e.g., 1011, 1015, , or range, e.g., 2001:2999

    Bus name with wildcards, e.g., *ABC*, meaning all buses with ABC in their name

    Bus kV range, e.g., 138.0:500.0

    Area number list or range

    Area name with wildcards

    Zone number list or range

    Zone name with wildcards

    Composite Subsystems: Including and Excluding bus/area/zone numbers/names and kVs (similar to simple subsystems)

    Including and Excluding bus types

    Several composite subsystems can be defined and each would be identified by a given name. The included and

    excluded buses, areas, zones and kVs in a subsystem are process in the order they are specified. Therefore, this

    order has a significant effect on the end results. The following are examples of various subsystems that demonstrate

    the effect of the specified orders.

    SubsystemName

    Definition Result

    A5 Include Area 5 All components in Area 5 are included (all other areas

    are excluded)

    Sub1 Include Area 3 to 4

    Exclude Zone 24 to 27

    Include Bus kV 500.

    All components in Areas 3 to 4 are included,

    those in Zones 24 to 27 are excluded (whether or not

    these are in Areas 3 to 4),

    and all 500 kV components in all Areas and Zones

    (even those in Zones 24 to 27) are also included

    Sub2 Include Area 3 to 4

    Include Bus kV 500.

    Exclude Zone 24 to 27

    All components in Areas 3 to 4 are included,

    all 500 kV components in the case are included,

    those in Zones 24 to 27 are excluded (whether or not

    these are 500 kV or in Areas 3 to 4 )

    See section8.10and8.11on how to define the subsystems.

    To limit a data or report table to a defined subsystem, select it by clicking on its window in the right pane, or on its

    name in the Workspace. Then open the Select Subsystem submenu of the Subsystems menu (or the subsystem

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    pull-down list in the toolbar) and click on of one of the defined subsystems in the list. The menu (or pull-down list)

    shows only the subsystems that are relevant to the selected table. The table will be limited to the selected subsystem

    and the subsystem name will appear beside the table name in the Workspace, as well as on the title bar of its window

    in the right pane. To include the whole system in the table, select from the Subsystem list.

    A quick filter option is available to modify and apply simple subsystem filters. By using the shortcut (Ctrl+F) from a

    data table, the Simple Subsystem dialog will appear. When the dialog is closed, the filter corresponding to the last

    property edited will be applied to the table (this is not done when the dialog is accessed from the menu / toolbar).

    For example to filter a table to bus number 123, press (Ctrl+F), type 123, and press enter. Note that for Solution

    Reports and Limit Checks, the subsystem list includes which is an empty subsystem and is the default for

    some tables (e.g., Bus Flows report is initially empty and shows no buses until you select a subsystem for it).

    Even after you close a table, its selected subsystem will be remembered and the next time you open it, the same

    subsystem will be applied.

    4.5 Searching Data and Report TablesYou can quickly jump to a specific row in the data table by searching for a value within a data column. Simply

    select a cell within the data table to act as the starting point for your search and type your search term into thedropdown on the search tool bar. Pressing the Find Next button (F5) will search within the column of the selected

    cell for the next row to match your search term. Pressing the Find Previous button (Shift -F5) will search in the

    opposite direction. Depending of the type of data stored in the column, matching rows are found using slightly

    different criteria:

    Text: Values that exactly match or contain the search term as a substring. This is a case-insensitive search.For example: searching for the term Cob will match the Values COB, COBBLE, JACOB, etc.

    Integer: Values that exactly match the numeric value of the search term. (Do not include spaces in thenumber). You can search for a range of values by separating them with a colon. For example: 1:1000 will

    match on any value between (and including) 1 and 1000.

    Decimal: Values that will round to the entered search term. The precision of the rounding is controlled bythe precision of the number entered. For example: searching for the value 10 will match any value

    between 9.5 and 10.5. Searching for 10.00 will match any value between 9.995 and 10.005. You can

    search for a range of values by separating them with a colon. For example: 1:1000 will match on any

    value between (and including) 1.000 and 1000.000 (note that no rounding occurs when performing a range

    search).

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    5 Bus ViewThis chapter describes the features of Bus View.

    Bus View graphically shows all connected components at a bus and displays the powerflow data or solution of thosecomponents.

    To open the Bus View, select Bus View with Parameter or Bus View with Solution from the View menu. Note

    that selecting one of these, deselects the other one (you can toggle between the two).

    The Bus View shows the last selected bus (the bus selected in a data table or diagram) as a long bar on the left, as

    well as all its connected components with the labels selected for the view. For lines, transformers, etc., the other

    terminal bus(es) are shown on the right. If you click on one of these buses on the right, it becomes the Selected

    bus and the view changes to show that bus with all its connections.

    If you click on any bus in a table, a diagram, or the Bus Tree of the Workspace, it becomes the selected bus and the

    Bus View changes to show that selected bus.

    Double clicking the selected bus on the view opens its property dialog where all attributes of the bus can be viewed

    and modified.

    The Parameter and Solution views are similar except for the labels shown in each view. You can customize the

    labels for each view by using the Bus View Label Appearance of the Setting menu as described in section8.16.

    You can put any label in any of these two views (even mix parameter and solution labels).

    The Bus View originally appears on the right side of the PSAT window. But you can grab (click and hold) its

    handlebars and drag it to any position on your screen. While you are dragging the view, when the cursor touches a

    border of PSAT window, the view docks to that border and you can leave it there or continue dragging it across the

    border.

    To close the view, deselect Bus View with Parameter or Bus View with Solution from the View menu (click on thechecked item in the menu to remove the check mark). When it is torn-off from PSAT window, the title bar of the

    Bus View window has an x button on the top-right corner that will close the window.

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    6 Single Line DiagramThis chapter describes the features of Single Line Diagrams (SLD).

    6.1 Powerflow and Diagram FilesTo create a new powerflow data and diagram from scratch, open a new project using the File menu described in

    section7.1(or click on New Project button on the toolbar), which automatically opens a new powerflow data. Then

    open a new diagram (click on New Diagram button on the toolbar). This opens a blank diagram window where you

    can draw and connect components such as buses, generators, lines, etc., using the SLD Toolbox.

    To create a new diagram for an existing powerflow data, open the powerflow file or its project file, if it exists, using

    the File menu. Then open a new diagram (as above) to open a blank diagram window where you can draw the

    buses, with their generators, lines, etc., by dragging them from the Bus Tree and dropping them in the diagram

    window.

    To modify an existing diagram, open the related powerflow file and the diagram file, or if these are saved in a

    project, open the project file, using the File menu. Then double click on the diagram filename under Single Line

    Diagrams of the Workspace to open the diagram window, showing its contents. If the diagram does not belong to

    the opened powerflow file, or the file has been changed after the diagram was saved, those components in the

    diagram that do not match the components in the powerflow data will be ignored. Matching can be based on bus

    name, bus number or both as described in section8.13. In this way, you can open a diagram of a powerflow case

    with a similar but different powerflow case, automatically remove unmatched components, and after adding other

    components, save it (with a new name so that the original diagram is not lost) in the other project.

    6.2 Using the SLD ToolboxThe SLD Toolbox, which normally appears on the right margin ofPSAT Main Window, is used to simultaneously

    add new components to the powerflow data and draw them in the diagram. The tools included in the toolbox are the

    following:

    AC Bus Converter Generator Voltage Source Converter Load DC Line Fixed Shunt DC Breaker Switchable Shunt Ground AC Line Infinite bus (for

    converters)

    Fixed Transformer Text Adjustable Transformer Contour Legend Three-Winding

    Transformer Composite Label

    Fixed SeriesCompensator

    Interface Label

    Adjustable SeriesCompensator

    Case Detail Label

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    Static Tap Changer /Phase Regulator

    Sectionalize BranchWand

    DC Bus Sub-diagram Container

    To add a new bus to the diagram, click the bus icon in the toolbox, move the cursor to a desired position in the

    diagram and click. The new bus will be added at that position. To add a generator, load or shunt to a bus in the

    diagram, click an icon in the toolbox, move the cursor to a desired position in the diagram and click. The newcomponent will be added at that position and the cursor changes to + to indicate you are in the Draw mode for

    connecting the new component to a bus. Simply move the cursor over a bus symbol and click to complete this

    connection.

    To draw a new AC line between two buses, click the AC line icon in the toolbox. The cursor changes to + for the

    Draw mode and by clicking on one bus and then the other bus in the diagram, the new line will be connected

    between the two. If you first click on one bus, then on one or more points between the buses, and finally on the

    second bus, the line will appear as a zigzag line, connecting the buses through Vertices (the clicked positions). You

    can add vertices to other connections (e.g., connecting a load to a bus) in a similar way.

    Transformers, series compensators, DC converters, etc., are drawn by selecting them in the toolbox, clicking in the

    diagram to position their symbol, and connecting each one of their terminals to one bus. This connection is similar

    to connection of lines and can go through a series of vertices by clicking at desired positions before reaching the bus.

    DC buses, converters and DC lines are added from the toolbox to the diagram in a similar way.

    You can add annotations to the diagram by the text tool. Click on the text icon (T) in the toolbox, then click at a

    desired position in the diagram to add text at that position. Right clicking on this text pops-up a menu where

    you can select Properties to open the Label Properties dialog, or select Edit Text to change the text. In the Label

    Properties dialog, you can change the text, select its alignment, foreground and background color and font. When

    you select Edit Text from the pop-up menu, the cursor changes to edit mode where you can type and change the text

    right in the diagram. In this mode, pressing the Enter key adds a new line of text. At the end of editing, click

    somewhere outside the text box to return to the normal mode.

    Contour Legend tool allows you to add a legend to the diagram to describe the values and colors used to generate a

    contour.

    Composite Label tool allows you to add a composite label on the diagram as described in section 6.4.4.1

    Interface Label tool allows you to add power flows associated with an interface on the diagram as described in

    section 6.4.4.2

    Case Detail Label tool allows you to add a label that lists the properties of the case used to generate the diagram.

    Properties include: File Name, File Date, Case Description, and Case Summary.

    Sectionalize Branch Wand of the toolbox allows you to change a regular (single-section) branch to a multi-

    sectional branch. Select (click on) this tool, then click on a regular branch. The Select Branch dialog (described in

    section 8.24) appears for you to select the type of the new section to be added to the selected branch. After you

    select a branch type from the pull-down list of this dialog and click OK, the Sectional Branch Property dialog(described in section 8.23) appears where you can set the properties of the new section, add and rearrange other

    sections, etc.

    The Sub-diagram Container tool is used to create sub-diagrams as described in section 6.5.

    You can select the default Horizontal or Vertical orientation in Bus Orientation of the Settings menu for adding

    buses in the diagram. Later, you can Rotate and Flip the bus symbols using the Edit menu or buttons of the

    toolbar.

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    As you add components to the diagram, they are added to the powerflow data tables and the Bus Tree (you need to

    click on the tables and on each bus in the tree to refresh it for the added components). Double click on components

    in the Bus Tree or diagram to open their property dialog and enter data, such as name, ID, MW, etc. You can open

    the tables and enter and modify data in those tables or even add new buses, generators, lines, etc., while you add

    new components to the diagram from the toolbox.

    6.3 Using the Bus TreeAfter you open existing or new powerflow data and diagrams as described above, you can easily draw the existing

    components of the powerflow data in the diagram by using the Bus Tree. At the same time, you can add new

    components to the powerflow data and the diagram by using the SLD Toolbox. You can then reposition and modify

    the components in the diagram, and display powerflow data and solution in the diagram as described in the

    following.

    Click on the Bus Tree tab in the Workspace to display the Bus Tree. This tree shows all the buses in the powerflow

    data. There is a Subsystem Selection pull-down list above the bus tree (in the Workspace window) similar to the

    Subsystem Selection list in the toolbar for the tables. If you have defined a simple or composite subsystem (as

    described in section8.10and8.11), you can select it from this list to limit the Bus Tree and show only the buses of

    this selected subsystem.

    AC buses are shown at the top and DC buses are shown at the bottom of the tree. The list of AC buses can be sorted

    by bus name or bus number (which appears with # after the bus name). To sort by name or number, right click on

    the Bus Tree to pop-up a menu and select Sort by Name or Sort by Number from that menu.

    By clicking on the + icon beside each bus in the tree, it expands to show all connected components at that bus with

    their ID beside their symbol. For the lines, transformers, etc., the bus at the other end is also shown with a + icon

    which can be further expanded to show connected components at that bus (just as they would be shown in the main

    branches of the tree). In this way, the tree can be quickly branched out from one bus to show all connections at or

    near the bus.

    To draw a bus, grab it (click on its name/number and hold) in the main branch or an expanded branch of the Bus

    Tree, drag it to the diagram window and drop it at a desired position. The bus symbol appears with all generators,loads and shunts connected to this bus. Also, any line, transformer, etc., connecting this bus to the existing buses in

    the diagram appear automatically. You can reposition these components and redraw the connection lines as

    described above for the new cases. You can also select a symbol (click on it) and press the Delete key (or Cut in

    Edit menu) to remove it from the diagram.

    If you remove a load, transformer, etc., but leave the bus(es) in the diagram, to redraw them, again drag the bus from

    the Bus Tree to the diagram. This does not affect the bus and its existing connections in the diagram and only adds

    the removed symbols.

    You can select Horizontal or Vertical orientation in Bus Orientation of the Settings menu for buses as they are

    dragged from the Bus Tree to the diagram. Later, you can Rotate and Flip the bus symbols using the Edit menu or

    buttons of the toolbar.

    The buses that are drawn in the diagrams are shown in bold in the Bus Tree. To find a particular bus in a large

    crowded diagram, right click on it in the Bus Tree to pop-up a menu and select Find Symbol in that menu. The

    diagram window scrolls to bring that bus in view and shows it as the selected bus (as if you click on the symbol).

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    6.4 Drawing FeaturesIn the normal mode, when the Select tool (pointer) in the toolbar is pressed, the symbols in the diagram are selected

    by clicking on them. To select a group of symbols, lasso them by clicking at a point in the diagram and dragging the

    mouse to select a rectangle (from the clicked point to the new mouse position). You can also select several symbols

    by clicking on them one by one while holding the Ctrl key. The connecting tails (lines) of generators, loads, etc. are

    selected separately from the symbols themselves for redrawing.

    To reposition the selected symbols, hold and drag them to a new location in the diagram. When you move a bus, its

    generators, loads and shunts move with it and the connection of lines and transformers are redrawn automatically.

    You can Rotate the selected symbols left or right and Flip them vertically or horizontally by using the Edit menu or

    toolbar buttons. You can also resize a component by clicking on it and dragging its corners to enlarge or reduce its

    size.

    The drawing area itself has an initial size. As you add symbols near the edge of drawing area, it expands gradually.

    To expand it by a large step, first zoom out to see the gray area outside the drawing area in the window. Then drag a

    symbol (or a bus from the Bus Tree or SLD Toolbox) to a position in the gray area to expand the drawing area to

    include this position.

    When you click on a bus in the main branch of the Bus Tree or in the diagram, if the Bus View is open, it shows that

    bus in the view. Double clicking opens the bus property dialog to view and modify its attributes. Double clicking

    any other component in the tree or diagram opens its property dialog to view and modify its attributes. Right click,

    instead, pops-up a menu and selecting Properties from that menu opens the property dialog as well.

    6.4.1 ZoomingYou can Zoom in and out of the diagram by a fixed or specified factor and Zoom to Fit the whole diagram in the

    window by using the View menu or toolbar buttons. When the magnifying glass tool is selected in the toolbar, each

    right click zooms out by a factor. In this mode, selecting a part of the diagram by left click, drag and release, zooms

    in that part. Click the Select tool (pointer) in the toolbar to end this mode and return to the Select mode. Select one

    or more symbols and use Zoom to Selection menu command or button to zoom in them. Use Zoom Normal menucommand to return to normal (100%) zoom factor.

    Use the Pan (hand) tool and the scroll bars to bring different parts of the diagram in the window.

    6.4.2 Cropping the DiagramThe size of the diagram automatically grows to accommodate new components. If components are moved or

    deleted, the diagram will remain at its larger size. To shrink the diagrams dimensions to fit the existing components,

    you can use the crop command by pressing the C key while viewing a diagram.

    6.4.3 Redrawing the ConnectionsYou can change the shape of the AC lines, as well as the lines connecting components to buses, by adding and

    deleting vertices on the line and grabbing each vertex and dragging it to a new position. To add a vertex, right click

    on a desired point on the line and in the menu that pops-up, select Insert Vertex. To delete an existing vertex, right

    click on it and in the menu that pops-up, select Delete Vertex. In this pop-up menu if you select Redraw, the whole

    line is deleted and redrawn automatically (with vertices if needed).

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    AC and DC buses are the only locations where the components are connected together. In a congested diagram,

    lines and other components may cross each other. These cross points will not be connections. To prevent

    confusion, add vertices to lines, including the connecting tail of generators, loads, etc., to go around buses to which

    they are not connected, instead of crossing them.

    6.4.4 LabelsAdd Label command of the menu that pops-up with right click on a symbol in the diagram, opens the Select Label

    dialog, which shows the list of labels that can be added for that symbol. Those labels that are already shown in the

    diagram have a check mark beside them. To show the other labels, click to add a check mark beside them, and to

    hide a shown label, click to remove its check mark. After completing the label selection, close the dialog by

    clicking its OK button.

    Another way of adding labels (which is independent of the above Add Label command) is by the Show / Hide

    Labels dialog described in section8.18. Apply and Apply All buttons of this dialog adds to the diagram those labels

    that are selected, and hides the ones that are not selected, in that dialog (not those in the Select Label dialog). In

    addition the Label Wand of the toolbar toggles show/hide of the labels. Click on the wand to select it, then click on

    any symbol to show/hide the labels that are selected in the Show / Hide Labels dialog. To end this and return to the

    Select mode, click the Select tool (pointer) in the toolbar.

    6.4.4.1 Composite LabelsYou may add composite labels to the diagrams by using the Composite Label tool of the SLD Toolbox. This label

    may contain one or more lines of text, each with a value pointing to the sum of generation, load, etc., in a selected

    subsystem. When you add a new composite label, or double click on an existing one, the Composite Label

    Properties dialog (described in section8.25) appears for setting the contents and appearance of the label.

    When you right-click on a Composite Label on the diagram, the pop-up menu gives you options to:

    Open the Properties dialog (also accessed by double click on the label) and change the contentsof the label.

    Edit Text by clicking in the label, typing and/or deleting text, then clicking outside the label toend editing.

    Link the label position to any symbol on the diagram. For this, first select the Link command,then click on the desired symbol (a bus, a sub-diagram, etc.). The label will move with the linked

    symbol.

    Re-link the label position to another symbol, or Un-linkit so it wont move with the symbol.

    6.4.4.2 Interface LabelsSimilar to Composite Labelyou may add interface(s) flows by using the Interface Label tool of the SLD Toolbox.This label may contain one or more lines of text, each with a value pointing to the interface name, sum of From

    Side Flow (MW), sum of From Side Flow (MVAR), sum of To Side Flow (MW), sum of To Side Flow

    (MVAR), etc., for the selected interface.

    The Properties dialog of the Interface Labelhas a tab marked as Definition which is used to select the interface

    definition for the label. A VSAT interface definition file is used to describe these interfaces; any changes to this file

    will be reflected in the corresponding Interface Label. To link to an interface definition file (and populate the

    interface definition list), use theLoad Interfaces From File command from the Subsytem menu (section 7.4).

    When you add a new interface label, or double click on an existing one, the Interface Label Properties dialog

    appears for setting the contents and appearance of the label.

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    6.4.4.3 Linked LabelsYou may also add a Linked Label that shows a data item to which it is linked. For example, you can create a linked

    label that shows the Base MVA of a generator and place it anywhere in the diagram. For this:

    1. Go to the data table (click on its name in the Workspace or its window) and click on the desired item (e.g.,Base MVA of a generator in the Generator table), then choose Copy Linked-Label from the Edit menu.

    2. Go to the diagram window (click on its name in the Workspace or its window) and choose Paste from theEdit menu (or click the Paste button on the toolbar), then click at the desired location on the diagram to

    place the linked label.

    When you double click on a Linked Label, its Properties dialog appears where you can add a text to the label and

    specify its alignment, line, fill and font. The pop-up menu of right-click on the linked label gives you commands

    similar to the pop-up menu of the Composite Label described above, including linking the position of the label to a

    symbol on the diagram. Note that the value is linked to a data item and the position on the diagram is linked to

    a symbol, and these are independent of each other.

    6.4.5 Animation of FlowsTo see the direction of flows on the diagram, use the Animate MW Flow and Animate MVAr Flow commands of

    the View menu (see section7.10). Moving arrows show the direction of flow of real and reactive power through

    branches, and from/to generators, loads, etc. The size of the arrows indicates the magnitude of the flow. The speed at

    which the arrows move can be adjusted under the Animation Speed command of the Settings menu (see section

    7.8).

    6.4.6 SLD ContoursSLD Contours can be used to visualize changes in component values as a color value in the background of the

    diagram. To display a contour use the Show Contour command of the Settings menu and use the Contour

    Options Command to adjust the property and colors used to draw the contour (see section 7.8).

    6.4.7 Automatic Drawing Auto Generate One LevelJust as easily as expanding the Bus Tree from one bus, you can expand the diagram around a bus. Right click on a

    bus in the diagram and select Auto Generate One Level from the pop-up menu. All buses connected to this bus by

    lines and transformers are drawn automatically (if they are not already in the diagram). Select each one of these

    buses and, if necessary, drag it to a new location, and right click on it to expand it as well. By repeating this process,

    you can quickly draw a large number of buses that are connected together.

    6.4.8 Automatic Drawing Bus SplitRight click on a bus in the diagram (SLD) or select a row in the bus table and select Split Bus from the pop-up

    menu. The bus split dialog will appear showing, at the right side of screen, all elements connected to this bus (i.e.

    lines and transformers, load, etc.) and at left side of the dialog a new bus created based on the selected bus will be

    shown. You can move any of the elements connected to the old bus to the new bus.

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    6.4.9 Adding Other Drawing ObjectsYou may add other objects to the diagram, such as rectangles and other shapes, images, etc., by using the Drawing

    Toolbox as you would in other drawing software. The Drawing Toolbox also has buttons for grouping and

    arranging the selected objects in the diagram.

    6.5 Sub-DiagramsBy using the Sub-diagram Container of the SLD Toolbox, you can create several layers of sub-diagrams in any

    diagram. You can draw any group of the powerflow components in a sub-diagram as you would in a normal

    diagram. Drawing features described above are the same for diagrams and sub-diagrams.

    Each sub-diagram appears as a rectangle in the upper diagram. In the upper diagram, the lines connecting the

    components to those inside the sub-diagram terminate at the boundary of the sub-diagram rectangle.

    By right click on the sub-diagram symbol (rectangle) in the upper diagram, a menu pops-up with Change Name,

    Properties and Add Label commands. The Change Name command opens the SubSystem Properties dialog

    where you can specify a name for the sub-diagram. Add Labels command allows you to show / hide these labels in

    the upper diagram. The Properties command allows you do change the draw style of the Sub-Diagram symbol.

    Layers of sub-diagrams appear in a tree structure under the diagram filename in the Workspace and are saved in the

    same file with the parent diagram. To open a sub-diagram, double click on its name under diagram filename in the

    Workspace or on its symbol (rectangle) in the upper diagram. You can have several diagram and sub-diagrams

    open, each in its own window in the right pane of PSAT window, and freely move from one to other to add

    components and modify them.

    6.6 Printing DiagramsToolbar buttons and Preview and Print command of File menu (described in section 8.6) allow you to print the

    whole or part of the diagram. To print a part, you either use print Selected Region, which then allows you to selecta region of the diagram to be printed, or use print Window after you scroll/pan, zoom and resize the window to fill it

    with the desired part of the diagram.

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    7 MenusThis chapter describes the menus of PSAT.

    7.1 File MenuThe File menu contains the following items.

    New Project Opens a new (empty) project. If a project is already open, it is closed after asking

    whether to save the changes or not.

    Open Project Opens the Open window for choosing an existing project file (PSP) to be

    opened. If a project is already open, it is closed after asking whether to save the

    changes or not.

    Save Project Saves the current project in its existing project file (PSP). The powerflow data anddiagrams are also saved by this command.

    Save Project as... Opens the Save as window for choosing a new or existing project file and saving

    the current project in that file. This command also saves the powerflow data and

    diagrams in their existing files.

    Close Project Closes the current project after asking whether to save the changes or not. If your

    choose Yes, the project, powerflow and diagrams are saved, otherwise, they are

    closed without saving their changes.

    Open Powerflow Opens the Open window for choosing an existing PSAT Power Flow Binary file

    (PFB) to be opened. If a project file (PSP) with the same name as the PFB file is

    found, it asks whether to open that project or create a new one. If a project isalready open, it is closed (after asking whether to save the changes or not) before

    opening the PFB file. This command also opens binary powerflow files (PSF)

    created by previous versions of DSAToolsTM

    programs.

    Save Powerflow Saves the powerflow data in its existing PFB (or PSF) file.

    Save Powerflow as... Opens the Save as window for choosing a new or existing file and saving the

    powerflow data in that file (in PFB format).

    Import Opens the Import window for specifying an existing powerflow file and its

    format and converting it to PFB format.

    Export Opens the Export window for specifying a new or existing file and a format andsaving the powerflow data in that file in the specified format.

    Compare PowerflowData

    Opens a second powerflow (PFB) file to compare its data (case 2) with the

    current data (case 1), and this command changes to Stop Comparing.

    Stop Comparing Stops the powerflow data comparison and returns to the normal PSAT mode.

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    New Diagram Opens a new (blank) diagram. A project must already be opened before adding a

    new diagram to it.

    Open Diagram Opens the Open window for choosing an existing diagram file (PFD) to be

    opened. A project must already be opened before adding an existing diagram to it.

    Save Diagram Saves the selected diagram in its existing file (PFD). To select a diagram, click on

    its open window or double click on its name in the Workspace file/data tree.

    Save Diagram as... Opens the Save as window for choosing a new or existing file and saving the

    selected diagram in that file. To select a diagram, click on its open window or

    double click on its name in the Workspace file/data tree.

    Remove Diagram Removes the selected diagram from the project. To select a diagram, click on its

    open window or double click on its name in the Workspace file/data tree.

    Page Setup Opens the Page Setup dialog to select the paper size, page orientation, margins,

    etc., for printing.

    Print Preview Displays the print image of selected data or report table in the Preview window,

    which appears on the right pane of the main window (hiding the open tables,

    reports and diagrams). To select a table for preview, click on its open window or

    double click on its name in the Workspace file/data tree.

    Print... Opens the Print dialog to select the printer and its properties for printing the

    selected data or report table. To select a table, click on its open window or double

    click on its name in the Workspace file/data tree.

    Preview and Print When a diagram is selected by clicking on its open window or double clicking on

    its name in the Workspace file/data tree, the above Print and Print Previewcommands are replaced by this command which opens the Preview and Print

    dialog described in section 8.6.

    Recent Files This is a list of previously opened projects and powerflow files. Selecting one of

    these items will close the exiting project and open the selected item.

    Exit Exits PSAT. If a project is open, it is closed after asking whether to save the

    changes or not.

    7.2 Solution MenuThe Solution menu contains the following items.

    Solve Starts the powerflow solution with the specified method and other solution

    parameters and options.

    Parameters Opens the Solution Parameters dialog where the so lution method, parameters and

    options can be viewed and modified.

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    Reduction / Purge Opens the Reduction / Purge window where the network can be reduced by

    retaining a selected subsystem and replacing the rest of the network by equivalent

    lines, shunts and loads.

    Short Circuit Opens the Short Circuit window where short circuit computations are performed

    and results are displayed.

    7.3 Reports MenuThe Report menu contains the following items.

    Bus Mismatch Threshold Opens the Bus Mismatch Threshold dialog where the threshold for Bus

    Mismatch report can be viewed and modified.

    Limit Check Options Opens the Limit Checks Options dialog where the parameters for limit check

    reports can be viewed and modified.

    7.4 Subsystem MenuThe Subsystem menu contains the following items.

    Define Simple Subsystems Opens the dialog for defining Area, Zone, Bus and kV subsystems. These

    subsystems will be remembered until they are modified again in this dialog.

    Define Composite Subsystems Opens the dialog for defining composite subsystems.

    Select Subsystem Opens the following submenu to select a subsystem. The selected subsystem

    will apply to the selected (active) data or report table. The table will be

    limited to the selected subsystem.

    The whole system will be selected. This is the default for data tables.

    Nothing will be selected (this is an empty subsystem). This is the default for

    some of the solution report tables and does not appear for data tables.

    The defined Area subsystem becomes the selected subsystem.

    The defined Bus subsystem becomes the selected subsystem.

    The defined kV subsystem becomes the selected subsystem.

    The defined Zone subsystem becomes the selected subsystem.

    Composite Subsystems List of defined composite subsystems, selecting one of these subsystems from

    this list will make it the selected subsystem.

    Save Subsystems to file Opens the Save as window to select a file for saving the defined subsystems.

    Load Subsystems from file Opens the Open window to select a saved subsystem file and open it to

    define the subsystems as saved in that file.

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    7.5 Edit Menu for Data WindowsWhen the active window is a Powerflow Data table, the Edit menu appears with the following items.

    Undo Reverses the last change made in a data table (or property dialog) or a diagram.

    Repeated selection of this command reverses previous changes in sequence. The

    menu items toggles between Undo Data Change and Undo SLD Changedepending on whether the change was made in a data table or in a diagram.

    Redo Reapplies the last change that was undone by Undo command. Repeated

    selection of this command reapplies previous Undone commands in sequence.

    The menu items toggles between Redo Data Change and Redo SLD Change

    depending on whether the change applies to a data table or a diagram.

    Insert New Row Adds a new component to the powerflow data by adding a new row in the

    selected table. For example, when the active window is AC Bus table, this

    command adds a new bus to the data. The Property dialog appears to view and

    modify the data items of the added component. When adding other components,

    a dialog appears first to select the bus where the new component will be added.

    Duplicate Row Adds a new compon