Psychology 100:12Psychology 100:12

Chapter 13Chapter 13

Disorders of Mind and BodyDisorders of Mind and Body

Outline• Abnormal Psychology

– Perspectives– DSM IV

> Classification and diagnosis

– Anxiety disorders

Study Questions:• Describe the 5 axis of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM IV)

4/2/09

• Perspectives on Mental disorders– Psychodynamic perspective

>Intrapsychic conflict between Id, Ego, & Superego

– Medical perspective>Dominant approach to treatment>Physical/genetic basis for mental illness>Treat mental illness like physical illness

~Drugs, surgery, etc.

Disorders

Disorders

• Perspectives on Mental disorders– Cognitive-behavioural perspective

>Mental disorders are learned>Environmental factors >Perception of events

– Humanistic perspective>Growth needs>Unconditional positive regard

~Perception that positive regard must be earned

Disorders

• Perspectives on Mental disorders– Socio-cultural perspective

>Influence of cultural variables>Interpretation of mental disorders

– Diathesis-stress mode>Genetics and learning leads to a predisposition>Stressor triggers the disorder

• Diagnosis of mental disorders– Symptoms, signs, and syndromes

>Symptoms: Patient’s complaints

>Signs: Patient’s behaviours

>Syndromes: Patterns of signs and symptoms

– Psychoses and Neuroses>Psychoses: Marked distortions in perception and behaviour.

>Neuroses: Underlying conflict and anxiety

Disorders

Disorders

• Diagnosis of mental disorders– Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV)

>Emphasis on describing the disorder.>Five axes (criteria)

~Axis I: Major clinical syndromes .~Axis II: Personality disorders~Axis III: Physical Disorders.~Axis IV: Severity of stress (over last year): ~Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning:

• Diagnosis of mental disorders– Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV)

>Axis I: Major clinical syndromes .~ Disorders appearing in infancy and childhood.

» e.g., ADHD, Autism, Speech, Aggression, Mental retardation.

~Delirium, Dementia, and Amnesia» Deterioration of brain due to aging, disease or toxic

substances. e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, lead poisoning.

~Psychoactive substance abuse» Abuse of alcohol and other drugs

Disorders

• Diagnosis of mental disorders– Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV)

>Axis I: Major clinical syndromes. ~Schizophrenia and Psychosis

» loss of contact with reality - hallucinations, delusions.

~Mood disorders» Extreme deviations from normal moods

~Anxiety disorders» Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive, Panic attacks,

Post-traumatic stress

Disorders

• Diagnosis of mental disorders– Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV)

>Axis I: Major clinical syndromes. ~ Somatophorm disorders

» Pain, paralysis, blindness with no physical causes

~ Dissociative Disorders» Amnesia & Fugue, Multiple Personality Disorder

~Other Axis I disorders» Sexual disorders (e.g., gender identity)

» Sleep disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders

Disorders

• Diagnosis of mental disorders– Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV)

>Axis II: Personality disorders: ~Long term, maladaptive personality traits that

impair normal functioning.~Antisocial personality disorder

» Two criteria:1) Long-standing (conduct disorder < age of 15)2) Antisocial behaviour exhibited in 3 classes

~Paranoid personality disorder» Long-standing, pervasive distrust of others

Disorders

• Diagnosis of mental disorders– Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV)

>Axis II: Personality disorders: ~ Narcissistic personality disorder

» Outlandish sense of self importance~Avoidant personality disorder

» A pervasive pattern of social inhibition.~Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder

» A pervasive pattern of striving for perfection, order, and control

Disorders

• Diagnosis of mental disorders– Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV)

> Axis III: Physical Disorders:~ Medical problems relevant to the psychological ones.

> Axis IV: Severity of stress (over last year): ~ Psychosocial and environmental problems.

» Sources of difficulty over the past year» Anticipated difficulties

> Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning: ~ Individuals often return to their highest level of

functioning.1) Relations with family and friends2) Occupational functioning

3) Use of leisure time

Disorders

Phobia Obsessive-Compulsive

Panic

Anxiety Disorders

Alcohol Otherdrugs

Substance abuseor dependence

Dysthymia Majordepression

ManicEpisode

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia AntisocialPersonality

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Disorders

• Anxiety, somatoform, and dissociative disorders

– Anxiety Disorders>Generalized anxiety disorder.

~Difficulty controlling anxiety and worry (at least six months)

~Symptoms:» Restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty

concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance

Disorders

Disorders

• Anxiety, somatoform, and dissociative disorders– Anxiety Disorders

> Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

~ Obsession: An irrational and intruding thought

~ Compulsion: A repetitive action

~ Most common obsessions

» Death, disease, disfigurement

~ Most common compulsions

» Rituals: Checking, cleaning (e.g., hand-washing)

» Mental acts: Counting, praying, silently repeating words

• Anxiety, somatoform, and dissociative disorders– Anxiety Disorders

> Panic disorder~ Panic Attack

» Three reactions.~ Emotional reaction: - Intense fear, apprehension, and terror.

~ Physical reaction: - Racing heart, trembling, dizziness, etc.

» Cognitive reaction: - having heart attack, going crazy, losing control

Disorders

• Anxiety, somatoform, and dissociative disorders– Anxiety Disorders

> Phobia disorders

~Phobia : A persistent fear reaction strongly out of proportion to the reality of the danger

» Two classes » Specific Phobias (simple phobias)

Animals, Inanimate objects, Illness & injury, blood

» Social PhobiasFear of specific social situations

Disorders