psikopatologi (week 2)

8/18/2019 Psikopatologi (Week 2)

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FAKTOR PENYEBAB(CAUSAL FACTOR)

Md Aris Safree Md Yasin

019 – 964 7324

[email protected]


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A necessary cause (e..! ca"se #$ is a condi%ion %ha%m"s% e&is% for a disorder (e..! disorder Y$ %o occ"r.

'or e&am)e! enera) aresis (Y$*a deenera%i+e ,rain

disorder*canno% de+e)o "n)ess a erson hasre+io"s)y con%rac%ed syhi)is (#$.

-o da%e! mos% men%a) disorders ha+e no% ,een fo"nd %oha+e necessary ca"ses! a)%ho"h %here con%in"es %o ,ea search for s"ch ca"ses.

NECESSARY CAUSES


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A sufcient cause (e..! ca"se #$ of a disorder is a condi%ion%ha% "aran%ees %he occ"rrence of a disorder (e..! disorder Y$.

'or e&am)e! one c"rren% %heory hyo%hesies %ha% hoe)essness(#$ is a s"/cien% ca"se of deression (Y$ (A,ramson e% a).! 199A,ramson e% a).! 199$.

r! more enera))y! if # occ"rs! %hen Y i)) a)so occ"r. Accordin%o %his %heory! if yo" are hoe)ess eno"h a,o"% yo"r f"%"re! %henyo" i)) ,ecome deressed.

5oe+er! a s"/cien% ca"se may no% ,e a necessary ca"se.on%in"in i%h %he deression e&am)e! A,ramson andco))ea"es (199$ acno)ede %ha% hoe)essness is no% anecessary ca"se of deression %here are o%her ca"ses ofderession as e)).

SUFFICIENT CAUSES


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A contriutory cause (e..! ca"se #$ is one %ha%increases %he ro,a,i)i%y of a disorder (e..! disorder Y$de+e)oin ,"% is nei%her necessary nor s"/cien% for %hedisorder %o occ"r.

r! more enera))y! if # occ"rs! %hen %he ro,a,i)i%y of Yocc"rrin increases.

'or e&am)e! aren%a) re8ec%ion co")d increase %hero,a,i)i%y %ha% a chi)d i)) )a%er ha+e di/c")%y in hand)inc)ose ersona) re)a%ionshis or co")d increase %he

ro,a,i)i%y %ha% ,ein re8ec%ed in a re)a%ionshi inad")%hood i)) recii%a%e deression.

aren%a) re8ec%ion is a con%ri,"%ory ca"se for %he erson:s)a%er di/c")%ies! ,"% i% is nei%her necessary nor s"/cien%

CONTRIBUTORY CAUSES


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Necessary Cause !

;f eren%ca"ses oera%e.


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$ista% Causa% Factors ? ca"sa) fac%ors occ"rrinre)a%i+e)y ear)y in )ife may no% sho %heir e>ec%s formany years fac%ors %ha% may con%ri,"%e %o aredisosi%ion %o de+e)o a disorder.

'or e&am)e! )oss of a aren% ear)y in )ife! or ha+ina,"si+e or ne)ec%f") aren%s as a chi)d or ado)escen%!may ser+e as a dis%a) con%ri,"%ory ca"se redisosin aerson %o deression or an%isocia) ,eha+io"rs )a%er in )ife.

$ISTAL CAUSAL FACTORS


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Pro&i"a% Causa% Factors ? ca"sa) fac%ors oera%e shor%)y ,efore%he occ"rrence of %he sym%oms of a disorder.

Some%imes a ro&ima) ca"sa) fac%or may ,e a condi%ion %ha% ro+es

%oo m"ch for a chi)d or ad")% and %riers %he onse% of a disorder.

A cr"shin disaoin%men% a% schoo) or or or se+ere di/c")%ies

i%h a schoo) friend or a mari%a) ar%ner are e&am)es of more

ro&ima) ca"sa) fac%ors %ha% co")d )ead %o deression.

;n o%her cases! ro&ima) fac%ors mih% in+o)+e ,io)oica) chaness"ch as damae %o cer%ain ar%s of %he )ef% hemishere of %he ,rain!

hich can )ead %o deression.

PRO'IAL CAUSAL FACTORS


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Rein#orcin Contriutory Cause ? a condi%ion %ha%%ends %o main%ain ma)ada%i+e ,eha+io"r %ha% is a)readyocc"rrin.

An e&am)e is %he e&%ra a%%en%ion! syma%hy! and re)ief

from "nan%ed resonsi,i)i%y %ha% may come hen aerson is i)) %hese )easan% e&eriences may"nin%en%iona))y disco"rae reco+ery.

Ano%her e&am)e occ"rs hen a deressed erson:s

,eha+io"r a)iena%es friends and fami)y! )eadin %o area%er sense of re8ec%ion %ha% reinforces %he e&is%inderession (oiner! 2002 oiner -immons! 2009$.

REINFORCIN* CONTRIBUTORYCAUSE


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FEE$BACK AN$BI$IRECTIONALITY IN ABNORAL

BE+A,IOUR

-radi%iona))y in %he sciences! %he %as of de%ermininca"se?and?e>ec% re)a%ionshis has foc"sed on iso)a%in%he condi%ion # (ca"se$ %ha% can ,e demons%ra%ed %o )ead%o condi%ion Y (e>ec%$.

'or e&am)e! hen %he a)coho) con%en% of %he ,)oodreaches a cer%ain )e+e)! a)coho)ic in%o&ica%ion occ"rs.

Bhen more %han one ca"sa) fac%or is in+o)+ed as is of%en%he case! %he %erm causa% -attern is "sed.


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5ere! condi%ions A! C! ! and so on )ead %o condi%ion Y. ;nei%her case! %his conce% of ca"se fo))os a sim)e )inearmode) in hich a i+en +aria,)e or se% of +aria,)es )eads %o

a res")% ei%her immedia%e)y or )a%er.

;n %he ,eha+io"ra) sciences! hoe+er! no% on)y do e"s"a))y dea) i%h a m")%i%"de of in%erac%in ca"ses ,"% ea)so of%en ha+e di/c")%y dis%in"ishin ,e%een ha% is

ca"se and ha% is e>ec% ,eca"se e>ec%s can ser+e asfeed,ac %ha% can in %"rn inD"ence %he ca"ses.

;n o%her ords! %he e>ec%s of feed,ac and %he e&is%enceof m"%"a)! %o?ay (,idirec%iona)$ inD"ences m"s% ,e

%aen in%o acco"n%.


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$IAT+ESIS.STRESS O$ELS

A redisosi%ion %oard de+e)oin a disorder is %ermed a/iat0esis.

;% can deri+e from ,io)oica)! sycho)oica)! or socioc")%"ra)ca"sa) fac%ors! and %he di>eren% +ieoin%s %end %o emhasie%he imor%ance of di>eren% inds of dia%heses.

Many men%a) disorders are ,e)ie+ed %o de+e)o hen some indof s%ressor oera%es on a erson ho has a dia%hesis orvulnerability for %ha% disorder.

S%ress! %he resonse or e&erience of an indi+id"a) %o demands%ha% he or she ercei+es as %a&in or e&ceedin his or herersona) reso"rces ('o)man Moso+i%! 2004 Monroe e% a).!2009 -ay)or S%an%on! 2007$.


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;% "s"a))y occ"rs hen an indi+id"a) e&eriences chronic oreisodic e+en%s %ha% are "ndesira,)e and )ead %o ,eha+io"ra)!hysio)oica)! and coni%i+e accommoda%ions (Ca"m os)"sny! 1999$.

;% is imor%an% %o no%e %ha% fac%ors con%ri,"%in %o %hede+e)omen% of a dia%hesis are %hemse)+es some%imes hih)yo%en% s%ressors! as hen a chi)d e&eriences %he dea%h of aaren% and may %here,y acE"ire a redisosi%ion or dia%hesis for,ecomin deressed )a%er in )ife.

Fesearchers ha+e roosed se+era) di>eren% ays %ha% adia%hesis and s%ress may com,ine %o rod"ce a disorder(;nram G"&%on! 200 Monroe Simons! 1991$.

;n %he a//iti1e "o/e%! indi+id"a)s ho ha+e a hih )e+e) of adia%hesis may need on)y a sma)) amo"n% of s%ress ,efore adisorder de+e)os! ,"% %hose ho ha+e a +ery )o )e+e) of adia%hesis may need %o e&erience a )are amo"n% of s%ress for adisorder %o de+e)o.


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;n an interacti1e "o/e%! some amo"n% of dia%hesis m"s% ,e

resen% ,efore s%ress i)) ha+e any e>ec%.

-h"s! in %he in%erac%i+e mode)! someone i%h no dia%hesis i))

ne+er de+e)o %he disorder! no ma%%er ho m"ch s%ress he or she

e&eriences! hereas someone i%h %he dia%hesis i)) sho

increasin )ie)ihood of de+e)oin %he disorder i%h increasin

)e+e)s of s%ress.

A%%en%ion has ,een foc"sed on %he conce% of -rotecti1e#actors! hich are inD"ences %ha% modify a erson:s resonse %o

en+ironmen%a) s%ressors! main i% )ess )ie)y %ha% %he erson i))

e&erience %he ad+erse conseE"ences of %he s%ressors.

ne imor%an% ro%ec%i+e fac%or in chi)dhood is ha+in a fami)y

en+ironmen% in hich a% )eas% one aren% is arm and s"or%i+e!

a))oin %he de+e)omen% of a ood a%%achmen% re)a%ionshi

,e%een %he chi)d and aren% %ha% can ro%ec% aains% %he

harmf") e>ec%s of an a,"si+e aren% (Mas%en oa%sor%h!

199$.


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rdinari)y! ro%ec%i+e fac%ors oera%e on)y %o he) resis%aains% %he e>ec%s of a ris fac%or ra%her %han %o ro+ide any,eneH%s %o eo)e i%ho"% ris fac%ors (F"%%er! 2006a$.

ro%ec%i+e fac%ors are no% necessari)y osi%i+e e&eriences.

;ndeed! some%imes e&os"re %o s%ressf") e&eriences %ha% aredea)% i%h s"ccessf"))y can romo%e a sense of se)f?

conHdence or se)f?es%eem and %here,y ser+e as a ro%ec%i+efac%or.

ro%ec%i+e fac%ors mos% of%en! ,"% no% a)ays! )ead %oresi%ience*%he a,i)i%y %o ada% s"ccessf"))y %o e+en +erydi/c")% circ"ms%ances.

An e&am)e is %he chi)d ho erse+eres and does e)) inschoo) desi%e his or her aren%:s dr" addic%ion or hysica)a,"se.


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More enera))y! %he %erm resi)ience has ,een "sed %odescri,e %he henomenon %ha% Isome indi+id"a)s ha+e are)a%i+e)y ood o"%come desi%e s">erin ris

e&eriences %ha% o")d ,e e&ec%ed %o ,rin a,o"%serio"s seE"e)aeJ


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BIOLO*ICALCAUSALFACTOR

Ke"ro%ransmi%%er and 5ormona)A,norma)i%ies in Ke"ro%ransmi%%erSys%ems

Lene%ic ")nera,i)i%ies -emeramen%

Crain


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2) NEUROTRANSITTER 3 +ORONALABNORALITIES INNEUROTRANSITTER SYSTES

i) IMBALANCES OF NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS

;n order for %he ,rain %o f"nc%ion adeE"a%e)y! ne"rons! orner+e ce))s! need %o ,e a,)e %o comm"nica%e e>ec%i+e)y i%hone ano%her.

-he si%e of comm"nica%ion ,e%een %he a&on of one ne"ronand %he dendri%es or ce)) ,ody of ano%her ne"ron is %hesyna-se*a %iny D"id?H))ed sace ,e%een ne"rons.

-hese in%erne"rona) %ransmissions are accom)ished ,yneurotrans"itters4 chemica) s",s%ances %ha% arere)eased in%o %he synase ,y %he resyna%ic ne"ron hen aner+e im")se occ"rs.


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-here are many di>eren% inds of ne"ro%ransmi%%erssome increase %he )ie)ihood %ha% %he os%syna%icne"ron i)) IHreJ(rod"ce an im")se$! and o%hersinhi,i% %he im")se.

Bhe%her %he ne"ra) messae is s"ccessf"))y%ransmi%%ed %o %he os%syna%ic ne"ron deends on%he concen%ra%ion of cer%ain ne"ro%ransmi%%ers i%hin

%he synase.


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-he im,a)ances of ne"ro%ransmi%%er can ,e crea%ed in a+arie%y of aysN

O&cessi+e rod"c%ion and re)ease of %hene"ro%ransmi%%er s",s%ance in%o %he synases! ca"sina f"nc%iona) e&cess in )e+e)s of %ha% ne"ro%ransmi%%er.


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ii) HORMONAL IMBALANCES

Some forms of sychoa%ho)oy ha+e ,een )ined %o

or!ona" i!ba"ances#

+or"ones are chemica) messeners secre%ed ,y ase% of endocrine )ands in o"r ,odies.

Oach of %he endocrine )ands rod"ces and re)easesi%s on se% of hormones direc%)y in%o o"r ,)oods%ream.


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-he hormones %hen %ra+e) and direc%)y a>ec% %are%ce))s in +ario"s ar%s of o"r ,rain and ,ody!inD"encin di+erse e+en%s s"ch as

Hh%?or?Dih% reac%ions!

se&"a) resonses!

hysica) ro%h!

and many o%her hysica) e&ressions of men%a)s%a%es.

"r cen%ra) ner+o"s sys%em is )ined %o %he endocrinesys%em (non as %he ne"roendocrine sys%em$ ,y %hee>ec%s of %he hyo%ha)am"s on %he i%"i%ary )and!hich is %he mas%er )and of %he ,ody! rod"cin a

+arie%y of hormones %ha% re")a%e or con%ro) %he o%herendocrine )ands.

ne ar%ic")ar)y imor%an% se% of in%erac%ions occ"rsin %he 0y-ot0a%a"ic.-ituitary.a/rena% a&is (+PA


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Ma$or %"an&s o' te En&ocrine Syste!

-his H"re i))"s%ra%es some of

%he ma8or )ands of %heendocrine sys%em! hichrod"ce and re)ease hormonesin%o %he ,)oods%ream.

-he hyo%ha)amic?i%"i%ary?

adrena) a&is is a)so shon (,)"earros$.

-he hyo%ha)am"s andi%"i%ary are c)ose)y connec%ed!and %he hyo%ha)am"seriodica))y sends hormone

sina)s %o %he i%"i%ary (%hemas%er )and$! hich in %"rnsends ano%her hormone %o %hecor%ica) ar% of %he adrena))ands (a,o+e %he idneys$ %ore)ease e ine hrine and %he


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Ac%i+a%ion of %his a&is in+o)+esN

1. Messaes in %he form of cor%ico%rohin?re)easinhormone (F5$ %ra+e) from %he hyo%ha)am"s %o

%he i%"i%ary.

2. ;n resonse %o F5! %he i%"i%ary re)easesadrenocor%ico%rohic hormone (A-5$! hichs%im")a%es %he cor%ica) ar% of %he adrena) )and

()oca%ed on %o of %he idney$ %o rod"ceeinehrine (adrena)ine$ and %he s%ress hormonecortiso%6 hich are re)eased in%o enera)circ")a%ion. or%iso) mo,i)ies %he ,ody %o dea)i%h s%ress.

3. or%iso) in %"rn ro+ides nea%i+e feed,ac %o %hehyo%ha)am"s and i%"i%ary %o decrease %heirre)ease of F5 and A-5! hich in %"rn red"ces%he re)ease of adrena)ine and cor%iso). -hisne a%i+e feed,ac s s%em o era%es m"ch as a


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Ma)f"nc%ionin of %his nea%i+e feed,ac sys%em has,een im)ica%ed in +ario"s forms of sychoa%ho)oys"ch as deression and os%%ra"ma%ic s%ress disorder.

Se& hormones are rod"ced ,y %he onada) )ands!and im,a)ance in %hese (s"ch as %he ma)e hormones!%he androgens) can a)so con%ri,"%e %o ma)ada%i+e,eha+io"r.

Moreo+er! onada) hormona) inD"ences on %hede+e)oin ner+o"s sys%em a)so seem %o con%ri,"%e%o some of %he di>erences ,e%een ,eha+ior in menand in omen


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7) *ENETIC ,ULNERABILITIES

ersona)i%y %rai%s and men%a) disorders are no% a>ec%ed ,y

chromosoma) a,norma)i%ies er se.

;ns%ead %hey are more of%en inD"enced ei%her ,y a,norma)i%iesin some of %he enes on %he chromosomes or ,y na%"ra))yocc"rrin +aria%ions of enes non as polymorphisms.

")nera,i)i%ies %o men%a) disorders are a)mos% a)ays-o%yenic5

%hey are inD"enced ,y m")%i)e enes or ,y m")%i)eo)ymorhisms of enes! i%h any one ene ha+in on)y+ery sma)) e>ec%s

A ene%ica))y +")nera,)e erson has "s"a))y inheri%ed a )aren"m,er of enes! or o)ymorhisms of enes! %ha% oera%e%oe%her in some sor% of addi%i+e or in%erac%i+e fashion %oincrease +")nera,i)i%y.


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THE RELATIONSHI( OF %ENOTY(ES TO (HENOTY(ES

A erson:s %o%a) ene%ic endomen% is referred %o as her

or his enoty-e an/6 e&ce-t #or i/entica% t8ins6 not8o 0u"ans e1er ,ein )ife i%h %he sameendomen%.

-he o,ser+ed s%r"c%"ra) and f"nc%iona) charac%eris%ics%ha% res")% from an in%erac%ion of %he eno%ye and %heen+ironmen% are referred %o as a erson:s -0enoty-e5

;n some cases! %he eno%yic +")nera,i)i%y resen% a%,ir%h does no% e&er% i%s e>ec% on %he heno%ye "n%i)m"ch )a%er in )ife.

;n many o%her cases! %he eno%ye may shae %heen+ironmen%a) e&eriences a chi)d has! %h"s a>ec%in%he heno%ye in ye% ano%her +ery imor%an% ay.


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Ea!*"e +

A chi)d ho is ene%ica))y redisosed %o aressi+e

,eha+ior may ,e re8ec%ed ,y his or her eers in ear)yrades ,eca"se of %he aressi+e ,eha+ior. S"chre8ec%ion may )ead %he chi)d %o o on %o associa%e i%hsimi)ar)y aressi+e and de)inE"en% eers in )a%errades! )eadin %o an increased )ie)ihood ofde+e)oin a f")),)on a%%ern of de)inE"ency inado)escence. Bhen %he eno%ye shaes %heen+ironmen%a) e&eriences a chi)d has in %his ay! erefer %o %his henomenon as a enoty-e!en1iron"ent corre%ation5


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9) TEPERAENT

Te"-era"ent refers %o a chi)d:s reac%i+i%y and

charac%eris%ic ays of se)f?re")a%ion.

Ca,ies di>er in %emeramen% ? %hey sho di>erencesin %heir charac%eris%ic emo%iona) and aro"sa)resonses %o +ario"s s%im")i and in %heir %endency %o

aroach! i%hdra! or a%%end %o +ario"s si%"a%ions.

O.. Some ,a,ies are s%ar%)ed ,y s)ih% so"nds or cryhen s"n)ih% hi%s %heir faces o%hers are seemin)yinsensi%i+e %o s"ch s%im")a%ion.

-hese ,eha+iors are s%ron)y inD"enced Cy ene%icfac%ors! ,"% rena%a) and os%na%a) en+ironmen%a)fac%ors a)so )ay a ro)e in %heir de+e)omen%.


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"r ear)y %emeramen% is %ho"h% %o ,e %he ,asis

from hich o"r ersona)i%y de+e)os.

S%ar%in a% a,o"% 2 %o 3 mon%hs of ae! aro&ima%e)y:1e dimensions of %emeramen% can ,e iden%iHedN

#ear#u%ness6

irritai%ity an/ #rustration6 -ositi1e a;ect6

acti1ity %e1e%6

attentiona% -ersistence an/ e;ort#u% contro%

some of %hese emere )a%er %han o%hers.


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-hese seem %o ,e re)a%ed %o %he %hree imor%an%dimensions of ad")% ersona)i%yN

neuroticis" or neati1e e"otiona%ity

e&tra1ersion or -ositi1e e"otiona%ity6 constraint (conscientiousness an/

areea%eness)

-he infan% dimensions of #ear#u%ness an/ irritai%ity!hich corresond %o %he ad")% dimension of neuroticis"

*%he disosi%ion %o e&erience nea%i+e a>ec%.

-he infan% dimensions of -ositi1e a;ect an/ -ossi%yacti1ity %e1e% seem re)a%ed %o %he ad")% dimension ofe&tra1ersion5

-he infan% dimension of attentiona% -ersistence an/e;ort#u% contro% seem re)a%ed %o %he ad")% dimension ofconstraint or contro%.


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PSYC+O*ICALCAUSAL

FACTOR

Oar)y deri+a%ion or %ra"ma ;nadeE"a%e aren%in s%y)es Mari%a) discord and di+orce Ma)ada%i+e eer re)a%ionshis


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2) EARLY $EPRI,ATION OR TRAUA

hi)dren ho do no% ha+e %he reso"rces %ha% are %yica))ys")ied ,y aren%s or aren%a) s"rroa%es may ,e )ef%i%h dee and some%imes irre+ersi,)e sycho)oica) scars.

-he needed reso"rces rane from food and she)%er %o )o+e

and a%%en%ion.


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;% can a)so occ"r in in%ac% fami)ies here! for onereason or ano%her! aren%s are "na,)e (for ins%ance!,eca"se of men%a) disorder$ or "ni))in %o ro+ide

c)ose and freE"en% h"man a%%en%ion and n"r%"rin.

S"ch deri+a%ion mih% res")% inN

H&a%ion a% %he ora) s%ae of sychose&"a)de+e)omen% ('re"d$

in%erfere i%h %he de+e)omen% of ,asic %r"s%(Orison$

re%ard %he a%%ainmen% of needed si))s ,eca"se of a)ac of a+ai)a,)e reinforcemen%s (Sinner$

%he chi)d:s acE"irin dysf"nc%iona) schemas and

se)f?schemas in hich re)a%ionshis arereresen%ed as "ns%a,)e! "n%r"s%or%hy! andi%ho"% a>ec%ion (Cec$.

Any of %hese +ieoin%s mih% ,e %he ,es% ay of


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Some com,ina%ion of %hem mih% ,e s"erior %o anysin)e one ,eca"se %he ca"sa) a%hays are "s"a))ym")%idimensiona).

Institutiona%i=ation

◦ ;n some cases chi)dren are raised in an ins%i%"%ionhere! comared i%h an ordinary home! %here is

)ie)y %o ,e )ess arm%h and hysica) con%ac% )essin%e))ec%"a)! emo%iona)! and socia) s%im")a%ion and a)ac of enco"raemen% and he) in osi%i+e )earnin.

Many chi)dren ins%i%"%iona)ied in infancy and ear)ychi)dhood sho se+ere emo%iona)! ,eha+io"ra)! and)earnin ro,)ems and are a% ris for dis%"r,eda%%achmen% re)a%ionshis and sychoa%ho)oy.

;ns%i%"%iona)ia%ion )a%er in chi)dhood of a chi)d ho


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Ne%ect an/ Ause in t0e +o"e

◦ Mos% infan%s s",8ec%ed %o aren%a) deri+a%ion areno% seara%ed from %heir aren%s ,"%! ra%her! s">erfrom ma)%rea%men% a% home.

◦ aren%a) a,"se (hysica) or se&"a) or ,o%h$ ofchi)dren has ,een associa%ed i%h many nea%i+e

e>ec%s on %heir emo%iona)! in%e))ec%"a)! andhysica) de+e)omen%

◦ Some s%"dies ha+e s"es%ed %ha%! a% )eas% amoninfan%s! ross ne)ec% may ,e orse %han ha+in

an a,"si+e re)a%ionshi.

◦ A,"sed chi)dren of%en ha+e a %endency %o ,eo+er)y aressi+e (,o%h +er,a))y and hysica))y$!


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◦ Some e+en resond i%h aner and aression %ofriend)y o+er%"res from eers.

◦ Ma)%rea%ed chi)dren of%en ha+e di/c")%ies in)in"is%ic de+e)omen% and siniHcan% ro,)ems in,eha+io"ra)! emo%iona)! and socia) f"nc%ionin!inc)"din cond"c% disorder! deression andan&ie%y! and imaired re)a%ionshis i%h eers!ho %end %o a+oid or re8ec% %hem.

◦ A,"sed and ma)%rea%ed infan%s and %odd)ers area)so E"i%e )ie)y %o de+e)o a%yica) a%%erns ofa%%achmen%*mos% of%en a disorganized anddisoriented style of attachment.

◦ a%%erns of a%%achmen% charac%eried ,y insec"re!disor anied and inconsis%en% ,eha+io"r i%h %he


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◦ -he e>ec%s of ear)y a,"se may end"re in%oado)escence and ad")%hood. 'or e&am)e!re+io"s)y a,"sed or ne)ec%ed chi)dren ha+e! on

a+erae! )oer )e+e)s of ed"ca%ion! em)oymen%!and earnins.

◦ Ke+er%he)ess! i% is imor%an% %o remem,er %ha%ma)%rea%ed chi)dren*he%her %he ma)%rea%men%

comes from a,"se or from deri+a%ion*canimro+e %o a% )eas% some e&%en% hen %hecarei+in en+ironmen% imro+es.


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Se-aration

◦ ;% as fo"nd e+idence %ha% chi)dren ho "ndero a

n"m,er of s"ch seara%ions may de+e)o aninsecure attachment.

◦ ;n addi%ion! %here can ,e )oner?%erm e>ec%s ofear)y seara%ion from one or ,o%h aren%s.

◦ 'or e&am)e! s"ch seara%ions can ca"se anincreased +")nera,i)i%y %o s%ressors in ad")%hood!main i% more )ie)y %ha% %he erson i)) ,ecomederessed or sho o%her sychia%ric sym%oms.

◦ As i%h o%her ear)y %ra"ma%ic e&eriences! %he)on?%erm e>ec%s of seara%ion deend hea+i)y onhe%her s"or% and reass"rance are i+en ,yaren%s or o%her si niHcan% eo )e.

7) INA$E>UATE PARENTIN* STYLES


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7) INA$E>UATE PARENTIN* STYLES

(ARENTAL (SYCHO(ATHOLO%Y

• ;n enera)! aren%s ho ha+e +ario"s forms of sychoa%ho)oy(inc)"din schiohrenia! deression! an%isocia) ersona)i%ydisorder! and a)coho) a,"se or deendence$ %end %o ha+e oneor more chi)dren ho are a% heih%ened ris for a ide rane ofde+e)omen%a) di/c")%ies ("n)ess ro%ec%i+e fac%ors are a)so

resen%$

A)%ho"h many chi)dren of a)coho)ics do no% ha+e di/c")%ies!o%hers ha+e e)e+a%ed ra%es of %r"ancy! s",s%ance a,"se! and area%er )ie)ihood of droin o"% of schoo)! as e)) as hiher)e+e)s of an&ie%y and deression and )oer )e+e)s of se)f?es%eem

-he chi)dren of serio"s)y deressed aren%s are a% enhancedris for deression and o%her disorders %hemse)+es.

(arentin, Sty"es+ -ar!t an& Contro"


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9) ARITAL $ISCOR$ AN$ $I,ORCE


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9) ARITAL $ISCOR$ AN$ $I,ORCE

MARITAL .ISCOR.

• Mari%a) discord is )ie)y %o ,e fr"s%ra%in! h"r%f")! andenera))y damain in i%s e>ec%s on ,o%h ad")%s and %heirchi)dren

• More se+ere cases of mari%a) discord may e&ose chi)dren%o one or more of %he s%ressors e ha+e a)ready disc"ssedchi)d a,"se or ne)ec%! %he e>ec%s of )i+in i%h a aren%i%h a serio"s men%a) disorder! a"%hori%arian orne)ec%f")P "nin+o)+ed aren%in! and so"se a,"se.

• Gess se+ere cases of mari%a) discord a)so ha+e nea%i+ee>ec%s on many chi)dren.

• 'or e&am)e! chi)dren of aren%s i%h hih )e+e)s of o+er%


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! conDic% shoed a rea%er disosi%ion %o ,eha+earessi+e)y %oard ,o%h %heir eers and %heir aren%s %hanchi)dren from )ess conDic%"a) marriaes.

• o))ee s%"den%s ho reor%ed hih )e+e)s of mari%a) conDic%in %heir aren%s a)so shoed e)e+a%ed conDic% in %heir onroman%ic re)a%ionshis! hich in %"rn as )ined %o oorerE"a)i%y of %heir on roman%ic re)a%ionshis

.I/ORCE

◦ E;ects o# $i1orce on Parents . a ma8or so"rce ofsychoa%ho)oy as e)) as of hysica) i))ness! dea%h!s"icide! and homicide.

◦ E;ects o# $i1orce on C0i%/ren . fee)ins of insec"ri%yand re8ec%ion!


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SOSIOCULTURAL CAUSAL

FACTOR

Go Socioeconomic S%a%"s and

Qnem)oymen% re8"dice and


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UNEPLOYENT

-he )oer %he socioeconomic c)ass! %he hiher %he incidenceof men%a) and hysica) disorders.

eo)e ho )i+e in o+er%y enco"n%er more*and morese+ere*s%ressors in %heir )i+es! inc)"din )oer se)f?es%eem.

'or e&am)e! an%isocia) ersona)i%y disorder is s%ron)yre)a%ed %o socioeconomic s%a%"s (SOS$! occ"rrin a,o"%%hree %imes as of%en in %he )oes% income ca%eory as in %hehihes% income ca%eory.


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7) PRE@U$ICE AN$ $ISCRIINATION

ercei+ed discrimina%ion may ser+e as a s%ressor %ha%%hrea%ens se)f?es%eem! hich in %"rn increasessycho)oica) dis%ress.

A recen% s%"dy of Ara, and M"s)im Americans %o

years af%er %he ,om,in of %he Bor)d -rade en%er inKe Yor fo"nd increased sycho)oica) dis%ress!)oer )e+e)s of hainess! and increased hea)%hro,)ems in %hose ho had e&erienced ersona) orfami)ia) re8"dice! discrimina%ion! or +io)ence since%he Bor)d -rade en%er disas%er.

9) SOCIAL C+AN*E AN$ UNCERTAINTY


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ons%an%)y %ryin %o ee " i%h %he n"mero"sad8"s%men%s demanded ,y %hese chanes is a so"rceof considera,)e s%ress.

"r a%%em%s %o coe i%h e&is%in ro,)ems seem

increasin)y %o crea%e ne ro,)ems %ha% are as ,ador orse.

-he res")%in desair! demora)ia%ion! and sense ofhe))essness are e))?es%a,)ished redisosin

condi%ions for a,norma) reac%ions %o s%ressf") e+en%s.



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ons%an%)y %ryin %o ee " i%h %he n"mero"sad8"s%men%s demanded ,y %hese chanes is a so"rceof considera,)e s%ress.

"r a%%em%s %o coe i%h e&is%in ro,)ems seem

increasin)y %o crea%e ne ro,)ems %ha% are as ,ador orse.

-he res")%in desair! demora)ia%ion! and sense ofhe))essness are e))?es%a,)ished redisosin

condi%ions for a,norma) reac%ions %o s%ressf") e+en%s.


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,IOLENCE AN$ +OELESSNESS

Faid "r,an ro%h is occ"rrin or)dide*esecia))y in)ess de+e)oed co"n%ries ? freE"en%)y "nre")a%ed andchao%ic! and roin n"m,ers of eo)e are"nem)oyed! home)ess! or in+o)+ed i%h i))ici% ac%i+i%ies.

io)ence %aes i%s %o)) on %he +ic%ims no% on)y in %he areasof medica) care and )os% rod"c%i+i%y ,"% a)so inincreased ra%es of an&ie%y! os%%ra"ma%ic s%ress disorder!deression! and s"icida)i%y

-he ma8or s%ressors e&erienced ,y ,ein home)ess

crea%e men%a) dis%ress inc)"din an&ie%y! deression!s"icida)i%y! and hysica) i))ness! e+en in %hose hos%ar%ed o"% hea)%hy.

psikopatologi (week 2)

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