psychology how psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PSYCHOLOGYHow psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors
![Page 2: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Getting a child to eat
• Getting your little sister to do work for you
• “outpsych” your opponent (poker)
• Getting students to behave
*This is how ordinary people use psychology
![Page 3: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Psychology
• What does it mean?
Inner sensations- mental processes
Observable behavior
![Page 4: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Psychology: A Definition
The science of behavior and mental
processes.
![Page 5: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
•The Need for Psychological Science
![Page 6: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
98% Certainty w/o going under
1. The area of the US in square miles?2. American battle deaths in Spanish-
American War?3. GM advertising budget in 1999?4. Percentage of officers in the U.S.
army that were female in 2000?5. The population of Afghanistan in
2001?
![Page 7: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1. Area of US:2. Afghan population:3. Battle deaths: 4. GM advertising:5. Female officers:
3.6 million sq. miles26.8 million385$2.9 billion9.953
![Page 8: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Why The Need for a Psychological Science?
• Limits of intuition and common sense
• 1. Hindsight bias• 2. OverconfidenceWe will come back to these later.
![Page 9: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What psychologists study
1. Common everyday behaviors
– Eating, bathing, sleeping, speech patterns, ability to remember, etc.
2. Everyday Situations
- interview (role of appearance, gender, age, distance)
-parties (life of party vs. wallflower)
![Page 10: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What psychologists study cont.
3. Abnormal behavior
- Mental disorders (examples?)
- Crime, drugs, etc.- Psychologists first
try to diagnose the problem by determining the cause- Fired, marital
problems, history, etc.
![Page 11: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
4 GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. DESCRIBE2. EXPLAIN3. PREDICT4. INFLUENCE
* FOCUS IS ALWAYS ON BEHAVIOR *
![Page 12: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Psychology’s Big Issues
Stability v. Change
Continuity v. Discontinuity
Nature v. Nurture
![Page 13: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Stability v. Change
• As the years pass, do we change or remain the same?
• Do we become adults or are we always just big kids?
• Personality traits, physical appearance, sense of humor, tastes, etc…
![Page 14: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Continuity v. Discontinuity
• Does growth occur gradually or in stages?– One continuous process or…– marked by significant transitions?– Stage Theorists
![Page 15: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Psychology and other sciences
• Physics: instruments for measuring bodily changes
• Chemistry: how the body’s chemistry relates to mood, performance, and personality disturbance (adrenalin, hormones)– Medications
• Biology: information about sense organs, nervous system, and glands– Brain- basis of human
behavior– Understanding of
heredity
![Page 16: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Focus is always on??????
BEHAVIOR
![Page 17: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Other sciences cont.• Anthropology: the
study of the culture, or way of life of people in all parts of the world– How people learn and
are affected by their surroundings
– Gender roles determined by culture not biology
• Sociology: closely related to many areas of psychology– focus mainly on groups– Study of behavior of
human groups
![Page 18: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Biology versus Experience• Am I the way I am because I was
born that way or because of my surroundings?
Nature v. Nurture
Can I ever be like these people, or does nature give me limitations?
![Page 19: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Psychology’s Perspectives
The Big Seven
![Page 20: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Neuroscience Perspective
• Focus on how the physical body and brain creates our emotions, memories and sensory experiences.
If you could not remember the names of your parents and went to a psychologist who adheres to the neuroscience perspective, what might they say?
![Page 21: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Evolutionary Perspective
• Focuses on Darwinism.
• We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors.
• Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival.
• Mother nature practicing selective breeding
How could this behavior ensured Homer’s ancestors survival?
![Page 22: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Psychodynamic Perspective
• Fathered by Sigmund Freud.
• Our behavior comes from unconscious drives.
• Usually stemming from our childhood.
What might a psychoanalyst say is the reason someone always needs to be chewing gum?
![Page 23: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Behavioral Perspective
• Focuses on our OBSERVABLE behaviors.
• Only cares about the behaviors that impair our living, and attempts to change them.
If you bit your fingernails when you were nervous, a behaviorist would not focus on calming you down, but rather focus on how to stop you from biting your nails.
![Page 24: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
BEHAVIORISTS
• How people learn• Rewards and
punishment
John B. Watson
![Page 25: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cognitive Perspective• Focuses on how
we think (or encode information)
• How do we see the world?
• How did we learn to act to sad or happy events?
• Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you think.
Meet girl Get Rejected by girl
Did you learn to be depressed
Or get back on the horse
![Page 26: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Social-Cultural Perspective
• Focus on how your culture effects your behavior.
Even in the same high school, behaviors can change in accordance to the various subcultures.
![Page 27: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Humanistic Perspective• Focuses on positive growth• Attempt to seek self-actualization• Therapists use active listening and
unconditional positive regard.
Mr. Rogers would have made a great Humanistic Therapist!!!
![Page 28: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Approaches cont.• HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
– people try to achieve their maximum potential (self actualization)
– Promote health and self-growth• ECLECTIC
– Combination of approaches
![Page 30: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Psychological Research Methods
Excavating Human Behaviors
![Page 31: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Psychologists Analyze Data Scientifically
• Behavior must be measurable
– detected by direct observation or other measuring devices
• Methods and data must be objective
– no opinions or bias• Scientists must be able
to communicate the results of their experiment to others
– Meetings, journals
![Page 32: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Guidelines cont.
• Procedures must be repeatable– Other scientists can
do the same procedure or experiment
• Must use an organized and systematic approach in gathering data
![Page 33: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Hindsight Bias• The tendency
to believe, after learning the outcome, that you knew it all along.
Only after Kerry won the Iowa Primary, did people begin to say that Dean was too liberal. What would people say about Kerry if Dean won?
![Page 34: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Overconfidence• We tend to think we know
more than we do.
82% of U.S. drivers consider themselves to be in the top 30% of their group in
terms of safety
81% of new business owners felt they had an excellent chance of their
businesses succeeding. When asked about the success of their peers, the answer was only 39%. (Now that's
overconfidence!!!)
![Page 35: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Types of Research
• Descriptive• Correlational• Experimental
![Page 36: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Descriptive Research• Any research that observes and
records.• Does not talk about relationships,
it just describes.
What is going on in this picture?
We cannot say exactly, but we can describe what we see.
Thus we have…..
![Page 37: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Types of Descriptive Research
• The Case Study
• The Survey
• Naturalistic Observation
• Tests
![Page 38: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Case Study• Where one person (or situation) is
observed in depth.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of using a tragedy like the Columbine School Shootings as a case study?
![Page 39: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Survey Method
• Used in both descriptional and correlational research.
• Use Interview, mail, phone, internet etc…
• The Good- cheap, anonymous, diverse population, and easy to get random sampling (a sampling that represents your population you want to study).
![Page 40: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Random Sampling
![Page 41: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Why do we sample?
• One reason is the False Consensus Effect: the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
• Demonstration (Heads down)
![Page 42: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Survey Method: The Bad
• Wording Effects
• Low Response Rate
• People Lie or just misinterpret themselves.
How accurate would a survey be about the frequency of diarrhea?
![Page 43: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• 72% interested in “plants and trees”• 39% interested in “botany”
• 62% whites agree “problems faced by blacks brought on by blacks themselves” (white interviewer)
• 46% whites agree with black interviewer
• A majority oppose an amendment “prohibiting abortions”
• A majority support “protecting the life of an unborn child”
![Page 44: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Naturalistic Observation
• Observing and recording behavior in natural environment.
• No control- just an observer.
What are the benefits and detriments of Naturalistic Observation?
![Page 45: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
METHODS cont.• DIRECTED
OBSERVATION:– Involves observing
behavior under controlled conditions in an experimental or a laboratory setting
– ADVANTAGE:• Allows for control of
events and behaviors
– DISADVANTAGE:• Taking an organism
from its natural environment may change its behavior
![Page 46: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
METHODS cont.• TESTS
– I.Q.– Aptitude (A.S.V.A.B.)– Achievement (A.C.T.,
S.A.T., M.A.P.)– ADVANTAGES:
• more objective data than interviews and questionnaires
• Results can be expressed in statistical terms
• Scores can be compared with scores for large groups
– DISADVANTAGES:• Results do not give full
and final answers to individual problems
![Page 47: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Correlational Research• Detects relationships between
variables.• Does NOT say that one variable
causes another.
There is a positive correlation between ice cream and murder rates. Does that mean that ice cream causes murder?
![Page 48: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Measured using a correlation coefficient.
• A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors relate to one another
![Page 49: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
How to Read a Correlation Coefficient
![Page 50: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Do you think there is a correlation between
t.v. watching and G.P.A?
![Page 52: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Experimental Research
• Explores cause and effect relationships.
Eating too many bananas causes Constipation
![Page 56: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Steps in Designing an Experiment
1. Hypothesis2. Pick Population: Random Selection then
Random Assignment.3. Operationalize the Variables4. Identify Independent and Dependent
Variables.5. Look for Extraneous Variables6. Type of Experiment: Blind, Double Blind
etc..7. Gather Data8. Analyze Results
![Page 57: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Experimental Vocabulary
• Independent Variable: factor that is manipulated
• Dependent Variable: factor that is measured
• Extraneous Variables: factors that effect DV, that are not IV.
• Experimental Group: Group exposed to IV
• Control Group: Group not exposed to IV
• Placebo: inert substance that is in place of IV in Control Group
![Page 59: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Experimentation
Purpose of an expt: Establish cause / effect relationship
General hypothesis: food effects learning
Specific (operationalized) hypothesis: students who eat an oatmeal raisin cookie before class each day will have higher average scores on the semester final than students who don’t eat a cookie.
![Page 60: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Eating cookies before class each day will lead to higher average
scores.Variables:
Independent (IV)Controlled by experimenterThe “cause” variable- cookies
Dependent (DV)Predicted by experimenterThe “effect” variable- scores
![Page 61: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Eating cookies before class each day will lead to higher
average scores.What if kids get cookies and A’s?Groups (conditions): to establish
different levels of the IVExperimental group
Exposed to IVGet cookie
Control groupNot exposed to IVNo cookie
![Page 62: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Eating cookies before class each day will lead to higher
average scores.• Experimental
Group– Cookie– 95%
• Control Group– No cookie– 82%
• Confounding Variables– Environmental
– Expectations
– Individual differences
![Page 63: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Random SamplingTo select participants from
populationAllows you to generalize results
Random AssignmentTo divide participants into
groupsControls confounding
variables
Demonstration
![Page 64: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Eating cookies before class each day will lead to higher
average scores.• Experimental
Group– Cookie– 95%
• Control Group– No cookie– 82%– 85%– 93%
![Page 65: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Statistical Significance
p valuelikelihood a result is caused by chancecan be no greater than 5%p ≤ .05
![Page 66: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Replication
Non-replicated results are preliminary.
Linus Pauling (1970). Vitamin C prevents colds.
• Experimental Group– Vitamin C
• Control Group– Placebo
• Experimental Group experienced 45% fewer colds
![Page 67: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Experimental Design Terms
• Hypothesis• Operational definitions• Participant selection• IV & DV• Experimental & control groups• Confounding variables• Random assignment• Placebo control• Double blind procedure• Statistical significance (p value)• Replication
![Page 68: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD cont.
• Subjects in an experiment– Organism, human or animal, participating in
an experiment• Responses are the dependent variable• Random: each individual has an equal chance of
being selected (random selection)• Experimental group:
– The group in which the condition under study is present
• Control group:– The group in which the condition is not present
(random assignment)
![Page 69: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD cont.
• Three advantages to using animals
1. Behavior of animals can be controlled in a manner not possible with humans (cages, etc.)
2. Short life spans – Study several
generations
3. Some experiments can be performed on animals but not on humans
![Page 70: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD cont.
• American Psychological Association (APA): sets guidelines for the treatment of subjects– Keep personal information confidential,
protect from harm, inform of the nature of the experiment
![Page 71: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD cont.
• PROBLEMS WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
1. If a subject knows he/she is in an experiment, they may change their ordinary behavior
2. Selection of individuals to participate in studies
3. Generalizing from results – Students/public rats/people
4. Opinions of the experimenter may affect the results– Selection and treatment of subjects
5. Protection of the privacy of subjects- Names and individual results must be kept
confidential
![Page 72: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
longitudinal studies
• A psychologist studies the same group of people at regular intervals over a period of years to determine whether their behavior and/or feelings have changed and if so, how.
![Page 73: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
cross-sectional studies.
• In this study, psychologists organize individuals into groups based on age.
• Then, these groups are randomly sampled, and the members of each group are surveyed, tested, or observed simultaneously.
![Page 74: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Analyze Results
• Use measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode).
• Use measures of variation (range and standard deviation).
![Page 75: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Statistical Reasoning• Measures of central tendency• Mode
– most common– 4
• Mean– arithmetic average– 20/5 = 4
• Median– middle score– 4
• 4 3 5 4 4
![Page 76: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
SKEWED DISTRIBUTIONS?
• When a few extreme scores significantly affect the mean.
![Page 77: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Central Tendency 1968 TOPPS Baseball CardsNolan Ryan $1500Billy Williams $8Luis Aparicio $5Harmon Killebrew $5Orlando Cepeda $3.50Maury Wills $3.50Jim Bunning $3Tony Conigliaro $3Tony Oliva $3Lou Pinella $3Mickey Lolich $2.50
- With Ryan:- Median = $2.50- Mean = $74.14
Elston Howard $2.25Jim Bouton $2Rocky Colavito $2Boog Powell $2Luis Tiant $2Tim McCarver $1.75Tug McGraw $1.75Joe Torre $1.5Rusty Staub $1.25Curt Flood$1
- W/O Ryan:- Median = $2.38- Mean $2.85
![Page 78: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Statistical Reasoning
• Measures of variation– Range– Variance and Standard Deviation
![Page 80: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Standard DeviationPunt
DistanceDeviation
From Mean
Deviation Squared
36
38
41
45
-4
-2
+1
+5
16
4
1
2546
Mean =160/4=40 yds.
46/4=11.5=Variance
Std. dev.=
variance=
11.5=3.4 yds
![Page 81: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Statistical Reasoning
A. Describing dataB. Measures of central tendencyC. Measures of variationD. Characteristics of the normal curve
![Page 82: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Statistical Reasoning
Inference 1. Does the sample represent the
pop.? a. Non-biased sample-good b. Low variability-good c. Larger samples-good
![Page 83: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Statistical Reasoning
2. Are differences between groups statistically significant?
a. Big differences-good b. Low variability-good c. Big groups-good
![Page 84: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
F.A.Q.’s
• A. Can lab expts illuminate real life?
• B. Does behavior depend on one’s culture?
• C. Does behavior vary with gender?• D. Why do psychologists study
animals?• E. Is it ethical to experiment on
animals?• F. Is it ethical to experiment on
people?• G. Is psychology free of value
judgments?• H. Is psychology potentially
dangerous?
![Page 85: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
F.A.Q.s
F. Is it ethical to experiment on people?
Yes, if the APA’s ethical guidelines are followed.
1. Informed consent 2. Protection from harm 3. Confidentiality 4. Debriefing
![Page 86: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
How should participants be chosen?
• Good answers use and make clear your understanding of the terms “sample” and “population.”
• Good answers explain how to draw a random sample.
• Ex. “All the assembly line workers for a company could be the population. I would draw a random sample of 40 of them by picking names from a hat.”
![Page 87: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Create operationalized hypothesis
• Good answers make an educated guess (“Workers who are complimented will work harder”)
• Good answers develop specific, measurable ways to define compliments and hard work.
• Ex. “10 compliments will be given at 4 specific times.” “Supervisors will give compliments from a pre-developed list.” “Hard work will be measured by using the number of items produced each hour.”
![Page 88: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Identify IV and DV
• IV=compliments• DV=work effort• Do not propose a direction when
stating the variable (“the DV is an increase in work.”)
• People are never the variables (“the IV is the people who get complimented.”)
![Page 89: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Describe the Groups
• Experimental group gets compliments.
• Control group doesn’t get compliments.
• Use the terms!
![Page 90: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Confounding Variables
• Do not confuse random assignment with random sampling.
• Be reasonable!!!• “The company policy will be to have
people sleep in a hotel with no TV or radio.”
• “I will provide a seminar on the importance of sleep.”
• “All workers must be paid the same.”
![Page 91: PSYCHOLOGY How psychology is used every day to get desired behaviors](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d155503460f949eada9/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)