Psychoanalytic ApproachPsychoanalytic Approach

Developed by Sigmund FreudDeveloped by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is both an approach to Psychoanalysis is both an approach to

therapy and a theory of personalitytherapy and a theory of personality Emphasizes unconscious motivation - the Emphasizes unconscious motivation - the

main causes of behavior lie buried in the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mindunconscious mind

Sex was such a taboo that it may have Sex was such a taboo that it may have caused Freud to become fixated on the caused Freud to become fixated on the subject and leading him to make it the subject and leading him to make it the root cause of neurosis root cause of neurosis

Psychoanalytic ApproachPsychoanalytic Approach

Ego

Rational, planful,mediating dimensionof personality

Id

Irrational, illogical,impulsivedimension ofpersonality

Superego

Moralistic,judgmental, perfectionistdimension of personality

Conscious

Informationin your

immediateawareness

Preconscious Informationwhich can

easily bemade

consciousUnconscious

Thoughts,feelings,

urges, and otherinformation

that is difficultto bring toconsciousawareness

Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the MindPsychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind Id - instinctual drives present at Id - instinctual drives present at

birthbirth– resides in the unconsciousresides in the unconscious– born with primal urgesborn with primal urges– does not distinguish between reality does not distinguish between reality

and fantasyand fantasy– operates according to the pleasure operates according to the pleasure

principleprinciple– Primary processPrimary process

attempt to achieve gratification (reduce attempt to achieve gratification (reduce internal tensions)internal tensions)

fantasies and dreams fantasies and dreams

Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the MindPsychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind Ego - develops out of the id in Ego - develops out of the id in

infancyinfancy– understands reality and logicunderstands reality and logic– created to satisfy the Id but within societal created to satisfy the Id but within societal

normsnorms– mediator between id and superegomediator between id and superego– executive of the personalityexecutive of the personality– operates according to the reality principleoperates according to the reality principle– resides mostly in the consciousresides mostly in the conscious– Secondary ProcessSecondary Process

Ego attempts to reduce tensions of the Id within Ego attempts to reduce tensions of the Id within society’s norms in attempt to release pent up society’s norms in attempt to release pent up energyenergy

Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the MindPsychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind

Superego Superego – internalization of society’s moral internalization of society’s moral

standardsstandards– created by society created by society – responsible for guilt and uses guilt to responsible for guilt and uses guilt to

attain goalsattain goals– operates according to the moral operates according to the moral

principleprinciple– resides mostly in the unconsciousresides mostly in the unconscious

Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesFreud’s five stages of personality Freud’s five stages of personality

development, each associated with a development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone (sensitive)particular erogenous zone (sensitive)

LibidoLibido– Energy (Sexual)Energy (Sexual)

Fixation - an attempt to achieve Fixation - an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it was are equivalent to how it was achieved in these stages –stuck in a achieved in these stages –stuck in a stagestage

Oral Stage (birth - 1 year)Oral Stage (birth - 1 year) Mouth is associated with pleasure from Mouth is associated with pleasure from

breast feeding/bottlesbreast feeding/bottles Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not

handled correctlyhandled correctly Fixation can lead to oral activities in Fixation can lead to oral activities in

adulthoodadulthood– Smokers, drinkers, nail biters, lollipop suckersSmokers, drinkers, nail biters, lollipop suckers– excessive eating & talking, chewing pencils excessive eating & talking, chewing pencils

and eating ice cubesand eating ice cubes OptimismOptimism

– Overindulged- optimistic dependent Overindulged- optimistic dependent PessimismPessimism

– Frustrated – pessimistic aggressiveFrustrated – pessimistic aggressive

Anal Stage (1 - 3 years)Anal Stage (1 - 3 years) Associated with pleasureAssociated with pleasure Toilet training can lead to fixation if not Toilet training can lead to fixation if not

handled correctlyhandled correctly Fixation can lead to anal retentive or Fixation can lead to anal retentive or

expulsive behaviors in adulthoodexpulsive behaviors in adulthood– Anal RetentiveAnal Retentive

Neat, orderly, organized, careful, hoarding, Neat, orderly, organized, careful, hoarding, precise, prompt, withholding, passive-precise, prompt, withholding, passive-aggressive, stingy and stubbornaggressive, stingy and stubborn

– Anal ExpulsiveAnal Expulsive Messy, disorderly, disorganized, careless, Messy, disorderly, disorganized, careless,

wasteful, extravagant, reckless, tardy, defiant, wasteful, extravagant, reckless, tardy, defiant, aggressive and stubbornaggressive and stubborn

Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years)Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years)

Focus of pleasure shifts to the Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitalsgenitals

Oedipus or Electra complex can Oedipus or Electra complex can occuroccur– Desire for the opposite sex parentDesire for the opposite sex parent

Fixation can lead to excessive Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in for attention or domination in femalesfemales

Latency Stage (5 - puberty)Latency Stage (5 - puberty)Sexuality is repressedSexuality is repressedChildren participate in hobbies, Children participate in hobbies,

school and same-sex friendshipsschool and same-sex friendshipsGirls/Boys have cootiesGirls/Boys have cootiesSome believe that since there is Some believe that since there is

no sexual expression in this no sexual expression in this stage then it is not really a stage then it is not really a psychosexual stagepsychosexual stage

Genital Stage (puberty on)Genital Stage (puberty on)

Sexual feelings re-emerge Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward and are oriented toward othersothers

Healthy adults find pleasure Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied adults have their energy tied up in earlier stagesup in earlier stages

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

Unconscious mental Unconscious mental processes employed by the processes employed by the ego to reduce anxietyego to reduce anxiety

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms Denial – refusing to accept realities that are too Denial – refusing to accept realities that are too

painfulpainful Displacement - when a drive directed to one activity Displacement - when a drive directed to one activity

by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the egoby the ego

Sublimation - displacement to activities that are Sublimation - displacement to activities that are valued by societyvalued by society

Fantasy – Unconsciously dreaming up false realitiesFantasy – Unconsciously dreaming up false realities Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing

unacceptable impulses to someone elseunacceptable impulses to someone else Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing

thoughtsthoughts Reaction formation - replacing an unacceptable wish Reaction formation - replacing an unacceptable wish

with its oppositewith its opposite

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

Regression - retreating to a mode of Regression - retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of developmentof development

Repression - keeping anxiety-producing Repression - keeping anxiety-producing thoughts out of the conscious mindthoughts out of the conscious mind

Para praxes – Freudian slip; a Para praxes – Freudian slip; a compromise between desire & defensecompromise between desire & defense

Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories: neo-FreudiansTheories: neo-Freudians

Carl Jung’s collective unconscious Carl Jung’s collective unconscious (inherited experiences), (inherited experiences), introversion, extraversion introversion, extraversion

Alfred Adler’s individual psychologyAlfred Adler’s individual psychology Karen Horney’s focus on securityKaren Horney’s focus on security Erik Erikson’s psychosocial Erik Erikson’s psychosocial

developmentdevelopment

Carl JungCarl Jung Division of PersonalityDivision of Personality

– Conscious EgoConscious Ego Perceptions, thoughts and feelingsPerceptions, thoughts and feelings

– Personal UnconsciousPersonal Unconscious Threatening thoughts similar to Freud’s Threatening thoughts similar to Freud’s

unconsciousunconscious

– Collective UnconsciousCollective Unconscious Ancestral memoriesAncestral memories Archetypes: Inherited, general tendencies Archetypes: Inherited, general tendencies

passed on from ancestorspassed on from ancestors– Universal across culturesUniversal across cultures– TypesTypes

Hero- good, courageous, nobleHero- good, courageous, noble Mother- kind, caring and supportiveMother- kind, caring and supportive Animus- male side of the personalityAnimus- male side of the personality Anima– female side of the personalityAnima– female side of the personality Persona- mask to protect egoPersona- mask to protect ego

Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler

emphasized social influence on emphasized social influence on personality development personality development (disagreed with sexual (disagreed with sexual motivations)motivations)

childhood feelings of inferioritychildhood feelings of inferiority– Striving for superiorityStriving for superiority

Failure to overcome physical weakness Failure to overcome physical weakness creates an inferiority complexcreates an inferiority complex

– Fixation on inadequacies Fixation on inadequacies

Karen HorneyKaren Horney First feminist voice in First feminist voice in

psychoanalytical theorypsychoanalytical theory Basic anxietyBasic anxiety

– Anything that disturbs the security of the child Anything that disturbs the security of the child in relation to its parents produce anxiety in relation to its parents produce anxiety

Mother creates neurotic tendency in Mother creates neurotic tendency in childrenchildren

Womb EnvyWomb Envy– Mothers have a stronger connection with their Mothers have a stronger connection with their

children and fathers are enviouschildren and fathers are envious