Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic Theory Theory

Core Concepts: Core Concepts: 1. Psychic Determinism1. Psychic Determinism 2. Unconscious Motivation2. Unconscious Motivation 3. Child development3. Child development 4. Conflict4. Conflict

Sub-Theories:Sub-Theories:

Economic/Drive Theory ( Dual Economic/Drive Theory ( Dual Instinct )Instinct )

Topographic ( UNC, Preconscious, Topographic ( UNC, Preconscious, CON )CON )

Structural ( ID, EGO, SUPEREGO )Structural ( ID, EGO, SUPEREGO )

Instincts: Instincts:

Eros (libido) Eros (libido)

Thanatos (death/aggression)Thanatos (death/aggression)

Love and Death (Creation and Love and Death (Creation and Destruction)Destruction)

Cathexis (investment of psychic Cathexis (investment of psychic energy)energy)

Fixation (getting stuck)Fixation (getting stuck)

Structures of the MindStructures of the Mind IdIdinstinctual gratificationinstinctual gratificationPleasure Principle / Primary ProcessPleasure Principle / Primary Process

EgoEgoreality testingreality testingReality Principle / Secondary ProcessReality Principle / Secondary Process

Superego Superego

Psychosexual Psychosexual Development Development

Oral (0-18 mo.)Oral (0-18 mo.)Pleasure zone: mouth; Pleasure zone: mouth; Activities: sucking, mouthing, biting etc.Activities: sucking, mouthing, biting etc. Anal (18-36 mo.)Anal (18-36 mo.)Pleasure zone: anusPleasure zone: anusActivity: elimination & retention of feces Activity: elimination & retention of feces

(control)(control) Phallic (3-6 yo)Phallic (3-6 yo)Oedipus ComplexOedipus Complex

LatencyLatency

GenitalGenital

Personality fixed by the end of Personality fixed by the end of Phallic stagePhallic stage

Anxiety and DefenseAnxiety and Defense

RepressionRepression

Defense MechanismsDefense MechanismsExamples:Examples:Projection, Displacement, Reaction Projection, Displacement, Reaction

Formation, etc.Formation, etc.

CharacterCharacter

Fixed patterns of conflict and Fixed patterns of conflict and defense.defense.

Criticism of FreudCriticism of Freud Overemphasis on unconscious processesOveremphasis on unconscious processes Overemphasis on “sexual” developmentOveremphasis on “sexual” development Neglect of interpersonal environment Neglect of interpersonal environment

and social learningand social learning Overemphasis on early developmentOveremphasis on early development

Difficult to operationalize and testDifficult to operationalize and test Biased by era and cultureBiased by era and culture

Post-Freudian TheoriesPost-Freudian TheoriesEvolution of the theoryEvolution of the theory Move away from primary focus on Move away from primary focus on

instincts and more toward ego instincts and more toward ego capacitiescapacities

Greater emphasis on Greater emphasis on social/interpersonal relationssocial/interpersonal relations

Development as on-going processDevelopment as on-going processSimilarities:Similarities:Dynamic UNC, Conflict, Stages of DevelopmentDynamic UNC, Conflict, Stages of Development

JungJung Collective UNCCollective UNC

ArchetypesArchetypes

Anima/AnimusAnima/Animus Introversion/ExtraversionIntroversion/Extraversion

AdlerAdler ““Individual Psychology” unique Individual Psychology” unique

individuality and unified strivings of the individuality and unified strivings of the whole personwhole person

Ego functionsEgo functions Social environment Social environment

Inferiority/SuperiorityInferiority/Superiority Compensatory MotivationCompensatory Motivation Inferiority ComplexInferiority Complex

EriksonErikson

PsychoPsychosocial social DevelopmentDevelopment8 stages, development throughout the 8 stages, development throughout the

lifespanlifespan CrisesCrises1.Trust1.Trust2. Autonomy2. Autonomy5. Identity5. Identity6. Intimacy6. Intimacy

OBJECT RELATIONS OBJECT RELATIONS THEORYTHEORY

Interpersonal relationsInterpersonal relations and the and the development of the development of the SELFSELF

Internalized “object” Internalized “object” representationsrepresentations

Fundamental role of Fundamental role of ATTACHMENT as primary needATTACHMENT as primary need

KleinKleinStages:Stages: 1. (Schizoid) Fusion “Mommy and I are 1. (Schizoid) Fusion “Mommy and I are

one”one” 2. (Paranoid) Good bad splitting2. (Paranoid) Good bad splitting similar to “bi-polar representations” similar to “bi-polar representations”

(Kernberg)(Kernberg) 3. (Depressive) Integration ambivalence 3. (Depressive) Integration ambivalence

& compromise& compromise

““good enough mothering”good enough mothering”

AttachmentAttachment

MAHLER, BOWLBY, MAHLER, BOWLBY, AINSWORTH, KERNBERG etc.AINSWORTH, KERNBERG etc.

responsive parentingresponsive parenting secure/anxious/avoidant secure/anxious/avoidant

attachments attachments

KohutKohut SELF PSYCHOLOGYSELF PSYCHOLOGY

Self-objectsSelf-objects FunctionsFunctions MirroringMirroring

HorneyHorney

psychosocial and sociocultural psychosocial and sociocultural factorsfactors

““womb envy” womb envy”

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

tip of the icebergtip of the iceberg

ambiguous stimuliambiguous stimuli

Projective TestingProjective Testing

RorschachRorschach

TATTATMurray’s Needs “higher order Murray’s Needs “higher order

motives”motives”

Interrater/Interjudge reliabilityInterrater/Interjudge reliability

Empirical evidenceEmpirical evidence

CriticismCriticism

superficialsuperficial isolatedisolated artificialartificial

Empirical evidenceEmpirical evidence1. UNC processing1. UNC processing Automaticity Automaticity

2. UNC motivation2. UNC motivationNisbet & Wilson (unconscious behavior)Nisbet & Wilson (unconscious behavior)Silverman (subliminal activation)Silverman (subliminal activation)

3. Repression3. RepressionMixed resultsMixed resultsRepressed Memory DebateRepressed Memory Debate

Eyewitnesses reconstruct their Eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories when questioned about memories when questioned about the event.the event.

Group A: How fast were the cars going Group A: How fast were the cars going when they when they hithit each other? each other?

Group B: How fast were the cars going Group B: How fast were the cars going when they when they smashed intosmashed into each each other?other?

A week later they were asked: Was there A week later they were asked: Was there any broken glass? Group B any broken glass? Group B ((smashed into)smashed into) reported more reported more broken glass than Group A (broken glass than Group A (hithit).).