psychology exam review 1
TRANSCRIPT
Psychology Exam Review
December 2007
Chapter 6
• Synapse- is the gap that exists between individual nerve cells.
• Spinal cord- are the nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and the brain
Chapter 6
• Neurons- are the long, thin cells of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain.
• Genes- are basic units of heredity.
Chapter 6
• Hormones- are chemical substances that carry messages through the body in blood
• Central nervous system- the brain and spinal cord
Chapter 6
• Pituitary gland- the center of control of the endocrine system that secretes a large number of hormones.
• Endocrine system- a chemical communication system, using hormones, by which messages are sent through the bloodstream
Chapter 6
• Myelin sheath- is a white, fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon for some neurons.
• Hyperthyroidism- too much thyroxine
• Hypothyroidism- to little thyroxine
Chapter 6
• Four lobes of the brain– Occipital – Parietal– Temporal– Frontal
Chapter 6
• Left side of the brain controls– The right side of the body– Mathematical ability, calculation, and logic
Chapter 7
• Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next day.
• Sleep apnea- is a disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while sleeping.
Chapter 7
• Narcolepsy- is a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day.
• Posthypnotic suggestion- are suggested things for their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over.
Chapter 7
• Consciousness- is a state of awareness
• Three types of meditation – Entertainment– Therapeutic– medical
Chapter 7
• Three types of meditation– Transcendental– Mindfulness– Breath
Chapter 7
• Stages of sleep– Stage 1
• Pulse slows and muscles relax and breathing becomes uneven and brain waves grow irregular.
– Stage 2• Eyes roll slowly from side to side
– Stage 3• Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves
begin to sweep your brain almost every second
Chapter 7
• Stages of Sleep– Stage 4
• Deepest sleep of all and very difficult to awaken sleeper
– REM sleep• Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye
movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming
Chapter 8
• Vision is the most studied senses.
• 8% of men have color deficiency
Chapter 8
• Vance Packard wrote the book The Hidden Persuaders. – It focused on subliminal messages in
advertising
Chapter 8
• Sensation- is the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the brain.
• Perception- is the organization and interpretation of sensory information into meaningful experiences.
Chapter 8
• Subliminal messages- are brief auditory or visual messages that are presented below the absolute threshold so that their chance of perception is less than 50 percent.
• Illusions- are perceptions that misrepresent physical stimuli.
Chapter 9
• Conditioned response- is the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
• Conditioned stimulus- is a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has bee paired with and unconditioned stimulus
Chapter 9
• Classical conditioning- is a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
• Secondary reinforcer- stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer.
Chapter 9
• Token economy- conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards.
Chapter 9
• Two negatives to punishment:– People learn to avoid the person delivering
the consequences– Can produce unwanted side effects such as
rage, fear, and agression
Chapter 9
• Little Albert– Psychologists put Little Albert in a cage with
rats.– He played with the rats until a buzzer or siren
scared him.
– He associated the sound with the rats and he was afraid to play with them anymore.
Chapter 10
• Storage- is the process by which information is maintained over a period of time.
• Memory- is the input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced.
Chapter 10
• Encoding- is the transforming of information so that the nervous system can process it
Chapter 10
• The three stages of memory– Sensory– Short Term– Long Term