psych final review 2014 all students are permitted to use this review on the academic psych exam....
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Psych Final Psych Final ReviewReview
20142014
All students are permitted to use this All students are permitted to use this review on the academic psych exam. You review on the academic psych exam. You
may add your own handwritten notes to the may add your own handwritten notes to the pages of this study guide. pages of this study guide.
Any photocopied guides or additional pages Any photocopied guides or additional pages will be invalid for use during the exam.will be invalid for use during the exam.
Unit 1: Intro to PsychUnit 1: Intro to Psych Objectives:Objectives:
Define psychologyDefine psychology Study of behaviors and mental processesStudy of behaviors and mental processes
History of psychologyHistory of psychology Trephining- Elements/Humors- Phrenology- Trephining- Elements/Humors- Phrenology-
Enlightenment (anatomy)- Lab science (Wundt’s Enlightenment (anatomy)- Lab science (Wundt’s structuralism and James’ functionalism)- Gestalt structuralism and James’ functionalism)- Gestalt to …to …
Major schools of psychologyMajor schools of psychology Behaviorism- Psychoanalytic- Humanistic- Behaviorism- Psychoanalytic- Humanistic-
Cognitive- BiologicalCognitive- Biological Why psych a scienceWhy psych a science
Scientific Method- Research Methods- Basic vs. Scientific Method- Research Methods- Basic vs. AppliedApplied
Modern Schools of Modern Schools of ThoughtThought
BehaviorismBehaviorism John B. WatsonJohn B. Watson Observable Observable
behaviors/ behaviors/ consequencesconsequences
PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Hidden conflict Hidden conflict
drives behaviordrives behavior CognitiveCognitive
Jean PiagetJean Piaget Org, remember, Org, remember,
use knowledgeuse knowledge
HumanisticHumanistic Maslow and RogersMaslow and Rogers Hierarchy of needs Hierarchy of needs
guides behaviorguides behavior (Neuro)Biological(Neuro)Biological
NewNew NS, Hormones, NS, Hormones,
Genes influence Genes influence behaviorbehavior
SocioculturalSociocultural How society & How society &
culture impact dvptculture impact dvpt
Psych As SciencePsych As Science
Basic- study to know more, Applied- use Basic- study to know more, Applied- use what we know to solve problemswhat we know to solve problems
Scientific MethodScientific Method Problem, Hypothesis, Research, Analyze, Problem, Hypothesis, Research, Analyze,
Theory, RetestTheory, Retest Research MethodsResearch Methods
Observation, Case study, Interview, Survey, Observation, Case study, Interview, Survey, TestsTests
Experimental Method: Variables, Groups, Bias, Experimental Method: Variables, Groups, Bias, BlindsBlinds
Correlational MethodCorrelational Method
Unit 2: Biological BasisUnit 2: Biological Basis Objectives:Objectives:
Techniques for studying the brain.Techniques for studying the brain. Phrenology- Infamous Patients- Lesioning- Phrenology- Infamous Patients- Lesioning-
Electrical Activity (EEG)- Imaging (CAT, PET, MRI)Electrical Activity (EEG)- Imaging (CAT, PET, MRI) Nervous System- neuron and neural Nervous System- neuron and neural
communication.communication. Types, Parts, Neurotransmitters, Reaction TimeTypes, Parts, Neurotransmitters, Reaction Time Neuroanatomy Neuroanatomy Diagram-Diagram- CNS, PNS (and parts) CNS, PNS (and parts)
Function and location of parts of the brain.- Function and location of parts of the brain.- DiagramDiagram
Function and Function and locationlocation of lobes and of lobes and hemispheres.hemispheres.
Glandular SystemGlandular System Endocrine System Endocrine System DiagramDiagram Function of major endocrine glands & hormonesFunction of major endocrine glands & hormones
Nervous SystemNervous System Brain CellsBrain Cells
Glial Cells/ NeuronsGlial Cells/ Neurons NeuronsNeurons
Sensory, Motor, Sensory, Motor, InterneuronInterneuron
Parts of NeuronParts of Neuron Body (soma)- Body (soma)-
Dendrites- Axon Dendrites- Axon (myelin sheath)- End (myelin sheath)- End Bulbs- SynapseBulbs- Synapse
CommunicationCommunication Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters
(excite/inhibit)(excite/inhibit) Reaction Time/ Reaction Time/
DiscriminationDiscrimination
NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomy Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
Brain and Spinal CordBrain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous
SystemSystem Somatic and AutonomicSomatic and Autonomic
Sympathetic and Sympathetic and ParasympatheticParasympathetic
BrainBrain Right vs. Left HemispheresRight vs. Left Hemispheres LobesLobes
Frontal, Parietal, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital Temporal, Occipital
FissuresFissures Motor/Sensory/Auditory/Motor/Sensory/Auditory/
Visual CortexVisual Cortex Broca/Wernicke’s AreasBroca/Wernicke’s Areas
The BrainThe Brain
Unit 3: States of Unit 3: States of ConsciousnessConsciousness
Objectives:Objectives: Define consciousness, id various states.Define consciousness, id various states.
Awareness of self and environmentAwareness of self and environment Conscious- Non-Con- Precon- Subcon- Uncon- AlteredConscious- Non-Con- Precon- Subcon- Uncon- Altered
Describe state of sleepDescribe state of sleep Explain theories on sleepExplain theories on sleep Explain theories on dreamingExplain theories on dreaming Describe meditation and hypnosis.Describe meditation and hypnosis.
Hypnosis: Deeply relaxed and highly suggestible Hypnosis: Deeply relaxed and highly suggestible (Characteristics?) (Uses?)(Characteristics?) (Uses?)
Meditation: Controlled consciousness for tranquilityMeditation: Controlled consciousness for tranquility Identify types and effects of drugs and alcoholIdentify types and effects of drugs and alcohol
Sleep and DreamsSleep and Dreams
TheoriesTheories Evolutionary- Evolutionary-
RecuperativeRecuperative CircadianCircadian
Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep CycleCycle Awake- nREM 1-3, Awake- nREM 1-3,
REMREM Different brain wavesDifferent brain waves 5-6/night5-6/night
Dream TheoryDream Theory Cultural, Cultural,
Psychoanalytic, Psychoanalytic, Activation-Synthesis, Activation-Synthesis, Problem SolvingProblem Solving
Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders Insomnia, Insomnia,
Narcolepsy, Apnea, Narcolepsy, Apnea, Walking/Talking/ Walking/Talking/ Wetting, TerrorsWetting, Terrors
Unit 4: PersonalityUnit 4: Personality
ObjectivesObjectives Define personalityDefine personality Describe personality assessments & usesDescribe personality assessments & uses Compare & contrast the major theories of Compare & contrast the major theories of
personality (personality (Personality results from…Personality results from… Psychoanalytic- Psychoanalytic- unconscious motives and the importance unconscious motives and the importance
of early childhood experiences of early childhood experiences Neo-Freudian – see above with slight modificationsNeo-Freudian – see above with slight modifications Behavioral – Behavioral – interaction between the individual and the interaction between the individual and the
environmentenvironment Social-Cognitive – Social-Cognitive – environmental conditions, cognitive environmental conditions, cognitive
factors, and behaviorfactors, and behavior Humanistic – Humanistic – inherent desire to reach our true potential. inherent desire to reach our true potential. Trait - Trait - consistent, long-lasting behaviors & feelings.consistent, long-lasting behaviors & feelings.
Personality TheoriesPersonality Theories PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic
Freud’s Sexual/Aggressive Freud’s Sexual/Aggressive UrgesUrges
Id-Ego-SuperegoId-Ego-Superego Fixation of Libido (Oral, Anal, Fixation of Libido (Oral, Anal,
Phallic, Latent, Genital Stages)Phallic, Latent, Genital Stages) Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
Neo-FreudianNeo-Freudian Jung –Collective Unconscious Jung –Collective Unconscious
(Archetypes)(Archetypes) Horney – Security, Womb EnvyHorney – Security, Womb Envy Adler – Inferiority Complex & Adler – Inferiority Complex &
Birth OrderBirth Order Erikson – Psychosocial CrisesErikson – Psychosocial Crises
Behavioral Behavioral Skinner – learned via Skinner – learned via
reinforcement/punishmentreinforcement/punishment
Social-CognitiveSocial-Cognitive Bandura – Self-efficacyBandura – Self-efficacy Rotter – Locus of ControlRotter – Locus of Control
HumanisticHumanistic Maslow – Self-actualization Maslow – Self-actualization Rogers – Self concept (real vs Rogers – Self concept (real vs
ideal), UPR, Fully Functioning ideal), UPR, Fully Functioning
TraitTrait Cattell – 16 PFCattell – 16 PF McCrae/Costa Big 5 - OCEANMcCrae/Costa Big 5 - OCEAN
Personality TestsPersonality Tests PersonalityPersonality
Unique pattern of Unique pattern of thought, feeling, thought, feeling, behaviorbehavior
Humors – Phrenology – Humors – Phrenology – Modern TheoriesModern Theories
AssessmentsAssessments Objective (Self-Report): Objective (Self-Report):
MMPI-2, 16PF, NEOMMPI-2, 16PF, NEO Projective: Projective: Rorschach, Rorschach,
TATTAT Test Reliability & Test Reliability &
ValidityValidity
UsesUses Diagnose disordersDiagnose disorders HiringHiring ResearchResearch Predict BehaviorPredict Behavior
Unit 5: StressUnit 5: Stress
StressorsStressors Physical vs Physical vs
PsychologicalPsychological Daily –LCUs – Daily –LCUs –
CatastropheCatastrophe
Hans Selye – GAS Hans Selye – GAS TheoryTheory Alarm-Resistance-Alarm-Resistance-
ExhaustionExhaustion
Physical Reactions to Physical Reactions to StressStress Headaches, Insomnia, High Headaches, Insomnia, High
Blood Pressure, IllnessBlood Pressure, Illness
Psychological Reactions Psychological Reactions to Stressto Stress Depression, AnxietyDepression, Anxiety
Coping SkillsCoping Skills Locus of Control, Exercise, Locus of Control, Exercise,
Sleep, Diet, Support Sleep, Diet, Support System, OutletsSystem, Outlets
Unit 6: Abnormal Unit 6: Abnormal PsychologyPsychology
Objectives:Objectives: Define abnormalDefine abnormal Explain medical model and DSMExplain medical model and DSM Differentiate between the 15 major Differentiate between the 15 major
DSM disordersDSM disorders Explain possible treatments and types Explain possible treatments and types
of therapyof therapy
Mental IllnessMental Illness AbnormalAbnormal
Deviation, Maladjustment, Deviation, Maladjustment, DistressDistress
Impairs daily functioningImpairs daily functioning
Asylum ReformAsylum Reform Dorothea DixDorothea Dix
Medical ModelMedical Model Diagnose symptoms- TreatDiagnose symptoms- Treat DSM-VDSM-V Criticisms?Criticisms?
Legal InsanityLegal Insanity
Major Mental DiagnosesMajor Mental Diagnoses Mood, Anxiety (& Mood, Anxiety (&
Subtypes),Subtypes), Somatoform, Dissociative,Somatoform, Dissociative, SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Personality, Impulse ControlPersonality, Impulse Control Others…Eating, SleepingOthers…Eating, Sleeping
TreatmentTreatment In-Out PatientIn-Out Patient Biomedical (Surgery, Drugs)Biomedical (Surgery, Drugs) Psychotherapies (Types)Psychotherapies (Types) Combined TherapyCombined Therapy Therapists & Counselors, Therapists & Counselors,
SettingsSettings
Perspectives of DisordersPerspectives of DisordersIllness is the result of….
Can be treated by…
Psychoanalytic
Unconscious conflicts over aggressive & sexual impulses.
Psychotherapy (“talking cure”)
Behavioral Reinforcement of inappropriate or extinction of appropriate behaviors.
Behavior Therapy: Apply principles of learning to change/modify behavior
Cognitive Irrational or maladaptive thought processes
Cognitive Therapy: Change thought processes
Psychosocial Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Medication, Behavioral , Cognitive Therapies
Neurobiology Genetic abnormalities in brain structure & biochemistry.
Medication
Unit 7: LearningUnit 7: Learning
Objectives:Objectives: Describe components of classical Describe components of classical
conditioning.conditioning. See next pageSee next page
Describe components of operant conditioning.Describe components of operant conditioning. See next pageSee next page
Describe observational/ social learning Describe observational/ social learning theory.theory.
Bandura’sBandura’s BoBo Doll & ModelingBoBo Doll & Modeling Attention- Retention- Imitation- MotivationAttention- Retention- Imitation- Motivation Vicarious Living- DisinhibitionVicarious Living- Disinhibition
ConditioningConditioning ClassicalClassical
Pavlov- BehaviorsPavlov- Behaviors NS- UCS- UCR- CS- NS- UCS- UCR- CS-
CRCR Principles of CCPrinciples of CC
Acqui- Gen- Discrim- Acqui- Gen- Discrim- Extinc- RecovExtinc- Recov
Watson- EmotionsWatson- Emotions Baby AlbertBaby Albert
Fixing FearsFixing Fears Counter- Counter-
Desensitization- Desensitization- FloodingFlooding
OperantOperant Thorndike’s Law of Thorndike’s Law of
EffectEffect BF SkinnerBF Skinner Behavior/ConsequenceBehavior/Consequence
(+/-) Reinforcement –(+/-) Reinforcement –Punishment- Omission Punishment- Omission TrainingTraining
Primary/Secondary Primary/Secondary ReinforcersReinforcers
Continuous/Partial Continuous/Partial ReinforcementReinforcement
Ratio- IntervalRatio- Interval Fixed-VariableFixed-Variable
Shaping, ChainingShaping, Chaining
Unit 8: Social PsychUnit 8: Social Psych
Social ThinkingSocial Thinking Attribution: Attribution:
Disposition/Situation, Disposition/Situation, FAE, Self-Serving BiasFAE, Self-Serving Bias
Attitude FormationAttitude Formation Attitude Change:Attitude Change:
Persuasion – Persuasion – Central/PeripheralCentral/Peripheral
Foot In Door/Door In FaceFoot In Door/Door In Face Festinger’s Cognitive Festinger’s Cognitive
DissonanceDissonance
Social InfluenceSocial Influence Asch’s Conformity Asch’s Conformity
StudyStudy
BehaviorBehavior Social Facilitation – Social Facilitation –
Inhibition – LoafingInhibition – Loafing Bystander Effect Bystander Effect
(Kitty G)(Kitty G) Zimbardo – Role & Zimbardo – Role &
DeindividuationDeindividuation Milgram - ObedienceMilgram - Obedience
Social PsychSocial Psych
Social RelationsSocial Relations Groups: In/OutGroups: In/Out
EthnocentrismEthnocentrism StereotypesStereotypes PrejudicePrejudice DiscriminationDiscrimination
ConflictConflict Causes/ResolutionCauses/Resolution
Interpersonal AttractionInterpersonal Attraction Proximity, Attractiveness Proximity, Attractiveness
(Halo Effect), Similarity(Halo Effect), Similarity
Romantic LoveRomantic Love Hatfield: Passionate, Hatfield: Passionate,
CompanionateCompanionate Sternberg: Triarchic TheorySternberg: Triarchic Theory
Passion, Commitment, Passion, Commitment, IntimacyIntimacy
Gender differences in Gender differences in dating & matingdating & mating