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\½psS C´y

Write a note on Indian Standardtime.

82.5 Un{Kn Ing-¡³ tcJmw-i-tc-Jsb ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv C´y³ {]mtZ-inI kabwIW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. {Ko³hn v sadn-Un-b³ ka-bs¯¡mÄ 5.30aWn¡qÀ aq¶n-emWv C´y³{]mtZ-inI ka-bw.

D¯À{]-tZ-inse Ae-lm-_m-Zn\p kao-]-¯p-Iq-Sn-bmWv C´y³{]mam-WnI ka-b-tcJ IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. D¯À{]-tZ-inse anÀkm-]qÀ ]«-W-t¯mSp hfsc tNÀ¶m-Wn-Xv. C´y³ {]mtZ-in-I-k-abwIW-¡p-Iq-«p¶ Ae-lm-_mZvhm\-\n-co -£W tI{µ-¯nset¢m¡v ShÀ ØnXn sN¿p-¶XvanÀkm-]qÀ ]«-W¯n-em -Wv.C´y³ {]mtZ-inI ka-b-hp-ambn_Ô-s¸« HutZym-KnI Imcy-§Ä\nb-{´n-¡p-¶Xv \yqUÂln-bnse\mj-W ^nkn-¡Â et_m-d-«-dn-bm-Wv.

82.5 Un{Kn Ing-¡³ tcJmw-is¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n C´y³{]mam-WnI kabw \nÝ-bn-¡m³XpS-§n-b-Xv, 1906 P\p-hcn 1 apX-em-Wv. {ioe-¦-bp-sSbpw {]mtZ-in-I-k-abw {Ko³hn v sadn-Un-b-s\-¡mÄ 5.30 aWn-¡qÀ ap¶n-em-Wv.

What is Indira Point?C´y-bpsS mK-amb q{]-tZ-i-

§-fn Gähpw sXt¡ Aä-am-Wv.B³U-am³ \nt¡m-_mÀ Zzo]-k-

aq-l-¯nse t{Käv \nt¡m-_m-dnsâ`mK-amb Cµn -cm -t]m -bnâ v]mÀk¬kv t]mbnâ v F¶m-Wv.XpS -¡-¯n Adn -b -s¸-« -X v .XpSÀ¶v "]nÜm-en-b¬ t]mbnâ vF¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. ap³ {][m-\-a{´nCµn-cm-KmÔn Chn-tS¡v \S- nbkµÀi-\s¯ XpSÀ¶mWv t]cv"Cµncm t]mbnâ v' F¶m-b-Xv. 2004Unkw-_À 26-\p-­mb kp\m-an-bn Cµncm t]mbnânse {]kn-²-amb sseävlukv GXm­v]qÀW-ambpw IS-en ap§n-t¸m-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ, 2005 s^{_p-h-cn-tbmsS sseäv luknsâ{]hÀ¯\w ]p\x-Øm-]n-¡m³C´y³ tImkväv KmÀUn\p Ign-ªp.

Write a note on Adam's Bridge?C´ybv¡pw {ioe-¦-bv¡p-an-S-

bn-epÅ ]mIv IS-en-Sp¡v, am¶mÀDÄ¡-S F¶n-hsb thÀXn-cn-¡p¶ Np®m-¼p -I-Ãp-I-fmÂ\nÀ½n-X-amb aW¯n-«-bmWv"BZwkv {_nUvPv'. "cmamkv{_nUvPv, cma-tkXp' F¶n-§-s\bpw CX-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. C´y-bnse [\p-jvtIm-Sn¡pw {ioe-¦-bnse Xsse-a-¶m-dn\pw CS-bn-embn 48 Intem-ao-äÀ Zqc- nÂ(30 ssaÂ) BZwkv {_nUvPvØnXn sN¿p-¶p. kap-t{Zm-]-cn-X-e- n \n¶v 1 apX 10 hscaoäÀ Bg-¯n BZwkv{_nUvPn ]-e-bn-S pw aW n«ImW-s -Sp-¶p-­v.

cmta-izcw Zzo]nsâ sXt¡Aä-amWv [\p-jvtIm-Sn. "]m¼³Nm\Â' Ic-bnÂ\n¶v cmta-iz-cs¯ thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶p. cmta-iz-cs¯ Xan-gv\m-Sp-ambn _Ôn- n-¡p-¶ "]m¼³ ]me'-amWv C´y-bn-se-G-ähpw henb IS¸m-ew.2.345 Intem-ao-ä-dmWv CXnsâ\ofw.

Write a note on Rann of KutchKpP-dm-¯nse hnim-e-amb

D¸p-P-e-N-Xp- p-I-fmWv dm³ Hm^vI v. {][m-\-ambpw KpP-dm-¯nseI¨v PnÃ-bn-em-Wn-Xv. Cu NXp-¸nsâ Hcp mKw ]mIn-kvXm-\nseknÔv {]hn-iy-bn-te¡pw hym]n-¨p-In-S-¡p-¶p. th\¡m-e¯vs]mXpsh hc-­v, acp- q-an-bpsS{]XoXn P\n- n-¡p¶ Cu {]tZ-i-§Ä a¬kq¬ Ime¯v Pe-k-ar²ambn- o-cp-¶p. hnkvXr-X-amb I\m-ep-IÄt]mse Ad-_n-¡-S DÅn-te¡v Ib-dn-¡n-S-¡p¶ dm³ Hm^v I¨nse {]tZ-i-§-fmWv "kÀ{Io¡v' "tImdn{Io¡v' F¶n-h. GXm­v 96Intem-ao-äÀ \of-apÅ kÀ{Io-¡n-s\-s¨mÃn C´ybpw ]mIn-kvXm-\p-ambn XÀ¡-ap-­v. kÀ{Io-¡nÂC´ysbbpw ]mIn-Øm-s\bpwthÀXn-cn -¡p¶ `mKw "{Ko³sse³' F¶m-W-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.dm³ Hm^v I¨n-se, enän dm³Hm v I n-emWv' C´y³ sshÂUvBkv h\y-Po-hn-k-t¦-Xw.

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Write a note on Ganga DeltatemI- nse Gähpw henb

Agn {]tZ-i-amWv (Delta) KwKmsUÂä. _wKmÄ sUÂä.KwKþ{_-Ò-]p{X sUÂä F¶ot]cp-I-fnepw. Cu {]tZiw Adn-b-s -Sp-¶p. _wKmÄ DÄ¡-S-ensâXoc- mbn 350 Intem-ao-ä-dn-tesdssZÀLy-ap -Å -XmWv KwKmsUÂä. KwK-bpsS ssIh-gn-bmb]ß, {_Ò]p{X-bpsS ssIh-gn-bmb bap-\, taL\ F¶nhtNÀ¶mWv KwKm sUÂä cq]wsIm­n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. sIm¡¯lmÂUnb, _w¥m-tZ-inse tamw¥F¶n-h-bmWv Cu {]tZ-is¯{][m\ Xpd-ap-J-§Ä.

SunderbantemI- nse Gähpw henb

I­Âh-\ -amWv kpµÀ_³sUÂä. KwK, {_Ò-]p{X \Zn-I-fpsS Agn-ap-J- v, ]Ýn-a-_w-Km-fnepw _w¥m-tZ-in-ep-ambn CXp]c-¶p-In-S-¡p-¶p. "kpµcn' F¶p{]kn-²-amb Hcn\w I­ÂacwChnsS hf-cp-¶-Xn-\m-emWv {]tZ-i-¯n\v "kpµÀ_³' F¶p t]cph¶-Xv. bps\-kvtIm-bpsS temI-ss]-XrI ]«n-I-bn "kpµÀ_\pw'DÄs -Sp-¶p.

Vridha GangaC´y-bnse Gähpw henb

c­m-as¯ \Zn-bmb tKmZm-hcn"hr²-KwK' F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. KwKm-\-Zn-tb-¡mfpw ap¼v cq]w-sIm­ \Zn-bmWv tKmZm-h-cn-sb-¶mWv imkv{X-Im-c-·mÀ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xv. KwKm-\Zn DÛ-hn-¡p-¶Xv lnam -e-b-¯n \n¶pwtKmZm-hcn ]Ýn-a-L-«-¯n \n¶p-am-Wv. lnam-e-b-s -¡mfpw hf-sc-tbsd {]mb-apÅ ae-\n-c-bmWv]Ýn-a-L-«w. AXp-sIm­p Xs¶tKmZm-hcn¡pw hfsc ]g-¡-ap-­v.

Bhakra Nangal multi purposeproject

kXvePv \Zn-bn-emWv {Im-\w-KÂ hnhn-t[m-t±-i-]-²-Xn. ]²-Xn-bpsS mK-am-bpÅ {][m\ AW-

s¡-«mb `{Im-A-W-s¡«v lnam-N {]tZ-inse _nem-kv]qÀ PnÃ-bn-em-Wv. 226 aoäÀ Db-c-apÅ {IAW-s¡-«mWv C´y-bnse c­m-as¯ Dbcw IqSnb AW-s¡-«v.1948-þ \nÀ½mWw Bcw-`n¨ {Im-Um-ansâ \nÀ½mWw ]qÀ¯n-bm-bXv 1963 emWv. ]²-Xn-bpsS mK-amb \wK Umw {I-bn \n¶pw13 Intem-ao-äÀ amdn-bm-Wv ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. `{Im AW-s¡-«nÂ\n¶pw Hgp-In-sb- p¶ Pe-amWv\wK AW-s¡«v D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.

`{Im AW-s¡«v cq]w sImSp-¡p¶ XSm -I-amWv "tKmhnµvkmKÀ'. ln -am -N {]tZ-i v .]©m_v, lcn-bm\, cmP-Øm³F¶o kwØm-\-§Ä¡pwUÂln-¡pw Cu ]²XnbpsS{]tbm-P\w e`n-¡p-¶p.

Wild life Sanctuary and NationalPark

h\y-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw kky-§-fp -sSbpw kwc -£-W-¯n\ v{]tXyI ]cn-c£ \ÂIp¶ {]tZ-i-§Ä s]mXpth "h\yPohnkt¦Xw' (Wild Life Sanctuary)"tZio-tbm-Zym-\w (National Park)F¶n-§s\ Adn-b-s -Sp-¶p. h\y-Po-hn-I-fpsS sskzc-hn-lm-c-hpw,Ah-bpsS hwi -hÀ²-\-hn\vA\p-Iq-e-amb A -co£w Hcp-¡-ep-am-Wv, h\y-Pohn kt¦-X-§-fpsS e£yw. F¶mÂ, h\y-Pohnkt¦-X-§-sf-¡mÄ IqSp-X kwc-£Ww Dd- p-h-cp- m-\mWv Nne{]tZ-i-§Ä tZio-tbm-Zym-\-ambn{]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXy-]qÀh-§fmb Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsS IÀi\kwc-£Ww CXn-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-¶p.

kwØm\ kÀ¡m-cn -\pw,tI{µ-kÀ¡mcn\pw Hcp {]tXyI{]tZ-is¯ h\y-Pohn kt¦-X-tam, tZio-tbm-Zym-\tam Bbn{]Jym-]n-¡p-hm³ A[n-Im-c-ap-­v.kwØm\ h\y-Pohn hIp- mWvCXnsâ {]mY-anI \S-]SnIÄ

kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. h\y-Po-hn-IÄ[mcm-f-apÅ GXp taJ-e-tbbpwAh-bpsS kwc -£Wwap³\nÀ¯n h\y-Po-hn-k-t¦-X-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡mw.

tZiob {]m[m-\y-apÅ AXy-]qÀh Pohn-I-fp-sS-tbm, ssPh-ta-J-e-bp-sStbm kwc-£-W-¯n-\mbnam{Xta Hcp {]tZiw tZio-tbm-Zym-\-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡m-\m-hq. Hcp{]tZ-is¯ h\y-Pohn kt¦-X-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡m³ ap³IqÀhnÚm-]\w th­-Xn-Ã. F¶mÂHcp {]tZiw tZio-tbm-Zym-\-ambn{]Jym-]n-¡m³ t\cs¯ hnÚm-]-\-¯n-eqsS Adn-bn-¡-Ww. tZio-tbm-Zym-\- nsâ AXn-cp-I-fnÂamäw hcp-¯m³ kwØm\ a{´n-k`IÄ¡mW-[n-Im-cw. tZio-tbm-Zym-\- n\pÅn bmsXmcp hn[-amb kzImcy Ah-Im-i-§fpw\ne-\n¡p-I-bn-Ã.

500 tesd h\y-Pohn kt¦-X-§Ä C´y-bn-ep-­v. 95 e[nIwtZio-tbm-Zym-\-§-fp-ap-­v.

Biosphere Reservea\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbpw X½n-

epÅ _Ôw IqSp-X ià-am-¡p-hm-\mbn bqsWkvtIm hn`m-h\w sNbvX "am³ Bâ v _tbm-kv^n-bÀ dnkÀhv t{]m{Km-ansâ`mK-am-bmWv _tbmkv^nbÀdnkÀhv Bcw-`n- -Xv. hfsc hnim-e-am-sbmcp q{]-tZ-i-amWv _tbm-kv^n-bÀ dnkÀhn s]Sp-I.

C´y-bn \ne-hn 14_tbmkv^nbÀ dnkÀhp-I-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. CXn BZy-t¯Xv 1986 Â\ne -hn h¶ "\oe -Knc n_tbmkv^nbÀ dnkÀhv' BWv.tIc-fw, IÀWm-S-Iw, Xan-gv\mSvkwØm-\-§-fnse {]tZ-i-§ÄCXnÂs]-Sp-¶p. sskeâ vhmentZiotbmZym-\w, \mKÀtlmf tZio-tbm-Zym-\w, hb-\mSv h\y-Pohnkt¦-Xw, apXp -ae h\y-Pohnkt¦-Xw, _µn -¸qÀ ssSKÀdnkÀhv F¶nh \oe-Kn-cn _tbm-kv^n-bÀ dnkÀhn s]Sp-¶p.

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\oe -Kn -c n , \µm -tZ -hn ,kpµÀ_³, KÄ v Hm^v am¶mÀF¶o _tbmkv nbÀ dnkÀhp-Isf bpsW-kvtIm-bpsS "thÄUvs\ävhÀIv Hm^v _tbm-kv^n-bÀdnkÀhvknÂ' DÄs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-­v.

KÄ^v Hm^v am¶mÀ _tbm-kv^n-bÀ dnkÀhmWv C´y-bnseGähpw hep-Xv. Zn{_p-þ-sk-bvtJm-h-bmWv C´y-bn-se -G-ähpwsNdnb _tbm-kv n-bÀ dnkÀhv.

Kn³Un tZio -tbm -Zym\wsNss¶ \K-c-¯n-em-Wv. C´y-bnse Gähpw sNdnb tZio-tbm-Zym\§fn-sem-¶mb Kn³Un-bpsShnkvXrXn 2.82 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-äÀ am{X-am-Wv.

Project TigerF®w Ipdªp hcp¶ ISp-

h-Isf kwc-£n-¡m-\mbn 1973emWv ISph kwc-£W ]²-Xn-bmb "t{]mPIvSv ssSKÀ' Bcw- n-¨ -Xv . D¯-c -J -WvUnse PnwtImÀ_äv h\y-Pohn kt¦-X- n-emWv ]²-Xn¡v XpS¡w Ipdn- -Xv. \ne-hn 17 kwØm-\-§-fn-embn 28 ISph kwc-£W tI{µ-§fp­v (Tiger Reserves)cmPys¯ ISphm kw-c-£WtI{µ-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw IqSn sam¯whnkvXoÀWw 37,761 NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao-ä-dm-Wv.

B{Ôm-{]-tZ-inse \mKmÀPp\ kmKÀ ssSKÀ dnkÀhmWvC´y-bnse Gähpw henb ISphkwc-£W tI{µw. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse s]³Pv (Pench) ssSKÀdnkÀhmWv Gähpw sNdp-Xv.

C´y-bnse ssSKÀ dnkÀhp-IÄ C\n-¸-d-bp-¶-h-bm-Wv. _´n-¸qÀ (IÀWm-S-Iw) tImÀ_äv (D- -c-J-WvUv) I³l (a-[y-{]-tZ-iv),am\kv (B-kmw), saÂL«v (a-lm-cm-jv{S), ]e-amhp (PmÀJWvUv)c¯w-t`mÀ (cm-P-Øm³), knanen¸m (H-do-k), kpµÀ_³ (]-Ýn-a-_w-KmÄ), s]cn-bmÀ (tI-c-fw),kcnkvI (cm-P-Øm³), _pIvkv(]-Ýna _wKmÄ), C{µm-hXn

(O-¯o-kvK -Vv), \mKmÀPp\kmKÀ (B-{Ôm-{]-tZ-iv), \wZm¸(A-cp-Wm-NÂ{]-tZ-iv), Zp[vh (D-¯À{]-tZ-iv) Ie-¡m-Sv-þ-ap³U³Xpd (X-an-gv\m-Sv), hmÂaoIn (_o-lmÀ), s]³Pv (a-[y-{]-tZ-iv),XtUm_ AtÔcn (a-lm-cm-jv{S),_mÔ-hvKVv (a-[y-{]-tZ-iv), ]¶(a-[y-{]-tZ-iv), Zmw] (an-tkm-dmw),`{Z (IÀWm-S-Iw), s]³Pv (a-lm-cm-jv{S) ]m¡pbn (A-cp-Wm-NÂ{]tZ-iv), \tacn (B-kmw), t_mdn-þ-k-Xv]p-c-þ-]m©vacn (a-[y-{]-tZ-iv).

Project elephant1992, n{_-h-cn-bn-emWv B\

kwc-£W ]²Xnbmb "t{]mPIvSvFen^â v' Bcw-`n- -Xv. B\-I-fpsS sskzc hnlm-chpw hwi-hÀ[-\bpw Dd- p-h-cp-¯p-I-bm-Wv.]²-Xn -bpsS e£yw. tI{µkÀ¡m-cnsâ A\p-aXn e`n¨ 30B\ kwc-£W tI{µ-§-fmWv(Elephant Reserves) \ne-hn-ep-Å-Xv. tIc-f -¯nse Fen-^â vdnkÀhp-IÄ hb-\m-Sv, \ne-¼qÀ,s]cn-bmÀ, B\-apSn F¶n-h-bm-Wv.

National HighwaystZio-b-]m-X-I-fpsS \nÀam-

Whpw Aä-Ip-ä- -Wnbpw tI{µkÀ¡m-cnsâ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. C´y-bnse tZio-b-]m-X-I-fpsS BsIssZÀLyw 65,600 Intem-ao-ä-tdm-f-am-Wv. C´y-bnse BsI tdmUpssZÀLy- nsâ tIhew 2 iX-am\w am{X-am-Wn-Xv. F¶mÂcmPys¯ Nc-¡p-\o-¡- nsâ 40iX-am-\-¯n-tesd \S-¡p¶XvtZiob ]mX-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

tZiob ]mX-I-fpsS hnI k\w,Aä-Ip-ä-¸-Wn-IÄ, taÂt\m«wF¶nh \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶Xv \mj-W sslthkv AtXm-dnän Hm vC´y-bmWv (NHAI) 1988 se]mÀe-saâ v BIvSn-eq-sS-bmWnXv\n-e-hn h¶-Xv, sslthkvAtXm-dn-än-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§ÄBcw-`n-¨Xv 1995 n{_-h-cn-bn-em-Wv.

cmPy -¯nsâ km¼-¯nIhfÀ -bn tZin-b-]m-X-IÄ¡pÅ

{]m[m\yw IW-¡n-se-Sp v \mj-W sslthkv AtXm-dnän Hm vC´y \S-¸n-em-¡p¶ _rlZvkwcw -` -amWv \mj-WÂsslthkv sUh-e -] vsaâ vt{]mPIvSv (NHDP). 1998  ]²XnBcw- n-¨p. ]²-Xn-bpsS H¶mwL«-¯n "kphÀW NXp -jvtImWw' ]²-Xnbpw c­mw L«-¯n sX¡p-þ-h-S-¡³, Ing¡v þ]Sn-ªm-dv CS-\m-gn-Ifpw s]Sp-¶p.

Golden Quadrilateral ProjectC´y-bnse sat{Sm \K-c-§-

fmb \yqUÂln-þ-apw-ss_-þ-sImÂ--¡¯þsNss¶ F¶n-hsb ]c-kv]cw _Ôn- n-¡p¶ FIvkv{]kvsslth ]²-Xn-bm-Wv "kphÀWNXp-jvtImWw ]²Xn (GoldenQuadrilateral Project).

Grant Trunk RoadtjÀjm-kq-cn-bmWv {]kn-²-

amb "{Kmâ v {S¦v tdmUv' \nÀan- -Xv. XpS-¡-¯n _olm-dnsekkmcwapX B{K-h-sc-bm-bn-cp¶p tdmUv. Ime-{I-a-¯nÂtdmUnsâ \ofw hÀ²n¨v 2500Intem-ao-äÀ hsc-bm-bn. apKÄ c-W-Im-e¯pw {_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯pw Gähpw X{´-{]-[m-\-ambbm{Xm-amÀK-am-bn-cp¶p {Kmâ v {S¦vtdmUv. {_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯v"temMv hm¡v' (long walk) F¶pw]mX Adn-b-s¸-«p. F³.-F-¨v-þ1,F³.-F- v-þ2, F³.-F- v-þ91 F¶n-h,\ne -hn ]gb {Kmâ v {S¦vtdmUnsâ hnhn[ mK-§-fn-eqsSIS-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv.

Sethu Samudram ProjectC´y-sbbpw {ioe-¦-sbbpw

thÀXn-cn-¡p¶ ]mIv IS-en-Sp-¡n-eq-sS, h³ Nc-¡p-I- -epIÄ¡vIS-¶p-t]m-Im³ Ign-bp¶ hn[-¯n-epÅ I¸Â I\m \nÀan-¡p-hm-\pÅ ]²-Xn-bmWv "tkXp-k-ap{Zw'. CXp-hsc {ioe-¦sb Npän-am{Xw C´y-bpsS Ing-¡³ Xoc-t¯¡p k©-cn- n-cp¶ I¸-ep-IÄ¡v CXp-hgn 780 Intem-ao-ä-tdmfw (424 t\m«n-¡Â ssaÂ)

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bm{Xm-Zq-chpw 30 aWn-¡q-tdmfwbm{Xm-k-a-bhpw em`n-¡m³ Ign-bpw.

tkXp-k-ap{Zw ]²-Xn-bpsS`mK-ambn c­p-I-\m-ep-IÄ \nÀan-¡pw. Hsc®w BZwkv{_nUvPnepw (cm-amkv {_nUvPv)asäm-sc®w ]mIv IS-en-Sp-¡nepw.Ch c­n-sâbpw IqSn \ofw 89Intem-ao-ä-dm-Wv. ]mIv IS-en-Sp-¡n-eq -sS -bpÅ ]pXnb I¸ÂNmensâ BsI \ofw 167 Intem-ao-ä-dm-Wv.

1804  CuÌv C´y I¼-\n-bpsS kÀsh-bÀ P\-d-em-bn-cp¶psPbnwkv sds¶-emWv cma-tk-Xp-hns\ "BZwkv {_nUvPv' F¶p\ma-I-cWw sNbvXXv. 1860 Â{_n«o-jp-Im-c-\mb Iam³UÀ F.-Un.-sS-bveÀ BWv C¯-c-samcp]²-Xn-bpsS km[y-X-IÄ BZy-ambn apt¶m-«p-sh- -Xv. 1955  mc-X-kÀ¡mÀ ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn v ]Tn-¡m³ tkXp-k-ap{Zw t{]mPIvSvI½n-änsb \nb-an- p.

2.427 tImSn cq]-bpsS ]²-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. Xq¯p-¡p-Sn-t]mÀ«v {Skv-än-\mWv ]²-Xn-bpsS {][m\ Npa-X-e. Xq¯p-¡pSn t]mÀ«v{SÌv,jn¸n§v tImÀ¸-td-j³ Hm^vC´y, s{UkvPnMv tImÀ -td-j³Hm v C´y, sNss¶ t]mÀ«v {SÌv,F®qÀ t]mÀ«v {SÌv, hnim-J-]-«Ww t]mÀ«v {SÌv, ]mcm-Zzo]vt]mÀ«v {SÌ,v F¶n-hbv¡v ]²-Xn-bn ]¦m-fn-¯-ap-­v.

Fairee Queen1855 Â BZy-ambn HmSnb

"s^bdn Izo³' BWv Ct¸mgpw{]hÀ¯\w XpS-cp¶ temI-¯nse Gähpw ]gb Bhn-b{´Xoh-­n. 1895 emWv "s^bdnIzo³' F¶ t]cv \ÂIn-b-Xv.1908  s^bdn Izo³ kÀhokv\nÀ¯n. 1971-þ s^bdn Izo\ns\\mj-W sdbn ayqkn-b-¯nÂ{]ZÀin- n- p. 1996-þ s]c-¼q-cn-epÅ sdbnÂth hÀIvtjm¸n-se-¯n¨v s^b-dn-Izo³, ]p\À\nÀamW

{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S¯n 1997 Âho­pw ]pd- n-d-¡n.

\ne-hnÂ, \yqsUÂln¡pwBÂhm-dn\pw at[y-bmWv s^bdnIzo³ HmSp-¶-Xv.

Garib Radh]qÀW-ambpw FbÀI-­n-j³

sNbvX, Ipdª sNe-hn bm{XsN¿m-\m-hp-¶ -Xo-h-­n-I-fmWv'Kco_v cYv'. km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡vDbÀ¶ \ne-hm-c- n Xoh-­n-bm{X "Kco_v cYv' Dd- m-¡p-¶p.BZys¯ "Kco_v cYv' 2006,HIvtSm-_-dn sdbnÂth a{´nemep-{]-kmZv bmZhv DZvLm-S\wsNbvXp. _olm-dnse klÀkbv¡pw Aar-Õ-dn\pw CS-bn-em-WnXv HmSp-¶-Xv. sUÂln-þ-sN-ss¶, sUÂln þ]-Sv\, sUÂln-þ-apwss_ F¶o \K-c-§Ä¡n-S-bn HmSp¶ aäv aq¶v Kco_v cYvh­n-IÄIq-Sn-bp-­v.

Red ribbon express`mc -X-kÀ¡mcpw tZiob

FbvUvkv \nb-{´W kan-XnbpwtNÀ¶v, C´y³ sdbnÂth-bpsSkl-I-c-W-t¯msS \S-¯p¶FbvUvkv t_m[-h-XvI-cW ]cn-]m -S n -bmWv "sdUv dnº¬FIvkv{]kv'. k©-cn -¡p¶FbvUvkv t_m[-h-XvI-cW bqWn-äm-Wn-Xv. A©p tIm¨p-IfpÅsdUv d nº¬ FIvkv {]kvcmPys¯ 15,000-t¯mfw {Kma-§ÄkµÀin-¡pw. FbvUvkv Iu¬k-en-Mv, {]mY-anI ]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ,FIvkn-_n-j³ F¶nhbv¡p ]pd-ta, 60 Hmfw Iem-Im-c-·mÀ \S-¯p¶ t_m[-h-XvI-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw sdUv dnº¬ FIvkv{]-knsâ mK-am-Wv.

Jeevan Rekha ExpressC´y-bpsS hnhn[ mK-§-fnÂ

{]tXy-In¨pw {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§-fnÂsshZyk-lmbw F¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn HmSn¡p¶ Xoh-­n-bmWv"sse^v sse³ FIvkv{]-kv-A-Yhm Poh³ tcJm FIvkv{]-kv. 1991 Pqembv 16 apX-emWv CXv

{]hÀ¯n- p-Xp-S-§n-b-Xv. {]tXy-I-ambn cq]-I¸\ sNbvX F.-kn.-tIm-¨p-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Poh³ tcJmFIvk-{]-kn Hm -td-j³ Xntb-äÀ DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ NnIn-Õm-ku-I-cy-§Ä {Iao-I-cn-¨n-«p-­v. Poh³tcJm FIvkv{]-knse Bip-]-{Xn, apwss_ BØm-\-ambCw]mIvSv C´ym ut­-j-\mWv\S- p-¶-Xv. "tlmkv]n-ä Hm¬hoÂkv' F¶pw Poh³ tcJmFIvkv{]kv Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

IRCONsdbnÂth a{´m-e-b- nsâ

`c-W-\n-b-{ -W- n-epÅ s]mXp-ta-Jem Øm]-\-amWv C´y³sdbnÂth I¬kv - {S -£³CâÀ\m -j-W enan -äUv(IRCON). aäp hnI-kzc cmPy-§-fnse sdbnÂth ]²-Xn-IÄ¡vN p¡m³]n - S n -¡m -\m -b mW vCÀt¡m¬ cq]-h-XvI-cn -¨ -Xv.sdbnÂth, tdmUv \nÀ½m-Ww,FbÀt]mÀ«v d¬th, FbÀt]mÀ«v\nÀamWw XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmwCÀt¡m¬ Gsä-Sp -¡p -¶p .\yqUÂln-bmWv BØm-\w.

PINt]mÌÂ tImUv kwhn-[m\w

BZy-ambn \S- n-em-¡nb cmPywPÀa-\n-bmWv (1941). X]m-ep-cp- -Sn-I-fpsS IrXy-ambpw thK- n-ep-apÅ ssIamäw t]mÌÂ tImUvDd- p-h-cp- p-¶p. {][m-\-ambpw`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-am-bm-Wv t]m-ÌÂtImUp-IÄ \nÝ-bn-¡p-I.

C´y-bn \ne-hn -epÅt]mÌ tImUv kwhn-[m-\-amWvt]mÌ C³UIvkv \¼ÀAYhm ]n³ (PIN) Bdv A¡-§-fmWv C´y-bpsS ]n³tIm-Un-ep-Å-Xv. 1972 BKÌv 15 apXÂC´y-bn ]n³ k{¼-Zmbw {]m_-ey -¯n -em -bn . BsI F«pt]mÌ tkmWp-I-fmWv C´y-bn-ep-Å-Xv. tIcfw DÄs¸-Sp-¶XvBdm-as t]mÌ tkmWn-em-Wv.

]n³tIm -Unse BZys¯A¡w t]mÌÂ tkmWns\

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kqNn- n-¡p-¶p. BZys¯ c­vA¡-§Ä tNcp -¶ -XmWvt]mÌ kÀ¡nÄ. BZys¯aq¶v A¡-§Ä tNÀ¶vtkmÀ«nMv/dh\yq PnÃsb kqNn-¸-n¡p-¶p. ]n³tIm-Unse Ah-km-\s¯ aq¶-¡-§Ä _Ô-s¸«t]mÌv Hm^o-kn-s\-bmWv ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Bharat Nirman\mep-hÀjw sIm­v mc-Xob

{Kma-§-fnse ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä KWy-ambn hÀ²n- n-¡m-\pÅ hn]p-e-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-bmWv"`mcXv \nÀam¬'. 2005 Unkw-_À16 \ v {][m -\ -a{´n a³tam -l³knMv DZvLm-S\w sNbvX]²Xn 2009 HmsS e£y-{]m]vXnt\Sm-\mWv Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. 1,74,000tImSn cq]-bmWv ]²-Xn¡vsNehp {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶-Xv.

`mcXv \nÀam¬ ]²-Xn-bpsS`mK-am-bn, Bbn-c- n-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bpÅ 38,484 {Kma-§sftdmUp -amÀKw _Ôn-¸n -¡pw.Aªp-dn-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bpÅBZn-hmkn taJ-e-I-fnepw tdmUpkuIcyw e`y -am-¡pw. sSen-t^m¬ kwhn-[m\w e`y-a-Ãm¯66,822 {Kma-§-fn sSen-t^m-sW-¯n-¡pw. Hcp tImSn slIvSÀ q{]-tZ-i-§-fn Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-sa- n-¡m\pw "`mcXv \nÀam¬'e£y-an-Sp-¶p.

]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn 55,067P\-hmk tI{µ-§-fn IpSn-sh-Å-sa-¯n-¡pw. {]Xn-hÀjw 15 e£whoSp-IÄ F¶-tXm-Xn sam¯w60 e£w hoSp-IÄ \nÀan-¡pw.1,25,000 {Kma-§-fn sshZyp-Xn-sb-¯n-¡m\pw " mcXv \nÀamWn'eqsSe£y-an-Sp-¶p.

VSNL1947  \ne-hn h¶

HmhÀkokv I½yq-Wn-t¡-j³kvkÀho-k-knsâ ]n³Km-an-bm-bn,1986 G{]n H¶n-\mWv hntZivk©mÀ \nKw enan-äUv (hn.-F-kv.-F³.-FÂ) Øm]n-X-am-b-Xv. 2002

s^{_-phcn hsc hn.-F-kv.-F³.-FÂ.-tI-{µ-kÀ¡m-dnsâ Iogn-epÅ s]mXp-ta-Jem Øm]-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. 2002 Â. Hmlcn hnä-gn-¡-ens\ XpSÀ¶v hn.-F-kv.-F³.- -F-Ãnse tI{µ-K-h¬saânsâ\nb-{´Ww \jvS-am-bn. Ct¸mÄ"Smä' bpsS `c-W-\n-b-{´-W¯n-emWo Øm]\w. C´ym -K -h¬saân\v Ct¸mgpw hn.-F-kv.-F³.-F-Ãnsâ 26.12 iX-am\w Hml-cnbp­v.

C´y -bn BZy -ambnCâÀs\äv kÀhokv XpS-§n-bXv1995 BKÌv 14 \v hn.-F-kv.-F³.-F-Ãm-Wv.

NTPC1975  \ne-hn h¶ \mj-

W sXÀa ]hÀ tImÀ¸-td-j-\mWv (NTPC) C´y-bnseGähpw henb sshZyp-tXm-Xv]m-Z\ I¼-\n. F³.Sn. -]n. -kn¡vkz´-ambpw kwbp-à-kw-cw-`-ambpw 26 Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. F³.-Sn.-]n.-kn.-bpsSIogn-epÅ sshZyp-X-\n-e-b-§-fnÂ\ns¶Ãmw IqSn-bpÅ Øm]nXDXv]m-Z-\-tijn 27,904 saKm-hm«vsshZyp-Xn-bm-Wv.

F³.-Sn.-]n.-kn.¡v Iogn-epÅsshZyp-X-\n-e-b-§-fn 15 F®wI¡cn D]-tbm-Kn¨pw 7 F®whmXI/{Zh-C-Ô\w D]-tbm-Kn¨pw{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. F³.Sn.-]n.-kn.bpsS kwbpà kwc-w -§-fn 3 F®w I¡-cnbpwHsc®w hmXI/{Zh CÔ-\hpwD]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

TERL1962Â C´y³ \mj-WÂ

I½nän t^mÀ kvt]kv dnkÀ¨v(INCOSPAR) tUm. hn{Iw-km-cm-`m-bn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n Bcw-`n-¨p. CtX-hÀjw Xs¶Xncp-h-\- -]pcw PnÃ-bnse Xp¼-bnÂ, tdm¡äv hnt£-]W tI{µwXpS-§m-\pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§fpwI½nän Bcw-`n-¨p. `qan-bpsSIm´nI qa-²y-tc-Jbv¡v kao-]-

am-bmWv Xp¼-bpsS Øm\w.AXn-\mÂ- CXv Xp¼ CIz-täm-dn-b³ tdm¡äv tem©nMv tÌj³(TERL) F¶-dn-b-s -«p.

1963, \hw-_À 21 \mWv Xp¼-bn \n¶pw -B-Zys¯ tdm¡ävhnt£-]n- -Xv. "ss\¡v A¸m-t¨'-bmWv ChnsS \n¶pw hnt£-]n¨BZys¯ tdm¡-äv.

1965 Xp¼-bn kvt]kvkb³kv Bâ v sSIvt\m-fPnskâÀ Øm]n- p. 1968 s^{_p-h-cn-þ2\v Xp¼ tdm¡äv hnt£-]-W-tI{µw sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\bv¡v kaÀ¸n- p.

Buddha SmilingC´y BZys¯ BWh ]co-

£Ww \S- n-bXv 1974 sabv 18\mWv. cmP-Øm-\nÂ, XmÀ acp- q-an-bnse s]mJvdm-\m-bn-cp¶p thZn."_p²³ Nncn-¡p¶p' F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. C´y-bpsS BZy BWh]co-£-W-¯nsâ cl-ky-\m-aw.cmP-Øm-\nse PbvkmÂamÀ PnÃ-bn-emWv s]mJvdm³.

C´y -bpsS c­mw -L«BWh ]co-£-W-§Ä 1998, sabv11, 13 Xob-Xn-I-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p. "Hm¸-td-j³ iàn' F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶pCXn\p \ÂInb cl-ky-\m-aw.A©v BWh ]co-£-W-§Äc­mw L«-¯n \S -¯p -Ibp­mbn. CXn\pw thZn-bm-bXvs]mJvdm-\m-Wv.

Antrix Corporation LimitedC´y³ _ln-cm-Imi hIp-

¸nsâ hmWn-Py-Øm-]-\-amWvB³{SnIvkv tImÀ¸-td-j³ enan-äUv. 1992 k]vXw-_-dn-em-WnXvØm]n-X-am-b-Xv. C´ybv¡v _ln-cm-Imi cwK- p-­m-bn-cn-¡p¶]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]Ým- -e-¯nÂ,aäp cmPy-§-fpsS D]-{K-l-§sf{`a-W-]-Y- n-se- n-¡p-¶-XmWvB³{SnIvknsâ tkh-\w. CXp-hgn cmPy-¯n\v km¼-¯nI sa -ap-­m-Ip-¶p. dntam«v sk³knMvkmä-sse-äp-IÄ hgn-bpÅ hnh-c-§fpw B³{SnIvkv hmWn-Pym-Sn-

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Øm-\- n ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶p. _mw¥q-cmWv BØm-\w.

hmWn-Pym-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅC´y³ D]-{K-l-hn-t£-]Ww XpS-§nbXv 1999 sabn-em-Wv. ]n.-F-kv.-FÂ.-hn. -kn-þ2 D]-tbm-Kn¨v sImdn-b³ D]-{K-l-amb Inävkm-äv-þ3,PÀa³ D]-{K-l-amb Un.-FÂ.-BÀ.-Syq-_vkmäv F¶nh {`a-W-]-Y-¯n F¯n-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn.C´y ]qÀW-amb tXmXn hmWn-Pym-Sn-Øm-\- n hnt£-]Ww\S- n-b-Xv, 2007 G{]n 23-\m-Wv.]n.-F-kv.-FÂ.-hn. kn 8 sâ klm-b-t¯msS Cäm-en-b³ D]-{K-l-amb "FPnÂ' {`a-W-]-Y- n-se-¯n¨p. hmWnPy hnt£-]Ww\S-¯p¶ A©m-as¯ cmPy-ambnC´y.

Chandrayaan IC´y-bpsS {]Ya Nm{µ ]cy-

th-£W ZuXy-amWv N{µ-bm³-þ1,sF.-F-kv.-BÀ.-H-bpsS Nm{µ ]T\\nÀt±-i-§Ä¡v 2003, \hw-_-dnÂC´ym -K -h¬saâ v A\p -aXn\ÂIn. Nt{µm-]-cn-X-e-¯nsâhni-Z-amb `q]Sw X¿m-dm-¡p-I,Nt{µm-]-cn-X-e-¯nse [mXp-¡-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡pIF¶nhbmWv ZuXy -¯nsâ{][m\ e£y-§Ä.

{iol-cn-t¡m-«-bnse kXo-jv[-hm³ kvt]kv skâ-dnÂ\n¶v 2008G{]n 9\v N{µ-bm³-þ1 hnt£-]n-¡pw. 1304 Intem{Kmw mc-apÅhml-\- n-\v, N{µs\ Npäp-t¼mÄ590 Intem{Kmw `mcta D­m-hq.GXm­v A©-c-Zn-h-ks¯ bm{X-sIm­v hml\w N{µ\v kao-]-s¯-¯pw. N{µsâ {[ph-t¯mSptNÀ¶pÅ {`a-W-]-Y- nÂ, D]-cn-X-e- nÂ\n¶v 100 Intem-ao-äÀDb-c -¯n-emWv N{µ-bm³-þ1hewsh¡p-I.

Operation Blue star1984 Pq¬ 3 apXÂ 6 hsc

]©m-_nse Aar-Õ-dn -epÅkphÀW-t£-{X- n X¼-Sn- n-cp¶ Xo{h-hm-Zn-Isf ]pd-¯m-

¡m³ C´y³ tk\ \S- nb\o¡w. `n{µ³hme DÄs¸sSap¶qdn-te-sd-t¸À sImÃ-s¸-«p-sh-¶mWv HutZym-KnI IW-¡v.

Operation Vajra Sakhti2002 sk]väw-_À 25\v KpP-dm-

¯nse KmÔn -\ -K -d n -epÅA£À[mw t£{X- n-ep-­mb`oI-cm-{I-a-Ws¯ XpSÀ¶v "Icn-¼q-¨-IÄ' (National Security Guard)\S-¯nb Hm -td-j-³. t£{X-¯n-\p-Ån IpSp-§n-t¸mb 50 Hmfwt]sc Cu Hm¸-td-j-\n-eqsS c£-s -Sp-¯n.

BrahmosC´ybpw djybpw tNÀ¶v

hnI-kn-¸n-s -Sp¯ i_vZm-Xn-thKanssk-emWv "{_tÒmkv' (Super-sonic Cruise Missile) {_Ò-]p{X,tamkv¡vhm F¶o \Zn-I-fpsSt]cp -IÄ Iq«n -t¨À¯mWv{_tÒmkv F¶ t]cv. 2.5 apXÂ2.8 hsc am¡v BWv {_tÒm-knsâ thK-X. Ic-bn \ns¶-¶-Xn\p ]pdsa A´Àhm-ln-\n-IÄ,I¸-ep-IÄ, hnam-\-§Ä F¶n-hn-S-§-fn \ns¶Ãmw {_tÒmkvhnt£-]n-¡m-\m-Ipw. 290 In.-ao-äÀhsc-bm-Wn-Xnsâ Zqc-]-cn-[n. 2006\hw -_À apX {_tÒmkvC´y³ kmbp-[-tk-\-bpsS mK-am-bn.

MARCOSC´y³ \mhnI tk\-bpsS

{]tXyI Hm¸-td-j³ bqWn-ämWvassd³ Iam³tUmkv (MARCOS),Ic-tk-\-bnse "Icn- -¼q¨'IfpsScoXn-bn-epÅ \mhnI tk\m-hn- m-K-am-Wn-Xv. 1991 apX assd³Iam³tUm-IÄ \mhnI tk\-bn-ep-­v. C´y³ kmbp-[-tk-\-I-fn knJp-Im-c-Ãm- -hÀ¡pw XmSn-sh-¡m³ A\p-hmZw \ÂIp¶GI tk\m bqWn-äm-Wn-Xv. AXn-\m amÀt¡m-kn\v "XmSn-bpÅssk\n-IÀ'(Bearded Army)F¶pw hnfn-t -cp-­v.

Assam RiflesC´y-bnse Gähpw ]g-¡-

apÅ AÀ[-ssk-\nI hn`m-K-ambAkw ssd^nÄkv 1835-þ-emWvcq]w-sIm-­-Xv. "Im¨mÀ sehn'(Cacharlevy) F¶mWv Akwssd^nÄkv XpS-¡- n Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. "hS-¡p-In-g-¡nsâImh¡mÀ' F¶pw Akwssd^nÄkv Adn -b-s¸-Sp -¶p.taLm-e-b-bnse jntÃm-§mWvBØm-\w.-tI{µ B`y- -c-a-{´m-e-b-¯n\p Iogn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

CBIC´y-bnse {][m\ At\z-jWGP³kn-bmWv kn. -_n. -sF.(Central Bureau of Investigation) 1914 Øm]n-X-amb kvs]jyÂt]meo-kn \n¶m-Wv kn.-_n.-sF.-bpsS XpS-¡w. 1963 G{]nÂ1þ-\mWv B`y- -c-a-{´m-e-b- n\pIogn kn.-_n.-sF. \ne-hnÂh¶-Xv. Un.-]n.-tIm-Ën-bm-bn-cp¶pBZys¯ Ub-d-IvSÀ.

Bân-I-d-]vj³ Unhn-j³,kvs]jy ss{Iwkv Unhn-j³F¶n-§-s\-bmWv kn.-_n.-sF.-bnse c­v At\z-jW hn`m-K-§Ä, Agn-a-Xn, km¼- nI Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä, km[m-cW Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä F¶n-h-sbÃmw kn.-_n.-sF-bpsS At\z-jW hnj-b-§-fm-hm-dp-­v. sIme-]m-X-Iw, X«n-s¡m-­p-t]m-IÂ, _em-ÕwKw XpS-§nbs]mXp Ipä-Ir-Xy-§-fnÂ, kwØm\kÀ¡m-cnsâ ip]mÀi-tbm,kp{]ow-tImSXnbpsStbm sslt¡m-S-Xn-bp-sStbm \nÀt±-itam Ds­-¦nte kn.-_n.sF At\z-j-W-¯n-\mbn GsäSp-¡m-dp-Åq. CâÀt]mfn C´ysb {]Xn-\n-[n-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv kn.-_n.-sF.-bm-Wv. tI{µt]gvk-W s]³j³ Bâ v]_vfnIv {Koh³kkv hIp- n\pIogn-emWv Ct¸mÄ kn.-_n.-sF.{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. {][m-\-a-{´n-bmWv Cu hIp¸v ssIImcywsN¿p-¶-Xv.

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RAWC´y-bpsS hntZi

clkymt\zjW GP³kn-bmWvdnskÀ¨v Bâ v A\m-en-knkvhnMv (RAW). 1968  \ne-hnÂh¶p. BÀ.F³.-Imhp Bb-ncp-¶p.tdmbpsS BZys¯ Ub-d-IvSÀ.C´y³ {][m-\-a-{´n-bpsS t\cn-«pÅ \nb - {´-W-¯n -emWvtdmbpsS {]hÀ¯\w. C-´y-bpsSB`y-´c cl-kym -t\z-jWGP³kn-bmWv Câ-en-P³kv_yqtdm.

Woods Despatch (1854)C-´y-bn ]p-Xn-sbmcp hnZym-

`ymk -\bw {]N-cn-¸nt¡­-XnsâBhiyw {_n«ojv ]mÀe-saâ vAwKo-I-cn- -tXm-sS, I¼-\n-bpsSI¬t{SmÄ t_mÀUnsâ A[y-£-\m-bn-cp¶ NmÄkvhpUv 1854 Â]pXn-sbmcp NmÀ«À {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. CXv "hpUvkv sUkv]m¨v'F¶ t]cn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.FÃm kwØm-\-§-fnepw hnZym-`ymk Ub-d-IvS-dpsS Hm^okvØm]n-¡-Ww. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n\pw ]pXnb hnZym-e-b-§ÄXpS-§p-¶-Xn\pw {]m[m\yw \ÂI-Ww. A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e-\- n-\mbn Øm]-\-§Ä Bcw- n-¡-Ww. kv{Xohn -Zym -`ym -k-¯n\v{]m[m\yw \ÂI-Ww. I¡-¯,t_mws_, a{Zmkv F¶n-hn-S-§-fn kÀh-I-em-im-e-IÄ Øm]n-¡p-I, \nb-aw, sshZy-im-kv{Xw,F©n-\ob-dn§v F¶nh kÀh-I-em-im-e-I-fpsS \nb-{´-W- nÂsIm­p-h-cnI F¶n-h-bmbncp¶p{][m\ ip]mÀi-IÄ.

Hunter Commission (1882)dn -¸¬ {]`p -hnsâ Ime -

¯mWv C´y-bnse {]Ya hn-Zym-`ymk I½o-j³ \nb-an-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv.kÀ hneyw l­-dm-bn-cp¶p I½o-jsâ A[y-£³. sk¡³UdnhnZym- ym-k-hp-ambn _Ô-s -«m-bn-c p¶p I½o -jsâ {][m\ip]mÀi-IÄ. {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k- nsâ Npa-X-e-IÄ kÀ¡mÀ

Gsä-Sp-¡-Ww. \m«p-hn-Zym-e-b-§sf hnZym-`ym-k- nsâ apJy-[m-c-bn sIm­p-h-c-Ww. kv{Xohn-Zym- ym-k- n\v ]cn-K-W\ \ÂI-Ww F¶n-h-bm -bn -cp¶p aävip]mÀi-IÄ.

Sargeant Report (1944)C´y-bnse hnZym- ymk hnI-

k-\-¯n\v cq]-tcJ X¿m-dm-¡m³kÀ tPm¬ kmÀPânsâ A[y-£-X-bn bp²m-\- c Imes¯hnZym- ym-k- n\mbn kaÀ¸n-¡-s¸« dnt¸mÀ«mWv kmÀPâ vdnt¸mÀ«v. kuP-\y-{]m-Y-anI hnZym-`ym-kw, A¡m-Z-an-Iw, kmt¦-XnIwF¶n-§s\ c­p-co-Xn-bn-ep-ÅsslkvIqÄ Øm]n-¡pI F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p {][m\ ip]mÀi-IÄ.

Sadler Commission1917-þ1919 Ime-b-f-hn \nb-an-

¡-s¸« kmUveÀ I½o-j³ D¶XhnZym-`ym-k-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«Imcy-§Ä¡mWv Du¶Â \ÂIn-b-Xv. kÀ Aip-tXmjv apJÀPn,tUm. knbm-hp-±o³ Al-½ZvF¶n-h-cm-bn-cp¶p I½o-j-\nse`mc-Xo-bÀ. 12 hÀjw-hsc ssZÀLy-apÅ sa{Sn-¡p-te-j³, XpSÀ¶vCâÀao-Un-bäpw kÀh-I-em-imem]T-\hpw F¶ k{¼-Zm-bw, kÀh-I-em-ime tImgvkp-IÄ aq¶p-hÀj-ambn hn`-Pn-¡p-I, ]mkvtImgvkv, HmtWgvkv tImgvkvF¶n-§s\ hn`-Pn-¡p-I, h\nXmhnZym -`ym -ks¯ Dt± -in¨ vt_mÀUv cq]-h-XvI-cn-¡pI F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p {][m\ \nÀt±-i-§Ä.

Kothari Commission1964  cq]-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸«

I½o-jsâ A[y-£³ tUm. kn.-F-kv. tIm¯m-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. HcptZiob hnZym- ymk amXrI cq]-h-XvI-cn-¡p-I, hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâL«w L«-amb hnI-k-\-¯nÂBh-iy-amb D]-tZ-i-§Ä kÀ¡m-cn\v \ÂIpI F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶pI½o-jsâ Dt±-iy-§Ä. 1966 Âdnt¸mÀ«v kaÀ¸n- p.

UGC University GrantsCommission

C´y-bnse kÀÆ-I-em-imehnZym- ymk \ne-hmcw DbÀ¯p-¶-Xn\p th­n Øm]n- -XmWvbqWn-th-gvknän {Kmâ vkv I½o-j³(bp.-Pn.-kn). 1953 Unkw-_À 28 \vC´y-bnse BZys¯ hnZym- ym-k-a- {´n -bm -bn -cp¶ auem\mA_vZpÄ Iemw BkmZv I½o-j³ DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. I½o-j³ \nb-a-]-c-ambn {]m_-ey-¯n h¶Xv 1956-þ-em-Wv.

bp.-Pn.kn Hcp kzbw-`-c-W-Øm-]-\-am-Wv. kz -amb c-W-k-an-Xn-Ifpw DtZym-K-Øcpw [\-hn-\n-tbm-Km-[n-Im-chpw AXn-\p-­v.Hcp sNbÀam\pw sshkvsNbÀam\pw ] v AwK-§-fp-a-S-§p¶ c-W-k-an-Xnsb \nb-an-¡p-¶Xv tI{µ-kÀ¡m-cm-Wv. kÀ¡m-cp-tZym-K-Ø-\-Ãm¯ Hcm-fm-bn-cn-¡Ww sNbÀam³ F¶mWv hyh-Ø. sNbÀamsâ Imem-h[n 5hÀjhpw sshkv sNbÀam-sâbpwAwK-§-fp-sSbpw aq¶p-hÀj-hp-amWv.

bp.-Pn.-kn.-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂØm]n-¡-s¸« \yqUÂln-bnse\yq¢n-bÀ kb³kv skâÀ (1984)cmPys¯ BZy A´À kÀh-I-em-imem tI{µ-amWv (Inter Univer-sity Centre). CâÀ bqWn-th-gvknänskâÀ t^mÀ Akvt{SmWanBâ v Akvt{Sm nknIvkv (sF.-bp.-kn.-F.-F) ]q\, CâÀ bqWn-th-gvknän skâÀ t^mÀ Câ-À\m-j-W ÌUo-kv, ssl{Zm-_mZvF¶nh aäv A´À kÀÆ-I-em-ime tI{µ-§-fm-Wv.

bqWn-th-gvknän hnZym- ymk\ne-hmcw ]cn-tim-[n¨v hne-bn-cp¯n Ahbv¡v AwKo-Imcw\ÂIm³ th­n 1994-þ \mj-W Ak-kvsaâ v Bâ v A{I-Un-tä-j³ Iu¬kn (F³.-F.-F.-kn) Øm]n- p.

bp. -Pn. -kn. -bpsS BZysNbÀam³ tUm. im n-kz-cq]v Sv

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\mK-dmWv (1953-þ55). Imem-h[n]qÀ¯n-¡mbn BZy sNbÀam³kn.-Un.-tZiv apJm-Wv. (1956-þ-S61).tUm a³tam-l³knw-KmWv bp.-Pn.-kn. A[y-£-\m-bn-cp-¶n-«pÅ GIC´y³ {][m-\-a-{´n. tIc-fo-b-\mb s{]m^. tUm.-hn.-F³.-cm-P-ti-J-c³]nÅ bp.-Pn. -kn. -sN-bÀamsâ Xm¡m-enI Øm\whln- n-«p-­v. kpJvtZhv sXmdm-«mWv Ct¸m-gs¯ bp.-Pn. -kn.sNbÀam³.

EDUSATC´y-bn-se-hn-sSbpw KpW-\n-

e-hm-c-apÅ hnZym-`ymkw, IpdªsNe-hn F¯n-¡p-I-bmWv_ln-cm-Imi hnZym- ymk ]²-Xn-bpsS e£yw. "hnZy-bpsS D]-{K-l-sa¶pw' FUyq-km-äns\ hnti-jn- n-¡p-¶p. 2004 sk]väw-_À 20\v B{Ôm-{]-tZ-inse {iol-cn-t¡m-«-bn \n¶v "FUyq-kmäv' hnt£-]n-¡-s¸-«p. 1950 Intem-{Km-am-bn-cp¶p mcw. Pn.-F-kv.-kn.-hn.-þ-F^v01 BWv FUyp-km-än-s\bpwhln v _ln-cm-Im-i-t¯¡v IpXn-¨Xv. cmPys¯ {Kmao-W-þ-\-Kc{]tZ-i-§-fnse, hnZym -`ymkØm]-\-§sf ]c-kv]cw _Ôn-¸n-¡m³ Cu D]-{Kl kwhn-[m-\- n\v Ign-bpw. `uaX-e- nÂ\n¶pw 36000 In.-ao. Db-c-¯n-emWvFUyq-km-änsâ Øm\w. 90 tImSncq] sNe-hn-«m-Wv. FUyq-kmäv]²Xn ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-b-Xv.

lk-\nse amÌÀ I¬t{SmÄs^kn-en-än-bn \n¶m-Wv FUyq-km-äns\ \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xv. C´y-bnse BZys¯ "hnZym-`ymkNm\Â' F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s -Sp-¶Xv Kym³ZÀi-\m-Wv.

hnIvtSgvkv t{]m{Kmw

temI-¯nse BZy k¼qÀWhnZym-`ymk D]-{K-lamb FUyp-kmäv aptJ-\-bpÅ hnZym- ymk]²-Xn-bmWv hnIvtSÀkv t{]m{Kmw.(Virtual Classroom Technologyon Edusat for Rural Schools)2005 Pqsse 28\v cmjv{S-]XnF.-]n.-sP. A_vZpÄ Iem-amWv]²Xn DZvLm-S\w sNbvX-Xv.

Marthandom ProjectXan -g v\m -«nse amÀ¯m -

WvU¯v 1921þ kvs]³kÀlm-¨nsâ t\Xr-Xz- n Bcw- n¨"{Kmtam-²m-cW amXrIm tI{µ'¯nsâ {]hÀ -\-§Ä amXr-Im-]-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. hnZ-Kv²-cmb kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ -IÀ aptJ\ {KmaoWPohn-X- nsâ hnhn[ Xpd-I-fmbIrjn, arK-kw-c-£-Ww, s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Kyw, ssIs¯m-gn-ep-IÄ,IpSn hyh-km-b-§Ä F¶n-h-sb- än P\-§Ä¡v amÀK-\nÀt±-i-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. hcp-am\whÀ²n- n¨v {Kmao-W-cpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw DbÀ¯m³ klm-bn-¡p¶ amÀK-§-fmWv IqSp-X-embn\-S- n-em-¡n-b-Xv. "kzbw klm-bn-¡Â' F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS ap{Zm-hm-Iyw.

PURA Project{KmaoW P\-X-bpsS ka{K

hnI-k\w hn`m-h\w sN¿p¶"]pc' ]²Xn (PURA-Provisionof Urban Amenities in RuralAreas) 2003 BK-ÌnsekzmX{´y-Zn\ {]`m-j-W- nÂ{][m-\-a{´n AS _nlmcnhmPvt]-bn-bmWv BZy-ambn ]cm-aÀin- -Xv. \K-c- nse kuI-cy-§Ä, {KmaoW taJ-ebv¡pw{]Zm\w sN¿pI F¶-XmWv "]pc']²-Xn-bpsS {][m\ e£yw.

{][m-\-ambpw \mep taJ-e-I-fpsS ka-{K-hn-I-k-\-¯n-eqsS,{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-sS- kaqe hnI-k-\-amWv ]pc ]²Xn e£y-an-Sp-¶-Xv. KXm-KXw, DuÀPw, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv cwKw, (sS-en-tImw,CâÀs\-äv, aäv sF.-Sn.-kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä F¶n-h), sshÚm\nIcwKw F¶n-h-bpsS hnI-k-\- n-eqsS {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§-fnse P\-§-fpsS sshÚm-\nI _Ô-§ÄDbÀ¯m-\mbn anI¨ hnZym- ymk]cn-io-e\ Øm]-\-§Ä {Kma-§-fn XpS-§m³ "]pc' hn`m-h\wsN¿p-¶p.

A©p -hÀj-¯n -\n -Sb v¡vcmPy-¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK-§-fn-epÅ 5000 t¯mfw {Kma-¡q-«m-bva-I-fn ka-{K-hn-I-k\w F¯n-¡m³ "]pc' e£y-an-Sp-¶p. hS-¡p-þ-In-g-¡³ kwØm-\-§Ä¡pw]nt¶m¡ {]tZ-i-§Ä¡pw "]pc']²-Xn-bn Du¶Â \ÂIpw.

CAPART (Council for Advance-ment of People's Action andRural Technology)

k¶² kwL-S-\-I-sfbpwkÀ¡m-cp-I-sfbpw GtIm-]n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn 1986  Bcw- n¨ HcpGP³kn-bmWv I¸mÀ«v. tI{µkÀ¡m-cnsâ {Kma-hn-I-k\ a{´m-e-b- nsâ hnI-k\ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä k¶² kwL-S-\-IÄ hgn\S-¸n-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iy-ambklm-b-§Ä sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bmWv I¸mÀ«nsâ {][m\ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw. {Kma-hn-I-k\ a{´m-e-b-¯nsâ D -c-hm-Zn- - n 1860se skmssk-äokv cPn-kvt{S-j³\nba {]Imcw cPn-ÌÀ sNbvXkwL-S-\-bm-Wn-Xv. 12,000 k¶²kwL-S-\-IÄ hgn hf-sc-b-[nIwhnI-k\ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S- n-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-IÄ I¸mÀ«v \S- n-h-cp-¶p.

OMBUDSMENXt±i `c -W-Øm-] -\ -§-

fpsSbpw AXnse DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cpsSbpw `c-W-\nÀh-l-W- nÂAgn-a-Xntbm ZpÀ`-c-Wtam A]m-I-XItfm DÄs¸-Sp¶ GsXmcp\S-]-Sn-tbbpw kw_-Ôn¨ Btcm-]-W-§-sf-¡p-dn -¨-t\z-jn-¡m³kwØm\ Xe- n Hcp Hmw_p-Uvkvam³ cq]-h-XvI-cn-¡m³ ]©m-b¯v cmPv \nb-a-¯n hyh-Ø-bp-­v. ap¼v GgwK Hmw_p-Uvkvam-\mWv \ne-hn-ep-­m-bn-cp -¶-Xv.\nb-a-t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS GImwKHmw_p-Uvkvams\ \nb-an-¡p-¶XvhyhØ sN¿p-I -bp -­m-bn.Hmw_p-Uvkvamsâ BØm\wXncp-h-\- -]p-c- m-Wv.

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TRIBUNALXt±i kzbw- -cW Øm]-\-

§-fpsS Xocp-am-\-§Äs¡-Xn-cmbn\ÂIp¶ A¸oÂ, dnhn-j³- F-

¶nh ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw XoÀ vIev]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ambn ss{S_yq-

WÂ cq]-h-XvI-cn-¡p -¶-Xn\v\nbaw A\p-im-kn-¡p-¶p. Hcp

PnÃbv¡p th­ntbm H¶n-e-[nIwPnÃ-IÄ¡p th­ntbm ss{S_yq-

W cq]-h-XvI-cn -¡mw. Hcpss{S_yq-W-en PnÃm PUvPn-

bpsS ]Z-hn-bn-epÅ Hcp \oXn-\ymb hIp- p-tZym-K-س D­m-

bn-cn-¡pw.

Kerala Institute of Local Admin-istration

Xt±i kzbw- -cW Øm]-\-

§Ä¡p th­n-bpÅ ]T\ ]cn-io-e\ Kth-jW Øm]-\-amb

tIcf C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v tem¡ÂAUvan-\n-kvt{S-j³ (In-e) 1990 Â

Øm]n-X-am-bn. Xt±i kzbw- -cWw kw-_-Ôn¨ kÀ¡mÀ \b-

cq-]-h-XvI-c-W-¯n\v klm-b-I-amw-hn[w ]T-\-þ-K-th-j-W-§fpw

skan-\m-dp- -Ifpw "Ine'-kw-L-Sn- n-¨p-h-cp-¶p. Ine-bpsS BØm\w

XriqÀ PnÃ-bnse apf-¦p-¶-¯p-Im-hn-em-Wv.

Kerala Rural Employment andWelfare Society

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn IqSp-XÂ

sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw t£aw Dd¸p hcp- p-¶-

Xn\pw ]©m-b¯v hIp-¸nsâIogn Bcw- n¨ Hcp skmssk-

än-bm-Wv tIcf dqd Fwt¹m-bvsaâ v B³Uv shÂs^-bÀ

skmssk-än. CXnsâ Iogn-epÅ"{Kma-e-£van -ap-{Zm-ebw' ]©m-b-

¯p-IÄ¡mh-iy -amb A¨-Sn-tPmen-IÄ \nÀh-ln-¨p-h-cp-¶p.

1987-þÂ {]hÀ -\-am-cw-`n¨ {Kma-

e£van ]me-¡mSv PnÃ-bnse

I©n-t¡m-«mWv ØnXn sN¿p-¶-Xv.

Clean Kerala Mission]cn-ØnXn aen-\o-I-c-W-an-Ãm-

¯, s]mXp ipNn-Xz-apÅ amen-

\y-c-ln-X-amb Hcp- kp-µ-c-tI-cf

krjvSn-bmWv ¢o³ tIc-f anjsâ

e£yw. Ct¸m-gp-­m-Ip¶ amen-

\y-§-fpsS 80 iX-am-\-sa-¦nepw

]p\-cp-]-tbm-K- n\pw ]p\x-{I-ao-

I-c-W- n\pw hnt[-b-am¡n Dev]-

¶-am-¡p¶ ØnXn-bp-­m-¡p-I,

s]mXp-hn amen-\y-§Ä Ipd- p-

sIm­phcp-¶-Xn-\pÅ at\m-`mhw

hfÀ¯pI XpS -§n -bhbpw

anjsâ e£y-am-Wv. CXn-\p-

th­n amen\y ]cn-]m-e-\- n\v

{]mtZ-inI `c-W-Øm-]-\-§sf

imkv{Xo-bhpw kmt¦-Xn-I-hp-ambn

klm-bn-¡p-I, \mSn\v A\p-tbm-

Py-amb amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-W- km-

t¦-XnIhnZy {]-N-cn -¸n -¡p -I,

hnhn[ am-en\y ]cn-]m-e\ ]cn-

]m -Sn -IÄ GtIm-]n -¸n -¡p -I,

amen\y ]cn-]m-e\ kwcw- -§Ä

t{]mÕmln¸n¡p-I, {]mtZ-inI

]cn-Øn-Xn-t]m-jWw km[y-am-

¡pI XpS-§nb \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv

anj³ kzoI-cn- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. 2003-

þ {]hÀ¯-\-am-cw- n¨ anjsâ

Hm^okv Xncp-h-\- -]pcw \K-c-

k`m kap- -b- n-em-Wv.

Swaraj TrophyA[n-Imc hntI-{µo-I-c-W-

¯nepw hntI-{µo-bm-kq-{X-W-

¯nepw anI¨ {]I-S\w ImgvN-sh-

¡p¶ ]©m-b-¯p-Isf BZ-cn-¡p-

¶Xv Cu Øm]-\-§Ä¡v IqSp-

XÂ iàn ]I-cp-sa¶pw amXr-Im-

]-c-amb {]hÀ¯\w ImgvN-sh-

bv¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-sa-¶pÅ

kÀ¡m-cnsâ hne-bn-cp- -ensâ

ASn-Øm-\- n GÀs¸-Sp- n-

bXmWv kzcmPv t{Sm^n. 1995-þ96

hÀjw apXÂ anI¨ {Kma- -©m-

b- p-Isf kwØm-\-X-e-¯nepw

PnÃm Xe- nepw Xnc-sª-Sp¯v

t{Sm^nbpw Iymjv AhmÀUpw

km£y-]-{Xhpw \ÂIn BZ-cn- p-

h-cp-¶p. alm-ßPn hn`m-h\w

sNbvX {Kma-kz-cm-Pns\ A\p-

kvacn¨p-sIm­v 1996-þ97 apXÂ

t{Sm^n¡v "kzcmPv t{Sm^n' F¶

t]cp \ÂIn 1999-þ2000 apXÂ

ap\n-kn-¸m-en-än-IÄ¡p 2000-þ01

apXÂ t»m¡v ]©m-b v, PnÃm

]©m-b v, tImÀ -td-j³ F¶n-

hbpw kzcmPv t{Sm^n GÀs¸-Sp-

¯n.

kwØm-\-X-e-¯n anI¨

{Kma -] -©m -b -¯n\ v kzcmPv

t{Sm^nbpw 5 e£w cq] k½m-\-

ambpw 25 e£w cq] {]tXyI

]²Xn [\-k-lm-b-ambpw e`n-

¡pw. PnÃm -X-e -¯n H¶mw

Øm\w t\Sp¶ {Kma- -©m-b-¯p-

IÄ¡v kzcmPv t{Sm^nbpw k½m-

\-ambn Hmtcm-e£w cq]bpw

]²Xn klm- -b-[-\-ambn ]¯p

e£w cq]bpw e`n-¡pw.

H¶mw Øm\w t\Sp¶ ap\n-

kn- m-en-än¡pw t»m¡v ]©m-b-

¯n\pw kzcmPv t{Sm^nbpw

]²Xn klm-b-[-\-ambn 25 e£w

cq]bpw e`n-¡pw. anI¨ tImÀ¸-

td-j\pw PnÃm ]©m-b- n\pw

kzcmPv t{Sm^nbpw km£y-]-

{Xhpw am{X-amWv \ÂIp-¶-Xv.

1 . s]mXp-hmb c-W-\nÀh-lWw

2. \nIpXn ]ncnhv

3. {Kma-k-`-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯\w

4. ]²Xn Bkq-{XWw

5. P\-]-¦m-fn¯w

6. kpXm-cy-Xbpw Imcy-£-a-X-bp-apÅ

\nÀh-lWw

7. `uXnI t\«w

8. kmaqlnI kpc-£n-XXz s]³j\p

IfpsS hnX-cWw F¶nh hne-bn-

cp -¯n-bmWv kzcmPv t{Sm^n

\ÂIp-¶-Xv.

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