psychological disorders “manic monday” by the bangles copyright © allyn & bacon 2007
TRANSCRIPT
Psychological Disorders“Manic Monday” by The Bangles
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
(Think) On your power point notes, indicate what you think mental illness is.
(Pair/Share) Share with your neighbor your thoughts about what mental illness is.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
A woman's mother died. After the funeral everyone went to the mother's house where everyone ate and remembered the mother. At the reception the woman noticed a man and fell head-over-heels in love with him. People kept occupying her time, talking to her about her mother. When she finally got free, she searched all over but the man had left. The woman was so upset as she hadn't even gotten his name, she was so taken with him. Two weeks later, she killed her sister. Why did she kill her sister?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Ans: She killed her sister because she thought that since the man knew her mother and was at her funeral, maybe he knew her sister and would come to her funeral also. Then she could meet him.
• A form of “hypochondriasis” can occur when learning about abnormal psychology.
• You may find that some of the symptoms we discuss in this chapter sound like something you have experienced.
• This is normal; happens with medical students, too!
• Note, though, that all psychological disorders involve exaggerations of normal tendencies.
• If you can answer, “no” to the question, “Is this out of the norm for me?”, then you probably do not have a disorder!
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The medical model takes a “disease” view, while
psychology sees psychological disorder as an
interaction of biological, cognitive, social, and
behavioral factors
Psychopathology –Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals◦ Synonymous terms include:
Mental illness Mental disorder Psychological disorder
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Three classic signs suggest severe psychological disorder • Hallucinations• Delusions• Severe affective disturbances
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Johnny has been hearing voices that are not his own and not coming from other people. These voices are mean and tell him that people are out to get him. Johnny is experiencing what?
Sally has been telling people that she is the President of the United States when she clearly is not. She fully believes that she is and even goes to the White House and insists to the Secret Service that she be let in. Sally is experiencing what?
Other signs of a disorder are more subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily on clinical judgment; typically, two or more of these indicators are cause for concern.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Unconventionality and undesirable
behavior
•Prolonged anxiety•Overwhelmed to the point of losing concentration.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
• Others are afraid of the person due to how the person acts or behaves.
• The person’s behavior interferes with their own well-being (e.g. drinking so heavily that the person loses their job or is in danger of harming others on the road.)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
• Irrational speech (e.g. talking to someone who clearly is not there).
• Talking in ways that are incomprehensible (e.g. word salad).
• Behavior or emotional responses that are inappropriate to the situation (e.g. laughing at the scene of a tragedy).
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
• Erratic and inconsistent behavior from one event to the next (e.g., laughing and happy one day and then irritable and abusive the next – note, this is something that is continuous and not just due to “a bad day.”)
• Individual acts as though they are experiencing a loss of control.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
• The person behaves in ways that are statistically rare and violate social norms (the overall rules of society).
• Being merely “unusual” is not a sign of abnormality (e.g., green mohawk); however, if the individual is running around town wearing a green mohawk and nothing else, then that is abnormal.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning – operant and classical conditioning
Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Although most psychologists have reservations about the medical model, they do not deny the influence of biology on thought and behavior.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The most widely used system, found in the DSM-IV, classifies disorders by
their mental and behavioral symptoms
DSM-IV: (newest is DSM – IV R and DSM V is in the works).Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United States – recently revised.
In multiaxial diagnosis, professionals look at the entire person, not just their “abnormal” behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Axis I – Clinical Disorders (can be changed through medication or symptoms can be treated)
Axis II – Personality disorders and Mental Retardation (cannot be changed)
Axis III – General Medical Conditions
Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (on a scale of 1-100 how the person is functioning at the time they are first seen – used as a comparative throughout treatment).
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become
labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the
social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise
Insanity –A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Major depression – Form of depression that does not alternate with mania◦ Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) –
Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight Bipolar disorder –
Mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Generalized anxiety disorder – Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause
Panic disorder – Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience
Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Phobias– A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation
Preparedness hypothesis – Notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Obsessive-compulsive disorder – Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints
Conversion disorder – Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Glove Anesthesia
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Hypochondriasis – Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative disorders – Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia
DissociativeDissociativefuguefugue
Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder
Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder
A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugueDissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder
Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health – stemming from psychological reasons rather than organic causes
Bulimia – Eating disorder characterized be eating binges followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives; typical initiated as a weight-control measure
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schizophrenia – Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
DisorganizedDisorganized
CatatonicCatatonic
ParanoidParanoid
UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated
ResidualResidual
PositivePositive
NegativeNegative
Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
DisorganizedDisorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Involves stupor or extreme excitement
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Disorganized
CatatonicCatatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Disorganized
Catatonic
ParanoidParanoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated
Residual Type
Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual TypeResidual Type
Any form in which the person displays active symptoms(e.g. delusions, hallucinations)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
PositivePositiveSchizophreniaSchizophrenia
NegativeSchizophrenia
Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
PositiveSchizophrenia
NegativeNegativeSchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry
Diathesis-stress hypothesis –Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality disorders – Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Narcissistic personality disorder – Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, and a need for constant attention
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Antisocial personality disorder – Characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Borderline personality disorder – An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Mild depressionMild depression
Physical Physical complaintscomplaints
Marital Marital problemsproblems
Academic Academic problemsproblems
Parent-child Parent-child problemsproblems
BereavementBereavement MalingeringMalingering
Job problemsJob problems
Autism – A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind
Dyslexia – A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Shyness, a distressing pattern of avoiding or withdrawing from social contact is treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007