psychology 100:16 chapter 11: cognitive and language development
TRANSCRIPT
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Psychology 100:16Psychology 100:16
Chapter 11: Chapter 11:
Cognitive and Cognitive and Language development Language development
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Outline
• Development
> Prenatal Development
> Attachment
Study Question:
• Describe three main questions posed by developmental psychologists.
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Age in months0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Lifts head
Rolls over
Chest up, arm support
Bears some weight on legs
Sits without support
Walks holding on to furniture
Stands alone well
Walks alone well
Stands Holding on
Pulls self to stand
Development• Three questions concerning developmental change
– 1) Is development orderly? (Normative development)> e.g., Sequence of motor abilities involved in walking
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Development• Three questions concerning developmental change
1) Is development orderly? (Normative development)>Individual development: Emphasis on differences in
development between individuals
>Two methods used by developmentalists Cross-sectional: Study samples from different ages
• Normative, not individual development Longitudinal: Follow a set of individuals over time.
• Can be applied to both normative and individual development
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Development• Three questions concerning developmental change
2] Is development stage-like or continuous?> Stage theories: Development is step-like.
cf: Motor development
> Continuous: Change is gradual and continuous..
3] Sources of development: Nature or nurture?> Maturationist
Development is genetically programmed.
> Learning Perspective Change occurs through experience.
> Interactionism Development results from the interaction of biological
predispositions with the environment.
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Development
• Prenatal development– Stages of prenatal development
1) Zygote stage: 0 - 2 weeks. After one week, about 100 cells in two layers
1) Skin, hair, nervous system, and sense organs
2) Digesitive/respiratory systems, and glands. After second week, a new layer:
• Circulatory/excretory systems, muscles
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Development
• Prenatal development– Stages of prenatal development
2) Embryo stage: 2 - 8 weeks. Development speeds up. After one month:
• Heartbeat, a tiny brain, body structures begin to form.
After second month:• Major features are discernable (fingers, toes,
eyes)• Most susceptible to chemicals causing birth
defects
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Development
• Prenatal development– Stages of prenatal development
2) Embryo stage: 2 - 8 weeks. Sexual development: Formation of gonads
• Female by default: ‘y’ chromosome causes development of testes
• Androgens: E.g., Testosterone. Sex hormone produced by testes, which bring about the development of male sex organs.
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Development
• Prenatal development– Stages of prenatal development
3) Fetal stage: 2 - 9 months. Development of bone cells
• After 2nd month: 4 cm length, 30 g.• After 3rd month: 8 cm length, 90 g.
Major organs are developed, kicking may begin• After 4th month: 15 cm length, 170 g.
Can feel movements, audible heartbeat sleep/waking• After 6th month: 30 cm length, 700 g.• Seventh month: Critical month, can survive outside womb.• Last two months: Gains about 250g per week.
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Development
• Prenatal development– Stages of prenatal development
> Brain development Week 4: Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain Week 7: Cortex becomes visible Week 10 - Thalamus and hypothalamus Week 12- Hemispheres
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Development
• Prenatal development– Threats to normal prenatal development
> Diet. Most important environmental factor Malnutrition leads to serious cognitive/physical disabilities
> Terotogens. Chemicals, such as drugs, that cause birth defects. Antibiotics ->Prolonged use, e.g. Tetracycline -> Bone/teeth Tranquilizers-> Cleft palette Heroin/ cocaine-> addiction & withdrawal Cigarette smoke->Reduces oxygen, miscarriages, premature
birth.
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Development
• Prenatal development– Threats to normal prenatal development
> Terotogens. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
• Deformation of eyes and mouth• Brain/CNS abnormalities• Deformation of heart• Stunted growth • There is no ‘safe’ amount
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DevelopmentQuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressorare needed to see this picture.• Brain Development
– Early brain growth
>Growth and localization of function From 350 g (birth) to 1250 g (age 4) Myelination
• Hearing is fully myelinated at birth• Abstract thinking after 20 yrs.
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DevelopmentQuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressorare needed to see this picture.• Brain Development
– Early brain growth
>Synaptic connections between areas Infant brain has too many connections
• Synaptic pruning: frequently used connections in the brain are preserved and unused connections are lost
• “Use it or lose it”
Plasticity: Growth of new neurons and new connections
• “Cells that fire together wire together”
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DevelopmentQuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressorare needed to see this picture.• Brain Development
– Early brain growth> Critical periods: Developmental stages where
and animal is able to acquire a particular skill or ability Features detectors in cats Feral Children
> Sensitive Periods: developmental stages where a human is primed to acquire a particular skill or ability
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Konrad Lorenz
Development
• Attachment – The social and emotional
bond between infant and caregiver.
– Imprinting: An instinctual tendency in some animals that produces a strong attachment to an adult.
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Harry Harlow
Development
• Attachment – Harlow’s (1959) study
> Contact comfort: the facilitation in social development observed when an infant is allowed to touch something that is soothing.
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John Bowlby
Development
• Attachment– Extremely important for social development
> Bowlby’s theory: There are Innate behaviours that affect the caregiver
Sucking Looking Smiling (very powerful) Crying (very distressful)
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Development
Mary Ainsworth • Attachment – Ainsworth’s test.
>Two forms of infant behaviour related to attachment
Stranger anxiety - the distress observed in infants/young children when approached by a stranger.
Separation anxiety - the distress observed in infants/young children when separated from their caregiver.
>The strange situation procedure Caregiver leaves infant, then is reunited. Stranger arrives with or without caregiver
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• Attachment – Ainsworth’s test.
>Three patterns of attachment Secure attachment. Preference for mom over stranger
• Cries when mom leaves, stops when returns
-> about 65% - 70%
Anxious-Ambivalent attachment. Tension in relationship m.
• Continues to cry when mom returns
-> about 15 %
Avoidant attachment. Do not cry when left alone.
• Avoids/ignores mom when she returns
-> about 20%
Development
Mary Ainsworth
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Development
• Attachment – The Romanian orphans studies
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Social DevelopmentDevelopment
• Attachment – The Romanian orphans studies
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Social DevelopmentDevelopment
• Attachment – The Romanian orphans studies
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Social DevelopmentDevelopment
• Attachment – The Romanian orphans studies
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Development
• Attachment – The Romanian orphans studies
>Disorganized attachment. Freezing, repetitive movements, fear.
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Development
• Socialization: Parenting styles– Securely attached babies-> Moms respond
quickly
– Attachment to dads>Approximately the same time as attachment to
moms>Develops differently
Moms: Comfort Dads: Play
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Development
• Socialization: Parenting styles– Parenting styles
>Autocratic (Authoritarian): Abide by strict standards
>Permissive: Parents do not assert their authority
>Authoritative-reciprocal: Parents exercise their power and accept obligation to respond to child’s point of view
>Cause and effect in parenting styles and children’s behaviour.
Socialization is a two way street