psy 120 human development
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Psy 120 Human Development. Womb to tomb Cannot get credit for 120 and 211 at OCC Fast paced to the very end. Jan Thompson-Wilda 219, 847-635-1477 22 nd year at OCC Student Development Faculty. Psy 120 Human Development. Chapter 1—The Study of Human Development. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Psy 120 Human Development
• Womb to tomb• Cannot get credit for
120 and 211 at OCC• Fast paced to the very
end
• Jan Thompson-Wilda• 219, 847-635-1477• 22nd year at OCC• Student Development
Faculty
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Psy 120 Human Development
• Chapter 1—The Study of Human Development
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Formal Study of Human Development
• Human Development:– The scientific study of
how humans develop
– Main questions: How do people
change throughout their lives?
What characteristics remain stable?
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Developmental Processes—Change and Stability
• 2 kinds of change– Quantitative change—
change in number or amount
– Qualitative change—change in kind, structure, or organization
• Despite change, there is also underlying stability
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Basic Questions about Development
• Which aspects of development – are universal, and which vary from one
individual or group to the next?– are continuous, and which are not?– are more or less fixed (like marble) and difficult
to change, and which are relatively malleable and easy to change (like clay)?
• What makes development happen?
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Guiding Principles
• Development results from constant interplay of biology and the environment.
• Development occurs in multilayered context.
• Development is a dynamic, reciprocal process.
• Development is cumulative.
• Development occurs throughout the life-span.
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Domains of Development
• Physical development
• Cognitive development
• Social and emotional development
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Human Development Today—Goals of This Scientific Discipline
Description
ExplanationPrediction
Modification
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Periods of the Life Span
• Social construction
• 8 periods generally agreed upon
• Individual differences exist, but there are particular needs and tasks that must be met at certain stages for normal development to occur
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• Theories– Sets of statements that propose general
principles of development
• Predictions or Hypotheses– An educated guess that is testable by data
collection and analysis
Research Methods and Designs
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Theories of Development
• Classical Theories– Psychoanalytic theory
• Freud’s theory of psychosexual development• Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
– Learning theory• Behaviorism
– Classical conditioning– Operant conditioning
• Social learning theory
– Cognitive-Developmental theory
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Psychoanalytic--development shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human
behavior
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Sigmund Freud:Psychosexual Development
Erik Erikson:Psychosocial Development
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Freud
• Development is shaped by unconscious forces that motivate behavior
• Id—pleasure principle• Ego—reality principle• Superego—conscience—
shoulds, oughts• Psychosexual development– Oral– Anal– Phallic– Latency– Genital
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EriksonPsychosocial Development
8 stages
Competing tendencies in personality(crises)
These issues must be resolvedfor healthy ego development
Must balance positive and negative tendency at each stage
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Learning—development results from experiences in the environment
Learning Perspective
Behaviorism Social Learning Theory
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Behaviorism—Classical Conditioning
• Pavlov’s experiments
• A natural response to a stimulus is transferred to a second stimulus
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Behaviorism—Operant Conditioning
Individuals learn from
operating on the
environment
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Classical Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejjZZNGfIOM&feature=related
• Reinforcement—process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood it will be repeated
• Punishment—process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood it will be repeated
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Social Learning Theory
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=ikTxfIDYx6Q&NR=1
• Not exactly, but cute.
• This is more like it.• http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=8ZXOp5PopIA&feature=related
• Albert Bandura
• Modeling, or observational learning
• Model is usually someone powerful or admired, similar to you, when you see the model rewarded for the behavior you are observing
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Cognitive-Developmental Theory
• Emphasizes changes in thinking over the lifespan
• Piaget—stage theory– Sensorimotor– Preoperational– Concrete Operational– Formal Operational
• Organization—the tendency to create categories
• Schemes—people create these increasingly complex cognitive structures for organizing information
– Adaptation—Adjustment to new information from the environment
• Assimilation• Accommodation
• Equilibration—constant striving for balance, equilibrium—shift from assimilation to accommodation
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Theories of Development
• Contemporary Theories
– Ecological perspective– Sociocultural perspective– Behavioral genetics – Evolutionary perspective– Dynamic systems theory
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Ecological perspective
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Bronfenbrenner’s 5 Interlocking Contextual Systems
• Development occurs through increasingly complex processes of regular, active, two-way interaction between the developing person and the immediate environment
• The context—the ecological system—either supports or stifles growth
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Sociocultural Perspective
• Emphasizes the ways development involves adaptation to specific cultural demands
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Behavioral Genetics
• Emphasizes the inherited bases of behavior
• Reciprocol influences between genes and environment
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Evolutionary Perspective
• Emphasizes how behavior develops as a result of adaptation to environment
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Dynamic Systems Perspective
• Emphasizes that all facets of development, domains, context are part of a dynamic, constantly changing system
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The Scientific Study of Development
• The scientific method: A systematic, step-by-step procedure for testing ideas.
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Research methods
– Observational research
• Naturalistic observation
• Participant observation• Structured observation
– Self-reports– Standardized tests
• Reliability• Validity
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Basic Research Designs
• Case studies
• Correlational studies
• Experiments– Groups and variables– Random assignment– Laboratory, field and
natural experiments
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Figure 1.3: Positive and Negative Correlations
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•The Scientific Method
• Studying change over time
–Longitudinal research
–Cross-sectional studies
–Accelerated longitudinal design
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Figure 1.4: Research Designs for Studies of Development
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