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Part I, is so arranged, in three self-contained groupsor blocks, as to allow of the admission of a student atthe beginning of any block of work, subject to aplace in the laboratory being available. Accord-ingly, applications can be received for admissionto the classes of protozoology and hsematology(approximately four weeks), or in helminthology(approximately four weeks), or in entomology(approximately four weeks). The instruction in theDivision of Clinical Tropical Medicine is given by themedical staff of the Hospital for Tropical Diseasesand by visiting lecturers. The resources of thehospitals of the Seamen’s Hospital Society at Gordon-street, at the Albert Docks, and elsewhere, are

available for the instruction of the students at theSchool.

Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineThe Liverpool University Diploma of Tropical

Medicine (D.T.M.) is open only to those who possessa qualification to practise medicine recognised bythe university, and who have been through a fullcourse of instruction at this school. The subjectsof examination are (a) Parasitology ; (b) Entomology ;{c) Tropical Medicine, including Ætiology, Symptoms,Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of TropicalDiseases. The course consists entirelv of Practicaland Clinical work, given at the Laboratory at the

University, and at a recognised hospital in which bedsare specially reserved for Tropical Diseases. Appli-cations should be made to the Dean of the MedicalFaculty, University of Liverpool.The University also grants a Diploma in Tropical

Hygiene (D.T.H.). The subjects of examination are{a) Tropical Hygiene (including Sanitary Engineering,Vital Statistics and Epidemiology, and AppliedParasitology and Entomology ; (b) Practical Sanita-tion ; (c) Bacteriology; (d) Chemistry (includingMeteorology and Climatology). Accommodation forresearch work is to be had at the University Labora-tory. The Mary Kingsley Medal is awarded by theschool for distinguished work in connexion withTropical Medicine.

University of EdinburghCandidates for the Diploma in Tropical Medicine

and Hygiene must be graduates in medicine andsurgery of the University of Edinburgh or holdcorresponding registrable degrees or qualifications ofsome other licensing body, or of other universities ormedical schools specially recognised. The course ofinstruction, comprising a primary and a secondcourse, is given during the autumn and spring terms,October to March, and includes Tropical Hygiene,Bacteriology, Entomology and Parasitology, Diseasesof Tropical Climates (systematic and clinical), Tuber-culosis, and Venereal Diseases. Provision is made inthe University for instruction in all subjects.The examinations are written, oral, and practical,

and are held at the end of the courses : Part I. inDecember, and Part II. in March. Candidates arerequired on the first occasion of presenting themselvesfor examination in either part to appear for all thesubjects of that part. Candidates who fail to pass theentire examination in either part within a period of12 months after first appearance are required toreappear for all the subjects. The University isincluded in the list of institutions in which coursesof instruction in Tropical Medicine may be taken byofficers on appointment to the Colonial MedicalServices or during study-leave. Full particularscan be obtained from the Dean of the Faculty ofMedicine.

English Conjoint BoardThe Board conducts an examination three times

a year for the D.T.M. and H. granted by the RoyalColleges-namely, in January, April, and July.The examination is in two parts which may be takentogether or separately, but candidates are not allowedto take Part II. until they have passed in Part I.

Part I. consists of written, oral, and practicalexaminations in Protozoology, Entomology andHelminthology in relation to Tropical Diseases;Principles of Sanitation-water-supplies, disposalof waste matters, hygiene of buildings; personalhygiene in the tropics. Part II. consists of written,oral, and clinical examinations in Tropical Medicineand Surgery, including Clinical Pathology ; TropicalHygiene, including elementary epidemiology andvital statistics, and administrative measures for theprevention and control of disease in the tropics;Bacteriology in relation to Tropical Medicine andHygiene. The examination is open to candidatespossessing either a qualification in medicine, surgery,and midwifery which is registrable in the BritishMedical Register, or the medical and surgical degreesof an Indian, Colonial, or Foreign Universityrecognised by the Examining Board in England.Candidates intending to present themselves foreither part of the examination, must give notice inwriting to the Secretary of the Examining Boardnot less than 21 days before the date of Part I.,submitting, at the same time, evidence that theyhave completed the courses of study required by theregulations. The course of study for Part I. extendsover three months, and the course for Part II.,which may be taken concurrently with that forPart I., extends over five months. The Committeeof Management may modify the conditions of theregulations with regard to admission to the examina-tion in the case of candidates (a) who have beenengaged in medical work in tropical countries;(b) who produce evidence of having been engaged inoriginal investigations in tropical medicine or hygiene.No exemption is granted from any subject of theexamination. Copies of the regulations and furtherparticulars may be obtained, free of charge, from theSecretary, Examination Hall, Queen-square, London,W.C.I.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE

The Universities of London, Durham, Leeds,Manchester, Edinburgh, Dublin (Trinity College),Ireland (National University), and the English Con-joint Board grant diplomas in psychologicalmedicine under conditions that are fairly comparablein the standard of the tests and in the duration ofthe courses ; the details on these points can beobtained from the various examination bodies.

University of LondonIn London, courses of instruction for the Diploma

in Psychological Medicine are given annually at theMaudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, which is a schoolof the University of London. The course consists oftwo parts, commencing in January, and is adaptedalso for the diploma of the Conjoint Board. A similarcourse is held at the Bethlem Royal Hospital inassociation with St. Bartholomew’s Hospital medicalschool. Comprehensive courses of instruction in thepsychoneuroses, child disorders, and delinquency aregiven at the Tavistock Clinic which is now recognisedas a teaching centre for the diploma.University of DurhamThe university grants a diploma in psychiatry,

and at the Medical School, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, there is a department of instruction inpsychological medicine. The candidate must bea registered medical practitioner, and subsequent toqualification have received instruction in anatomyand physiology of the brain and nervous system.The examination is divided into two parts, Part I.dealing with anatomy, physiology, pathology, andbacteriology ; Part II. with psychology and experi-mental psychology. Candidates may present them-selves for the whole examination or for either partseparately. The course of training is very detailed,post-mortem technique being the subject of a seriesof sessions, the same holding good for psychiatry andexperimental psychology.

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University of LeedsThe university grants a diploma in psychological

medicine to graduates in medicine of at least oneyear’s standing who can prove that they havereceived systematic instruction on the normal andmorbid anatomy of the brain and have held an

appointment in a mental hospital. The examinationis divided into three parts: Part 1. deals withgeneral psychology and the structural developmentand physiology of the nervous system ; Part II.with the pathology of that system ; and Part III.with clinical psychiatry, the administration of mentalhospitals, and the medico-legal aspects of insanity.Candidates may present themselves for the three

parts simultaneously or separately ; they may submita thesis or published work which, if approved, willgain certain exemptions.University of ManchesterThe university grants a diploma in psychological

medicine to graduates of at least one year’s standing.The examination is held in two parts. Beforepresenting themselves for Part I. candidates must,subsequent to qualification, have attended approvedcourses in the structure of the nervous system andin experimental psychology. Before presenting them-selves for Part II. they must produce evidence ofhaving gone through an approved course of instruc-tion in the pathology of the nervous system and inclinical neurology, and of having attended demon-strations in psychological medicine, and receivedclinical instruction, either as residents or, in approvedcases, as daily attendants, at an approved hospital formental diseases. The course extends over a period ofthree university terms, two of which must be takenin the university, and candidates may present them-selves for both parts simultaneously or for eachseparately.University of EdinburghCandidates for the Diploma in Psychiatry must be

graduates in medicine and surgery of the Universityof Edinburgh or hold corresponding registrabledegrees or qualifications of some other licensing body,or of other universities or medical schools speciallyrecognised. The course for the Diploma extends overone term and is given from January to March. Can-didates are required subsequent to the date of gradua-tionorobtaining a recognised qualification to have held(a) a resident appointment for one year in a hospital formental disorders approved by the Faculty of Medicine,or alternatively (b) a six months’ appointment as

defined in (a) and six months’ practical study of nervousdiseases in a special or general hospital approved by theFaculty of Medicine. There are two examinationsfor the Diploma both of which are held in March.Part 1. comprises: 1. Anatomy of the Nervous System ;2. Physidlogy of the Nervous System ; 3. Psychology.Part II. comprises : 1. Neuropathology ; 2. Psychiatryand Clinical Psychiatry; 3. Clinical Neurology.Candidates who have held an asylum appointmentfor a period of five years or more may be exemptedfrom the course of study in one or more subjects ofthe curriculum. Full particulars can be obtainedfrom the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine.

University of Dublin (Trinity College)A post-graduate diploma in Psychological Medicine

is conferred upon registered medical practitioners whohave held a resident medical appointment at a recog-nised institution for the treatment of Mental Diseasesfor 12 months, or who have held such an appointmentfor six months and have attended clinical instructionat an approved institution for six months. Candidatesmust also attend special courses of instruction andpass a special examination. Details can be obtainedfrom the Registrar of the School of Physic, TrinityCollege, Dublin.National University of IrelandThis University confers a diploma in Psychological

Medicine. The diploma may be conferred on registeredmedical practitioners who although they may not

have matriculated at the University shall have com-pleted the prescribed course of study. A certificateof post-graduate work will be required from thecandidates, either in the study of mental diseaseor as medical assistant in an asylum. Applicationshould be made to the Registrars of the ConstituentColleges, University College, Dublin, UniversityCollege, Cork, and University College, Galway, forall information.

OPHTHALMIC MEDICINE

Special diplomas in ophthalmic medicine andsurgery are issued by two examining bodies.

University of OxfordThe diploma in ophthalmology (D.O.) is granted to

registered medical practitioners, and to non-registrablegraduates of universities approved by the board ofthe faculty of medicine, after they have passed anexamination which is held annually in June. Thisexamination is open to candidates who have attendeda special two months’ course of instruction at Oxford,and who have in addition done a ten months’ courseof clinical ophthalmology at a recognised hospital.Entries for the course should be made through thedean of the medical school, Oxford University, fromwhom any further information may be obtained.

English Conjoint BoardThe Conjoint Board grants the D.O.M.S. after an

examination held in two parts, twice yearly inFebruary and July. Part I. comprises anatomy andembryology of the visual apparatus, physiology ofvision, and elementary optics. Part II. comprisesoptical defects, ophthalmic medicine and surgery,and pathology with special reference to ophthalmology.The examination in each case is written, oral, andpractical or clinical. Candidates may only enter forPart II. on completion of a year of special studyof ophthalmology after obtaining a recognisedqualification.

MEDICAL RADIOLOGY AND ELECTROLOGY

University of CambridgeBefore admission to any course for the Diploma

a candidate shall produce evidence that he holdsa medical qualification approved by the committeeand also satisfy the committee that he has hadsufficient post-graduate clinical experience. The nextcourse, which begins early in October, 1936, occupiesnine months. The first four months, which can bespent either in Cambridge or in London, are occupiedwith (a) lectures and practical work in Physics,in preparation for the examination for Part I. inFebruary, (b) an introductory course of clinicalinstruction in Radiology and Electrology, (c) a courseof instruction in Pathology in relation to Radiologyand Electrology. The next three months must bespent in London, and are occupied with (a) lecturesand demonstrations in Radiology and Electrology(including Radium Therapy) organised by the BritishInstitute of Radiology, (b) clinical instruction in theRadiological Department of a hospital approved bythe committee. During the final two months of thecourse a candidate must hold a clinical clerkship orsimilar appointment in the radiological department ofa hospital approved by the committee. This part ofthe course may be done in London, or elsewhere.The examination for Part II. is held in Julyand October. Further particulars as to courses

and examinations may be obtained from thesecretary for the diploma, Cavendish Laboratory,Cambridge.

University of LondonThe course for the academic post-graduate diploma

in Medical Radiology extends over one academic yearand is open to registered medical practitioners andgraduates in medicine of this or any other approvedUniversity. The subjects are: Part I., Physics