psyc 111 study unit 3.1
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Study Unit 3.1CONSCIOUS
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What is conscious?
Awareness of internal & external stimulus.
Includes:
1. external events
2. Awareness: internal sensations;
3. Awareness: self as being unique in experience;
4. Awareness of mind of these experiences.
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Levels of Conscious Awareness Stream
Attention wanders
Daydreaming
Levels of consciousness:
Freud: Different depths
Consciousness: Sleep,
Anesthesia
Parents - = Babies consciousness during sleep
Bewustheidstroom
Vla
kke v
an
bew
ust
heid
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Conscious and Brain Activity
• Brain Activity = Consciousness
• Nerve networks
• EEG: Brain Waves:
• Height and frequency
• In 1952 Kleitman & Aserinsky discover REM
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Does the conscious change through biological rhythms?
Biological rhythms:
Periodic changes
Physiological
functioning =
Biological Clock
eg Cicada
Circadian rhythms:
24 - hour biological cycles in living
Creatures : Blood Pressure,
Hormones,
Digestion, Memory, cognitions,
Body temp.
Experiments without external
stimuli
Biological rhythms: Melatonin
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Physical path of the biological clock
Light Retina Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the Hypothalamus gland pineal gland melatonin melatonin
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Circadian Rhythms ignored
Jet lag
Shift work
Annoyed, tired, sluggish
Dangerous and tumors, ulcers, cancer and heart attacks can be caused.
Stabilize: Melatonin
Solution: Clear light for shift workers, but not realistic option
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Sports
Perform better than east west
Oos/East- one day per time zone adjustment
West / West - 2/3 days per time zone
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Levels of conscious
• Sleep
• Dream
• Hypnoses
• Meditation
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Sleep cycle
• Several physical and spiritual
• Activity - 5 phases (X4)
• Sleep Laboratory :
• (EMG): Muscles and tension
• (EOG): Eye movement
• Hart, sleep, temperature, etc. monitored
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Fase / Phase Beskrywing / Description Fisiologies / Physiology
Fase 1/ Phase 1
• Begin van slaap / Start of sleep
• Tussen wakker en slaap / Between awake and asleep
• Vat sowat 10 – 25 minute om aan slaap te raak /
Takes 10 – 25 minutes to fall asleep
• Duur / Duration: 10 - 12 min: Theta golwe
• Hartklop, asemhaling, temp neem af / Heartbeat, breathing and temeparture• Hipnic jerk : - spier sametrekkings
Fase 2/ Phase 2 Kort periodes van hoër breinfrekwensies (slaap
“spindle”) / Short period of higher
Brain frequencies (Sleep spindels)
10-25 min
Fase 3& 4 Phase 3 & 4 “Slow wave sleep”
Hoër amplitudes, laer frekwensie /
High Amplitudes, Low frequencies
Delta golwe / wavesNa / After 30 min Duur / Duraion: 30 min
Fase 5: REM/ Phase 5: REM
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REM Sleep
5th Sleep Phases.
Rapid eye movement.
Deep sleep stage, difficult person to wake from it.
Muscles very relaxed.
Breathing and heartbeat unusual
High frequency beta waves, as if waking
REM: Most dreams often are remembered.
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Brain:
Important for sleep = reticular formation in brainstem.
The ARAS (ascending reticular Activating System) involves the incoming nerve tissues by the reticular formation run and influence psychological arousal.
If the part (reticular Activating System) in a cat is cut = sleep. Experiment.
Electronic stimulus produce awareness and arousal.
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Reason for sleep: 1. Energy savings and mountain
2. Protection against predators and capture information
3. Rebuild body cells
Sleep restriction:
More negatively than people realize
Influence: Attention
Reaction Time
Accuracy
Coordination
Decision Making
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Memory Consolidation: Sleep helps with memory
Sleep Restriction – Increases hunger
Sleeploss – Low immune system
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Age/Culture and sleep
50% of babies sleep = REM
20% of adult = REM sleep
"Slow wave" sleep less -
Aging, sleep light
Sleep pretty similar in cultures
Sleeping Arrangements and naps - Differ
Research: sleep deprivation
Baby's sleep 6-8 times a day
Older people may sleep less get along.
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Sleep patterns Insomnia: Can not sleep
do not get enough sleep.
Narcolepsy: Go to sleep suddenly while awake.
Nightmares: Bad dreams, anxiety, REM
Sleep Anxiety: Wake up in NREM sleep, intense anxiety
Sleep apnea: gasped, interrupts sleep
Somnabulisme: Walk in sleep
4% male. 2% femaleIncrease risk of stroke
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Insomnia
3 patterns: Unable to sleep
Unable to sleep would not
Waking up early in the morning
Causes: Depression, fatigue, anxiety, reduced productivity, drugs.
Cause: Stress, Biological Clock, depression, health
30-35% Adults - Insomnia
Treatment: Medication: Sedative benzodiazepine for anxiety.
Nonbenzodiazepine Sedative for insomnia
Meditation
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RDB
RDB( REM sleep behaviour disorder)
Speak, scream, jump etc. in sleep
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Dreams
• Global change:
• Gandhi, Lyndon Johnson, Frankenstein,
• Dali, Bergman, "The American Dream
• Lucid Dreaming = know that you are dreaming in your
dream
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• Dream is a story-like mental
• experience during REM sleep
• intense visual and sometimes
• bizarre material are seen
• as truth by the dreamer
• and the dreaming experience.
• NREM - Not as visually & Intense
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Inhoud van Drome• Everyday content: Familiar environment . Every day people- we
remember bizarre things
• Themes: Mostly Internal conflicts and self-centered:
• External stimuli: Water on hand
• Differences men and women
• "Day residuals" eg Finance
• Culture and dreams:
• Western vs others: Nb info themselves, and spiritual future
Consistent with life Remains of the Day (Freud) Eg: Alarm clock ringing in dreams.
Western is not as important as in other cultures
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Dream TheoryFreud
• Wensvervulling & Onderdrukte begeerts / Wish fulfillment & Unconscious urges
• Hoofweg na die onbewuste / Highway to the unconscious
• Manifeste(Storielyn van droom) en Latente inhoud (versteekte betekenis)/ Manifest and latent content
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Cartwright
Kognitief, probleem-
oplossend / Cognitive and
Problemsolving
Kreatiewe drome: Los probleme op / Creative dreams: Solve problems
Bevorder leer / Enhances learning
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Hobson
Aktivering-sintese model /
Activation – synthesis
model
Drome newe effekte van
neurale aktivering van
Beta-golwe tydens REM
slaap /
Dreams side effects of
neural activation that
produces Beta-waves
during REM.
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Hypnoses
• History: Mesmer
• Braid (Scotland) – Anesthesia in operations. Hypnosis as anesthesia 1843
• Clinical tool vs entertainment
• Hypnosis: A systematic procedure that a person is more receptive to suggestions.
• Passive recreation,
• Restricted attention
• Advanced FantasiesToday: Clinical tool also psychologists. Must receive training
Leads to relaxation and imagination
10-20% of population can not be hypnotized.
Mesmer cured patient in 18de century= mesmerize
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How?
Hypnotic induction: Pendulum,
Relaxation of whole body
Braid & Eye
Different levels of openness:
Spiegel: "Eyeball Test"
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Effect
• Analgesia
• Sensory distortions and hallucinations
• Post-hypnotic suggestion & amnesia
• Medical: Smoking
• Weightloss
• Treatment for pain
• ? Memories of past
• Entertainment
Under hypnosis can resist treatment and can cause pain.
Suggestions made under hypnosis influence behaviour.
Disinhibition: Convince to do things that are usually unacceptable to do.
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Theory of hypnoses
Role play vs. Change in consciousness
Hilgard: "Dissociation. Splitting off of mental processes
into two separate and simultaneous streams of
awareness. "
Eg. highway hypnosis
Socio-cognitive viewpoint in social context Hypnosis as an Altered states of consciousness Higard - hypnosis causes a dissociation divided mental processes, communicate, observe = difficult
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Meditation
Focus - increased awareness
Awareness - better voluntary control over mental processes is
obtained.
"Pure Consciousness - quite Depths Of The Mind"
Yoga, Zen, Transcendental Meditation? Possible psychological
benefits
Similar to deep relaxation procedures
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Mindful Meditation in Zen Buddism anchored and Transcendental Meditation in Hinduism
Alpha and Theta waves more prominent meditation.
Long-term benefits: Reduce stress
Increase self-esteem
Control of blood pressure
Benefit sleep patterns
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Drugs
Control consciousness
Psychoactive drugs: Chemical substances that are mental, emotional, behavioural function changes.
Non-medical purposes - entertainment and recreation: Severe damage
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MDMA - hallucinogens & Amphetamines
Feel warm, friendly, Insightful and empathy, but conscious and full of energy.
Problems: high blood pressure, muscle cramps, sweating, blurry vision, insomnia and anxiety.
Tolerance - how the drug affects you. Must therefore take more feeling.
Pshyco active affects neurotransmitters. And brain.
Physically dependent, should not take withdrawal symptoms experienced. Eg. Chills, throwing up, cramps, fever,
Psychologically dependent must take psychological and mental tendencies to satisfy.
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Overdose: All but sedatives, and alcohol narcotics greatest risk.
Direct effect: Tissue damage eg. Cocaine, crack.
Indirect effects: behaviour. Sleeping and eating patterns.
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Psychoactive Drugs
Narcotics (opiate) - pain
Sedatives - sleep inducing
Stimulants - increase CNS activity
Hallucinogens - distorted sensory and perceptual experience
Cannabis - produces light, relaxed euphoria
Alcohol - produces relaxed euphoria, reduced inhibitions
MDMA - produces a warm, friendly euphoria