psychologically- informed spine care - allina health · courage kenny rehabilitation institute...

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10/14/16 ©AllinaHealthSystems 1 Psychologically- Informed Spine Care Murray J. McAllister Clinical Director of Pain Services Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute Disclosure There are no conflicts of interest regarding relevant financial interests in making this presentation and I have indicated that my presentation does not include discussion of an unlabeled use of a commercial product or an investigational use not yet approved for any purpose. 2 Objectives Define psychologicallyinformed spine care Review paradigms for conceptualizing & understanding pain Use paradigms for conceptualizing pain as means to understand the utility of providing psychologicallyinformed spine care 3 What is psychologically-informed spine care? The provision of spinerelated care based in an understanding of the nature of pain that is itself informed by the last four decades of basic pain science. 4 What is psychologically-informed spine care? In other words, spinecare informed by a scientific understanding of the bidirectional relationship between spinal pathology and the central nervous system as it uniquely occurs within an individual in a specific time and place. 5 A unique time in history Witnessing the slow change in our paradigm of how we understand the nature of pain Traditional (Cartesian) paradigm Empiricallysupported neuromatrix paradigm 6

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Page 1: Psychologically- Informed Spine Care - Allina Health · Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute Disclosure • There are no conflicts of interest regarding ... • Define psychologically‐informed

10/14/16

©AllinaHealthSystems1

Psychologically-Informed Spine Care

Murray J. McAllisterClinical Director of Pain Services

Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute

Disclosure

• There are no conflicts of interest regarding relevant financial interests in making this presentation and I have indicated that my presentation does not include discussion of an unlabeled use of a commercial product or an investigational use not yet approved for any purpose.  

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Objectives

• Define psychologically‐informed spine care

• Review paradigms for conceptualizing & understanding pain

• Use paradigms for conceptualizing pain as means to understand the utility of providing psychologically‐informed spine care

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What is psychologically-informed spine care?

• The provision of spine‐related care based in an understanding of the nature of pain that is itself informed by the last four decades of basic pain science.

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What is psychologically-informed spine care?

• In other words, spine‐care informed by a scientific understanding of the bi‐directional relationship between spinal pathology and the central nervous system as it uniquely occurs within an individual in a specific time and place.

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A unique time in history

• Witnessing the slow change in our paradigm of how we understand the nature of pain

–Traditional (Cartesian) paradigm

–Empirically‐supported neuromatrix paradigm

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Cartesian paradigm

• Assumes a direct, positive correlation between tissue damage (e.g., spinal pathology) & pain– If patient presents with LBP, we look for the corresponding spinal pathology that causes it

• Tissue damage produces nociception; nociception is pain (i.e., “pain signal”) and nerves transmit it

• Assumes that the greater the severity of spinal pathology, the greater the nociception, the greater the pain

• Acknowledges the role of the central nervous system, but sees the spinal cord and brain as passive receivers of nociception, which make it a conscious experience

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Naïve paradigm of pain

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Problems associated with Cartesian paradigm

• In this model, we face some all‐too‐common problems:

–no spinal pathology evident on scans

– spinal pathology evident on scans fails to correlate w/pain location

– spinal pathology fails to correlate w/pain severity or severity of disability

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Cartesian paradigm leads to mind-body dualism

• When spinal pathology correlates with pain location and severity, then apparently we’re good to proceed with spine care

• But when spinal pathology and pain fail to correlate, we tend to think the pain must be psychogenic (i.e., pain not due to tissue damage)

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Is this what we mean by psychologically-informed spine care?

• A mind‐body dualism: 

–either spinal pathology corresponds w/pain and so there’s no need for psychology 

–or spinal pathology doesn’t correspond w/pain and so there’s need for psychology

• Corollary: Pain is more ‘real’ when spinal pathology explains it (i.e., ‘it’s physical’) than when spinal pathology doesn’t explain pain 

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An untenable dilemma

• Leads to over‐utilization of diagnostic scans, surgical/interventional procedures in all‐too‐often vain search for the putative spinal pathology

• Under‐utilization of highly effective chronic pain rehabilitation

–Patients feel judged or disbelieved when referred to such effective treatment, so avoid getting it

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©AllinaHealthSystems3

• Ascending and descending pathway (bidirectional relationship betwspinal pathology and brain)

• Sympathetic/inflammatory response sensitizes peripheral nerves lowering their threshold for stimuli to cause pain

• Sensitization normal in acute injury, abnormal post 3‐6 months (central sensitization, ie chronic pain)

Scientifically-supported paradigm of pain

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Neuromatrix produces pain

• Sensitization of the peripheral nerves (via descending pathway) is brought about when the brain produces pain

• Brain produces pain by processing nociception• Multiple parts of the brain simultaneously processes the nociception

• Parts roughly correspond to the different aspects of pain: sensory + affective alarm + cognitive threat + behavioral avoidance = experience of pain

• All are necessary contributions to have pain

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Neuromatrix of the brain

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Targets of psychological intervention

• Change the neuromatrix, change the experience of pain

–Reduce affective alarm

–Reduce cognitive threat

• Changes the descending pathway, thereby reducing sensitization of the peripheral nerves

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Psychologically-informed spine care

• Both surgical AND psychological interventions• Educating patients on BOTH spinal pathology and the neuromatrix (as well as sensitization)

• Pt’s job and our job is to target both the spinal pathology and the nervous system– How we talk about pain and vertebral bodies matter to how the brain processes nociception

– Whether we get scans matters to how the brain processes nociception

– Cognitive interventions change the neuromatrix– Behavioral interventions change degree of sensitization

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Selected bibliography

• Apkerian, A. V., Bushnell, M. C., Treede, R. D., & Zubleta, J. K. (2005). Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. European Journal of Pain. 9(4), 463‐484.

• Chapman, C. R., Tuckett, R. P., & Song, C. W. (2008). Pain and stress in a systems perspective: Reciprocal neural, endocrine and immune interactions. Journal of Pain, 9(2), 122‐145. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.006.

• Melzack, R. (1999). From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain, S6, S121‐S126.

• Melzack, R. & Loeser, J. D. (1978). Phantom body parts in paraplegics: Evidence for a central ‘pattern generating mechanism’ for pain. Pain, 4, 195‐210.

• Melzack, R. & Wall, P. D. (1965). Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science, 150, 971‐979.

• Melzack, R., Coderre, T. J., Kat, J., & Vaccarino, A. L. (2001). Central neuroplasticity and pathological pain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 933, 157‐174.

• Rivat, C., Becker, C., Blugeot, A., Zeau, B., Mauborgne, A., Pohl, M., & Benoliel, J. (2010). Chronic stress induces transient spinal neuroinflammation, triggering sensory hypersensitivity and long‐lasting anxiety‐induced hyperalgesia. Pain, 150, 358‐368.

• Woolf, C. J. (2011). Central sensitization: Implication for diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain, 152(3), S2‐S15.

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Contact

Murray J. McAllister

Clinical Director of Pain Services

Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute

651‐241‐3820

[email protected]

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