Psyc 001 Week 6

Draw a Sodium-Potassium ATPase pump and explain how it works?

What is the function of the Na+/K+-ATPase Pump?

Helps to maintain the Resting Membrane Potential of a cell.

How many Na+ ions and K+ ions does it move across the membrane and in which direction?

3 Na+ ions out of the cell2 K+ ions into the cell

Is the Sodium potassium pump considered and ion channel or ion transporter? Why?

It is considered a transporter because it requires energy in the form of ATP to move Na+ and K+ ions against their concentration gradient.

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_potassium_pump_works.html

Na+/K+ ATPsase Pump, Sodium PumpSodium Potassium Pump

Draw 2 presynaptic neurons and 1 postsynaptic neuron. Explain the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory synapses

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?

GABAProvide a general example of a drug effecting the GABAA receptors?

BarbituratesEthyl AlcoholBenzodiazepines – antianxiety What is the major excitatory

neurotransmitter?Glutamate

Is Glutamate always an excitatory neurotransmitter?

no

What is the primary neurotransmitter in motor neurons?Acetylcholine

What are, or is the function of, some of the other areas that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?

1. Eyes – Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep2. Cerebral Cortex – perceptual learning3. Hippocampus! – leaning and memory

Which toxin and venom affect the release of ACh?Botulinum ToxinBlack widow spider venom

Which one prevents the release of ACh and which one stimulates the release of ACh?

Most neurotransmitter effects are terminated by reuptake, what is the reuptake mechanism for Acetylcholine?

There is no reuptake, acetylcholine is deactivated by and enzyme that is present in the postsynaptic membrane, acetylcholinesterase.

Botulinum Toxin – Prevents releaseBlack widow spider venom – Stimulates Release

SIDE NOTEPage 103 Case Study; interesting case describing botulinum poison

Nail Gun AccidentYou are an intern an one of the local hospitals and a construction worker comes in who

apparently has had an accident with his nail gun. The doctor quite concerned asks you to take the man down and get a brain scan to see where exactly the nails are.

What type of brain scan would you use?CT Scanner

What is a CT Scan exactly?A device that uses a special x-ray machine and a computer to produce images of the brain that appear as slices taken parallel to the top of the scull

What is the other type of brain scan that could show you the structure of the brain but that you would NOT want to use in this case?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

What is an MRI Scan exactly?A technique with a device that uses the interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce images of slices of the interior of the body

You walk into one of the local psychology labs to complete yet another hour of forced research for your intro psychology class and see a man hooked up to this strange apparatus.

What type of brain scan would say he is having?Electroencephalogram (EEG)

What is an EEG exactly?An electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp.

When might this type of brain scan be used?

Visual experiments, epilepsy cases, sleep experiments, coma, tumors, stroke

What is another brain scan that is used in the diagnosis of epilepsy by detecting minute magnetic fields in the cerebral cortex?

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

What are the two other brain scanning techniques that can be used to measure function in specific regions of the brain?

Positron emission tomography (PET)Functional MRI (fMRI)

What is a PET scan exactly?The use of a device that reveals the localization of a radioactive tracer in a living brain.

What is a fMRI scan exactly?A modification of the MRI procedure that permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain

If you were doing an experiment on the reward pathway and wanted to directly stimulate the area of the brain associated this pathway, basically mimicking reward, whenever a cat jumped through a hoop of fire what technique could you use?

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

What is the name of the lobe in blue?

Frontal Lobe

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Reasoning, personality attention, motor

What is the name of the lobe in red?

Parietal Lobe

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Integrating sensory information, somatosensation, processing spatial information, temperature perception

What is the name of the lobe in Yellow?

Occipital Lobe

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Processing and perceiving vision

What is the name of the lobe in Green?

Temporal Lobe

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Processing and perceiving sound, memory

Which Lobe is the most important lobe?

What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS?

The CNS, Central Nervous System is considered the brain and the spinal cord

While the PNS, Peripheral Nervous System is considered to be the nervous system peripheral to the brain and spinal cord; the cranial and spinal nerves

What are the Cranial Nerves?

What are the Spinal Nerves?

-A bundle of nerve fibers that transmit information between the central Nervous system and the body’s sense organs, muscles, and glands- Know head and Neck region eyes, ears, nose and tongue

A bundle of nerve fibers attached to the spinal cord; conveys sensory information from the body and carries messages to muscles and glands.

What are the 3 major parts of the human brain?Brain Stem, Cerebellum, Cerebral hemispheres

What Does the Brain Stem Do?- Control physiological functions and automatic behaviors- Provides the main motor and sensory innervations to the face and neck via the cranial nerves

What are the parts of the Brain Stem?Medulla Pons and Midbrain

What is the function of the Medulla?Controls functions like heart rate and blood pressure

What is the function of the Pons?Involved in the control of sleep

What is the function of the Midbrain?Involved in the control of fighting and sexual behavior and in decreased sensitivity to pain during these behaviors

What structure is interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brain stem?

Basal Ganglia

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?Involved in control of slow movements and movements of larger muscles

What 3 structures are included in the Limbic System?Amygdala, Hippocampus! And limbic cortex

What is the function of the Limbic System?Important in emotional and species-typical behavior

What is the function of the Hippocampus!Involved in learning and memory

What is the function of the Amygdala?Emotion, emotional behavior, controls physiological reactions fight or flight

A behavior seen in all or most members of a species, nest building