psychology introduction
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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
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PSYCHOLOGYSYSTEMATIC STUDY
OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND
MENTAL PROCESSES
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SYSTEMATIC STUDYINVOLVES SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES SUCH AS:
DEFINE THE PROBLEM
FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS
PLAN AND DESIGN THE METHOD
IMPLEMENT THE METHOD
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•GATHERING OF DATA•ANALYSIS OF THE DATA GATHERED•MAKING OF A CONCLUSION•PUBLISH THE RESULTS OF THE
STUDY
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HUMAN BEHAVIORS
REFERS TO THE OVERT AND COVERT BEHAVIORS
OVERT BEHAVIORS – BEHAVIORS THAT CAN BE SEEN AND OBSERVABLE.
COVERT – BEHAVIORS THAT ARE HIDDEN
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MENTAL PROCESSESTHINKINGANALYSIS
COMPREHENSIONDAYDREAMING
DREAMS
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GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGYDESCRIBE-tell what occurred
EXPLAIN-tells the whyPREDICT-under what conditions is the
behaviour/event likely to occurCONTROL-
how is the principle applied or what change in condition is necessary to prevent unwanted
occurrence or to bring about a desired outcome
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DESCRIBEDESCRIBE THE
DIFFERENT WAYS THAT
ORGANISMS BEHAVE.
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EXPLAINEXPLAIN HOW
ORGANISMS BEHAVE IN CERTAIN
SITUATIONS.
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PREDICTPREDICT WHY
ORGANISMS BEHAVE IN CERTAIN SITUATION
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CONTROLCONTROL
UNDESIRABLE BEHAVIORS
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SPOTLIGHT EFFECT
FAMILIAR FEELING THAT THE WHOLE
WORLD IS WATCHING YOU.
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DR. KENNETH SAVITSKY
PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY IN ONE OF
THE UNIVERSITIES IN UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA.
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FIVE PIONEERING SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. STRUCTURALISMTHE STUDY OF THE MOST BASIC
ELEMENTS, PRIMARILY SENSATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS THAT MAKE UP
OUR CONSCIOUS MENTAL EXPERIENCES.
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WILHELM WUNDT
THE FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY
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INTROSPECTIONGREATEST CONTRIBUTION OF
WUNDT. THIS IS A METHOD WHICH ASKS A PERSON TO VERBALIZE HIS THOUGHTS
AND FEELINGS WITHOUT ANY CENSORSHIP.
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ACTIVITYFOR 5 MINUTES. WRITE DOWN ALL
THE THINGS THAT GO THROUGH YOUR MIND NOW. REMEMBER THAT YOU ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO CENSOR
ANYTHING. THEN, ANALYZE WHAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN
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WILLIAM JAMESHE VIEWED MENTAL ACTIVITIES AS
HAVING DEVELOPED THROUGH AGES OF EVOLUTION BECAUSE OF
THEIR ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS SUCH AS HELPING HUMANS SURVIVE.
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2. FUNCTIONALISMSTUDY OF THE FUNCTION RATHER
THAN THE STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS, WAS
INTERESTED IN HOW MINDS ADAPT TO OUR CHANGING
ENVIRONMENT.
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3. GESTALT APPROACHEMPHASIZES THAT PERCEPTION IS
MORE THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS AND STUDIED HOW
SENATIONS ARE ASSEMBLED INTO MEANINGFUL PERCEPTUAL
EXPERIENCES.
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1.MAX WERTHEIMER
2. WOLFGANG KOHLER
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3. KURT KOFFKA
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For example, a set of dots outlining the shape of a star is likely to be perceived as a star, not as a set of dots. We tend to complete the figure, make it the way it “should” be, finish it. Like we somehow manage to see this as a "B"...
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4. BEHAVIORISM
EMPHASIZED THE OBJECTIVE, SCIENTIFIC
ANALYSIS OF OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS.
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“GIVE ME A DOZEN HEALTHY INFANTS, WELL-FORMED AND MY OWN SPECIAL WORLD TO BRING
THEM UP IN AND I’LL GUARANTEE TO TAKE ONE AT RANDOM AND
TRAIN HIMTO BECOME ANY TYPE OF SPECIALIST I MIGHT SELECT-
DOCTOR, LAWYER, ARTIST, CRIMINAL….”.
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JOHN B. WATSON
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5. PSYCHOANALYSIS•BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES GREATLY INFLUENCE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF LATTER PERSONALITY TRAITS AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS.
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SIGMUND FREUD
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1. REFER TO “SPOTLIGHT EFFECT” AND LIST POSSIBLE BEHAVIORS EXHIBITED BY SOMEBODY WHO SUDDENLY TRIPS
ON A CHAIR WHILE HE/SHE IS INSIDE THE CANTEEN. LIST AT LEAST 5.2. CONTRAST THIS METHOD WITH THE
“INTROSPECTION EXERCISE” WHICH OF THE TWO IS EASIER TO
ACCOMPLISH? WHY?