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Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D.Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D.

Abnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/eAbnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/e

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McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2005. This McGraw-Hill multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.  The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

A PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation forA PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation for

Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D.John H. Riskind, Ph.D.Margaret B. Manos

Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D.John H. Riskind, Ph.D.Margaret B. Manos

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Chapter 15Chapter 15

Neuropsychological DisordersNeuropsychological Disorders

33

Chapter Main PointsChapter Main Points

Problems in Diagnosis Types of Acquired Brain Disorders The Epilepsies

Problems in Diagnosis Types of Acquired Brain Disorders The Epilepsies

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Problems in Diagnosis: Specifying the Type of Injury

Problems in Diagnosis: Specifying the Type of Injury

Delirium: A transient, global disorder of cognition and

attention

Delirium: A transient, global disorder of cognition and

attention

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Problems in Diagnosis: Specifying the Type of Injury

Problems in Diagnosis: Specifying the Type of Injury

Specific Cognitive Impairments: Impairment of attention and arousal Impairment of language function Impairment of learning and memory Impairment of visual-perception function

Specific Cognitive Impairments: Impairment of attention and arousal Impairment of language function Impairment of learning and memory Impairment of visual-perception function

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Problems in Diagnosis: Specifying the Type of Injury

Problems in Diagnosis: Specifying the Type of Injury

Specific Cognitive Impairments: Impairment of motor skills Impairment of executive function Impairment of higher-order intellectual

function

Specific Cognitive Impairments: Impairment of motor skills Impairment of executive function Impairment of higher-order intellectual

function

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Problems in Diagnosis: Specifying the Type of Injury

Problems in Diagnosis: Specifying the Type of Injury

Dementia: The impairment of at least two cognitive

functions, resulting in a decline from a higher level of performance that compromises a person’s occupational or social functioning

Dementia: The impairment of at least two cognitive

functions, resulting in a decline from a higher level of performance that compromises a person’s occupational or social functioning

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Cerebral Infection

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Cerebral Infection

Cerebral Abscess: An infection that becomes encapsulated by

connective tissue Encephalitis:

Inflammation of the brain “Mad Cow” Disease:

A fatal infectious disease that attacks the brain in both animals and humans

Cerebral Abscess: An infection that becomes encapsulated by

connective tissue Encephalitis:

Inflammation of the brain “Mad Cow” Disease:

A fatal infectious disease that attacks the brain in both animals and humans

99

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Cerebral Infection

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Cerebral Infection

Meningitis: An acute inflammation of the meninges

Neurosyphilis: Deterioration of brain tissue as a result of

syphilis AIDS-related Dementia:

Diffuse brain damage as a result of the HIV virus

Meningitis: An acute inflammation of the meninges

Neurosyphilis: Deterioration of brain tissue as a result of

syphilis AIDS-related Dementia:

Diffuse brain damage as a result of the HIV virus

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Brain TraumaTypes of Acquired Brain Injuries: Brain Trauma

Brain Trauma: Injury to brain tissue as a result of jarring,

bruising, or cutting Concussion:

A blow to the head that jars the brain, momentarily disrupting its functioning

Brain Trauma: Injury to brain tissue as a result of jarring,

bruising, or cutting Concussion:

A blow to the head that jars the brain, momentarily disrupting its functioning

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Brain TraumaTypes of Acquired Brain Injuries: Brain Trauma

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Brain TraumaTypes of Acquired Brain Injuries: Brain Trauma

Contusion: Trauma is severe enough that the brain is not

just jarred; it is actually bruised Laceration:

A foreign object enters the skull and directly ruptures and destroys brain tissue

Contusion: Trauma is severe enough that the brain is not

just jarred; it is actually bruised Laceration:

A foreign object enters the skull and directly ruptures and destroys brain tissue

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: the Case of Phineas Gage

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: the Case of Phineas Gage

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Cerebrovascular Accidents

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Cerebrovascular Accidents

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA): Stroke Blockage or breaking of the blood vessels in

the brain results in injury to brain tissue

Infarction (e.g., due to heart attack) Supply of blood to the brain is somehow cut

off, resulting in the death of brain tissue fed by that source

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA): Stroke Blockage or breaking of the blood vessels in

the brain results in injury to brain tissue

Infarction (e.g., due to heart attack) Supply of blood to the brain is somehow cut

off, resulting in the death of brain tissue fed by that source

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Cerebrovascular Accidents

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Cerebrovascular Accidents

Hemorrhage A blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing

blood to spill out into the brain tissue

Hemorrhage A blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing

blood to spill out into the brain tissue

1616

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Brain Tumors

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Brain Tumors

Metastatic brain tumors Originate in a different part of the body and

then metastasize, or spread, to the brain Primary brain tumors

Tumors that originate in the brain

Metastatic brain tumors Originate in a different part of the body and

then metastasize, or spread, to the brain Primary brain tumors

Tumors that originate in the brain

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Degenerative Disorders

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Degenerative Disorders

Degenerative Disorders: General deterioration of intellectual,

emotional, and motor functioning as a result of progressive pathological change in the brain

Degenerative Disorders: General deterioration of intellectual,

emotional, and motor functioning as a result of progressive pathological change in the brain

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Degenerative Disorders

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Degenerative Disorders

Alzheimer’s Disease: Cognitive deficits as a result of neurofibrillary

tangles (twisted and distorted nerve fibers) and senile plaques (microscopic lesions in the neurons)

Alzheimer’s Disease: Cognitive deficits as a result of neurofibrillary

tangles (twisted and distorted nerve fibers) and senile plaques (microscopic lesions in the neurons)

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Degenerative Disorders

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Degenerative Disorders

Lewy Body Disease: Symptoms are similar to Alzheimer’s disease

and Parkinson’s disease Day-to-day fluctuations in the patient’s mental

state

Lewy Body Disease: Symptoms are similar to Alzheimer’s disease

and Parkinson’s disease Day-to-day fluctuations in the patient’s mental

state

2020

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Degenerative Disorders

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Degenerative Disorders

Vascular Dementia: The cumulative effect of a number of small

strokes, eventually impairing many of the brain’s faculties

Huntington’s Chorea: Genetically transmitted disorder that is a

result of damage to the basal ganglia

Vascular Dementia: The cumulative effect of a number of small

strokes, eventually impairing many of the brain’s faculties

Huntington’s Chorea: Genetically transmitted disorder that is a

result of damage to the basal ganglia

2121

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Degenerative Disorders

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Degenerative Disorders

Parkinson’s Disease: Damage to the basal ganglia, particularly in

the region known as the substantia nigra Primary Symptoms:

Tremors Expressionless, masklike countenance

Parkinson’s Disease: Damage to the basal ganglia, particularly in

the region known as the substantia nigra Primary Symptoms:

Tremors Expressionless, masklike countenance

2222

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Nutritional Deficiency

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Nutritional Deficiency

Korsakoff’s Psychosis: Most common among alcoholics Anterograde Amnesia:

The inability to incorporate new memories Confabulation:

The tendency to fill in memory gaps with invented stories

Korsakoff’s Psychosis: Most common among alcoholics Anterograde Amnesia:

The inability to incorporate new memories Confabulation:

The tendency to fill in memory gaps with invented stories

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Endocrine Disorders

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Endocrine Disorders

Thyroid Syndromes: Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease) Hypothyroidism (Myxedema)

Adrenal Syndromes: Addison’s disease Cushing’s syndrome

Thyroid Syndromes: Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease) Hypothyroidism (Myxedema)

Adrenal Syndromes: Addison’s disease Cushing’s syndrome

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Types of Acquired Brain Injuries: Toxic DisordersTypes of Acquired Brain Injuries: Toxic Disorders

Lead Encephalopathy: Excessive ingestion of lead results in fluid

accumulating in the brain, causing extreme pressure

Other heavy-metal toxins Psychoactive drugs Carbon monoxide poisoning

Lead Encephalopathy: Excessive ingestion of lead results in fluid

accumulating in the brain, causing extreme pressure

Other heavy-metal toxins Psychoactive drugs Carbon monoxide poisoning

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The EpilepsiesThe Epilepsies

Epilepsy: Primary symptom is spontaneous seizures

caused by a disruption of the electrical and physiological activity of the brain cells

Epilepsy: Primary symptom is spontaneous seizures

caused by a disruption of the electrical and physiological activity of the brain cells

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Causes of EpilepsyCauses of Epilepsy

Symptomatic Epilepsy: Cases in which the origin of the seizures can

be identified Idiopathic Epilepsy:

Epilepsy in which the origin of the seizures is unknown

Symptomatic Epilepsy: Cases in which the origin of the seizures can

be identified Idiopathic Epilepsy:

Epilepsy in which the origin of the seizures is unknown

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Types of SeizuresTypes of Seizures

Partial Seizures: Originate in one part of the brain rather than

in the brain as a whole Simple Partial Seizures:

Cognitive functioning remains intact Complex Partial Seizure:

Interrupts cognitive functioning

Partial Seizures: Originate in one part of the brain rather than

in the brain as a whole Simple Partial Seizures:

Cognitive functioning remains intact Complex Partial Seizure:

Interrupts cognitive functioning

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Types of SeizuresTypes of Seizures

Generalized Seizures: Either involve the entire brain at the outset or

soon spread from one part of the whole brain Absence Seizures (“petit mal” type) Tonic-clonic Seizures (“grand mal” type)

Generalized Seizures: Either involve the entire brain at the outset or

soon spread from one part of the whole brain Absence Seizures (“petit mal” type) Tonic-clonic Seizures (“grand mal” type)

2929

Recapping the Main PointsRecapping the Main Points

Problems in Diagnosis Types of Acquired Brain Disorders The Epilepsies

Problems in Diagnosis Types of Acquired Brain Disorders The Epilepsies

3030

End of Chapter 15End of Chapter 15

Neuropsychological DisordersNeuropsychological Disorders