psychology notes day 1 why we study psychology. why do we study psychology ► to better understand...

Psychology NotesPsychology Notes

Day 1 Day 1

Why we study PsychologyWhy we study Psychology

Why do we study psychologyWhy do we study psychology

►To better understand why To better understand why people act as they dopeople act as they do

►Psy is the study of behaviorPsy is the study of behavior►What is behavior?What is behavior?►Anything you say, think, or Anything you say, think, or

dodo

2-types of behavior2-types of behavior

►Voluntary (you have control)Voluntary (you have control)►Involuntary (you have no Involuntary (you have no

control) – heart beat, blood control) – heart beat, blood pressurepressure

►Involuntary manslaughter???Involuntary manslaughter???

Psychology includes all Psychology includes all mental processesmental processes

►ThoughtsThoughts

► MemoriesMemories► dreamsdreams

Psychology also study Psychology also study emotionsemotions

►Are emotions voluntary or Are emotions voluntary or involuntaryinvoluntary

►Emotions effect behavior Emotions effect behavior and mental processesand mental processes

►Example Example anxiety=increased heart anxiety=increased heart rate, nail biting, and an rate, nail biting, and an inability to concentrateinability to concentrate

Psychology as a sciencePsychology as a science►It is a social scienceIt is a social science►It deals with the structure It deals with the structure

of human society and the of human society and the nature of the individuals nature of the individuals that make it upthat make it up

►Research and test theoriesResearch and test theories►Lots of gray area (ESP)Lots of gray area (ESP)

Our favorite question is WHYOur favorite question is WHY

►Why do people think, feel and behave Why do people think, feel and behave in a certain way?in a certain way?

►There are lots of reasons: Personality, There are lots of reasons: Personality, social norms, social pressures, social norms, social pressures, personal beliefs and values, behavior personal beliefs and values, behavior results in a reward or fulfills an results in a reward or fulfills an internal or emotional need. It could be internal or emotional need. It could be simple learning or modeling… Each simple learning or modeling… Each person and situation must be looked at person and situation must be looked at individuallyindividually

Has there ever been a Has there ever been a time you did something time you did something that was against your that was against your

values because values because of social pressure?of social pressure?

Social InfluenceSocial Influence

►Efforts by one or more individuals to Efforts by one or more individuals to change the attitudes, beliefs, change the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, or behaviors of one or perceptions, or behaviors of one or more othersmore others

►We frequently try to influence others We frequently try to influence others or are influenced by othersor are influenced by others

►Varying levels of explicitness Varying levels of explicitness

Type of Social InfluenceType of Social Influence

►Conformity: when we change our Conformity: when we change our attitudes in order to adhere to existing attitudes in order to adhere to existing social normssocial norms

►Compliance: direct request from one Compliance: direct request from one person to anotherperson to another

►Obedience: when someone orders Obedience: when someone orders another to perform some action, and another to perform some action, and the person compliesthe person complies

Continuum of Social Continuum of Social InfluenceInfluence

►Social influences vary in the degree of Social influences vary in the degree of pressure they exert on the individual pressure they exert on the individual and how much risk is involved in and how much risk is involved in resisting that influence resisting that influence

ConformityConformity

► In most contexts there are social In most contexts there are social norms: explicit or unspoken rules norms: explicit or unspoken rules indicating how we should behaveindicating how we should behave

►Explicit Examples?Explicit Examples?► Implicit Examples?Implicit Examples?

Social NormsSocial Norms

►Every formal, informal, or awkward Every formal, informal, or awkward situation in you life is guided by social situation in you life is guided by social norms and etiquettenorms and etiquette

►Table manners, greeting/meeting new Table manners, greeting/meeting new people, where you stand to pee (if people, where you stand to pee (if you’re a guy)you’re a guy)

Implicit Elevator Norms Made Implicit Elevator Norms Made Explicit by: Explicit by:

ElevatorRules.comElevatorRules.com

Elevator NormsElevator Norms

► Calling/WaitingCalling/Waiting► If you are going up or down one floor, use If you are going up or down one floor, use

the stairs! This rule should especially be the stairs! This rule should especially be observed during peak traffic times like observed during peak traffic times like morning and afternoon rush.morning and afternoon rush.

► Exceptions:Exceptions:1. When you have a cart, stroller or large 1. When you have a cart, stroller or large packagespackages2. When the elevator is empty2. When the elevator is empty3. If you are disabled or injured3. If you are disabled or injured


►Calling/WaitingCalling/Waiting►NEVER re-push the call button after NEVER re-push the call button after

someone has already pushed it. This someone has already pushed it. This indicates that you either do not indicates that you either do not understand how the button works, or understand how the button works, or you do not trust the person that has you do not trust the person that has already pushed the button to do an already pushed the button to do an adequate job of it.adequate job of it.


►Calling/WaitingCalling/Waiting►Wait for the Door: If you arrive as a Wait for the Door: If you arrive as a

door is closing, regardless of how door is closing, regardless of how many people are in the car, DO NOT many people are in the car, DO NOT press the button. The people in the car press the button. The people in the car are already prepared mentally for their are already prepared mentally for their trip and do not need to be interrupted. trip and do not need to be interrupted. WAIT for the door to close completely WAIT for the door to close completely before pressing the button.before pressing the button.


►BoardingBoarding►While waiting to board, stand AWAY While waiting to board, stand AWAY

form the door opening. DO NOT board form the door opening. DO NOT board the car unless you are sure no one is the car unless you are sure no one is getting off on your floor. If there is getting off on your floor. If there is someone exiting, allow them to clear someone exiting, allow them to clear the door before attempting to board.the door before attempting to board.


► Where to StandWhere to Stand► You should stand as close to a wall as You should stand as close to a wall as

possible. Consider your destination floor and possible. Consider your destination floor and stand near the back if you are going to a stand near the back if you are going to a high floor. If you know you are getting off high floor. If you know you are getting off shortly, stand toward the front. If you choose shortly, stand toward the front. If you choose to stand near the buttons, understand that to stand near the buttons, understand that you may have increased responsibility.you may have increased responsibility.

► Always allow as much space as possible Always allow as much space as possible between you and the passengers. Always between you and the passengers. Always stand facing the door. stand facing the door.


► Pressing Floor ButtonsPressing Floor Buttons►No re-pressing: Pay attention to which No re-pressing: Pay attention to which

buttons have been pressed when you enter buttons have been pressed when you enter the elevator. Once a button has been the elevator. Once a button has been pressed, nothing more can be done. Re-pressed, nothing more can be done. Re-pressing the floor button will not make the pressing the floor button will not make the elevator get you to your floor any faster. Re-elevator get you to your floor any faster. Re-pressing is disrespectful to the person that pressing is disrespectful to the person that has already pressed the button and is has already pressed the button and is generally irritating.generally irritating.


► Pressing Floor ButtonsPressing Floor Buttons► Press for Others: If you find yourself close to Press for Others: If you find yourself close to

the button panel in an elevator, you have the button panel in an elevator, you have the additional responsibility of button the additional responsibility of button management. It is your job to make sure the management. It is your job to make sure the other riders have had the button for their other riders have had the button for their floor pressed. This keeps people from floor pressed. This keeps people from reaching through a crowd to the button reaching through a crowd to the button panel and eliminates the stress for those panel and eliminates the stress for those that cannot reach the buttons.that cannot reach the buttons.


► Pressing Floor Buttons: Make a Mistake?Pressing Floor Buttons: Make a Mistake?► Take steps to ensure that the only buttons Take steps to ensure that the only buttons

being pressed are the ones for which floor a being pressed are the ones for which floor a passenger must exit. However, in the event passenger must exit. However, in the event that you mistakenly press a button for the that you mistakenly press a button for the wrong floor, wait until the doors open on wrong floor, wait until the doors open on that floor and apologize to those who that floor and apologize to those who remain in the elevator. You may press the remain in the elevator. You may press the door closed buttons to cut down on wasted door closed buttons to cut down on wasted time.time.


►Calling/WaitingCalling/Waiting► If pressing the call button would If pressing the call button would

require you to push through someone, require you to push through someone, it is acceptable to ask someone else to it is acceptable to ask someone else to push the call button for you as long as push the call button for you as long as they are not further away from it or they are not further away from it or unable to reach the button for you (i.e. unable to reach the button for you (i.e. coffee in their hands, etc.)coffee in their hands, etc.)

Urinal NormsUrinal Norms

The Urinal TestThe Urinal Test

Easy Section: #1Easy Section: #1

Kind of Tricky Section: #3Kind of Tricky Section: #3

Kind of Tricky Section : #4Kind of Tricky Section : #4

Subtle, Tricky, but Important Subtle, Tricky, but Important to Know Section: #5to Know Section: #5

Very Tricky Indeed Section: Very Tricky Indeed Section: #6#6

Kind of Tricky Section : #4Kind of Tricky Section : #4

Subtle, Tricky, but Important Subtle, Tricky, but Important to Know Section: #5to Know Section: #5

Very Tricky Indeed Section: Very Tricky Indeed Section: #6#6

How do We Learn Norms?How do We Learn Norms?

►Social ModelingSocial Modeling►Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning►Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning►Others?Others?

Are Norms a Good or a Bad Are Norms a Good or a Bad Thing?Thing?

►Pros:?Pros:?

►Cons:?Cons:?

CohesivenessCohesiveness

►We are influenced by those we likeWe are influenced by those we like►Cohesiveness is all of the factors that Cohesiveness is all of the factors that

bind group member togetherbind group member together►High cohesiveness means we like, High cohesiveness means we like,

identify with, and feel strong ties to identify with, and feel strong ties to othersothers

►This increases pressure to conformThis increases pressure to conform

Group SizeGroup Size

►Conformity increases with group sizeConformity increases with group size►Asch found effect up to threeAsch found effect up to three►Other research has found effect up to Other research has found effect up to

eighteight

Why do we conform?Why do we conform?

ComplianceCompliance

►Direct request from one person to Direct request from one person to anotheranother

►Much research conducted with Much research conducted with ‘compliance professionals’‘compliance professionals’

Cialdini’s Field Research: Cialdini’s Field Research: 6 Basic Principles of Persuasion6 Basic Principles of Persuasion►Friendship/Liking: More likely to Friendship/Liking: More likely to

comply with those we likecomply with those we like►Commitment/Consistency: Once we Commitment/Consistency: Once we

commit ourselves to something, we commit ourselves to something, we are more likely to behave in a way are more likely to behave in a way that’s consistent with itthat’s consistent with it

►Scarcity: We value scarce or rare Scarcity: We value scarce or rare thingsthings

Cialdini’s Field Research: Cialdini’s Field Research: 6 Basic Principles of Persuasion6 Basic Principles of Persuasion►Reciprocity: more likely to comply with Reciprocity: more likely to comply with

someone who has done a favor for ussomeone who has done a favor for us►Social validation: likely to comply with Social validation: likely to comply with

things that we think others like us are things that we think others like us are doingdoing

►Authority: more likely to comply with Authority: more likely to comply with someone who holds legitimate someone who holds legitimate authorityauthority

Friendship/LikingFriendship/Liking

► Impression management techniquesImpression management techniques► Ingratiation: getting others to like us Ingratiation: getting others to like us

so they’ll be more likely to agree with so they’ll be more likely to agree with our requestsour requests

Commitment/ConsistencyCommitment/Consistency

►Foot in the door techniqueFoot in the door technique►Requester begin with a small request Requester begin with a small request

and then , when this is granted, and then , when this is granted, escalate to a larger oneescalate to a larger one

►Saying ‘no’ after ‘yes’ is inconsistentSaying ‘no’ after ‘yes’ is inconsistent►Lowball procedure: offer a deal then, Lowball procedure: offer a deal then,

after the person has accepted it, after the person has accepted it, change itchange it

ReciprocityReciprocity

►““do unto others as they have one unto do unto others as they have one unto you”you”

►Door in the face technique: begin with Door in the face technique: begin with a large request and then retreat to a a large request and then retreat to a smaller onesmaller one

►That’s not all technique: offer That’s not all technique: offer additional benefits to target personsadditional benefits to target persons

►SamplesSamples

ScarcityScarcity

►Playing hard to getPlaying hard to get►Deadline techniqueDeadline technique

ObedienceObedience

►When someone orders another to When someone orders another to perform some action, and the person perform some action, and the person compliescomplies

►Used less frequently than other Used less frequently than other techniquestechniques

Why do we obey?Why do we obey?

Why do we obey?Why do we obey?

►Diminished responsibilityDiminished responsibility►Social normsSocial norms►Foot in the doorFoot in the door►Little time for reflectionLittle time for reflection

psychology notes day 1 why we study psychology. why do we study psychology ► to better understand...

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elevator normsboardingwhile

study of behaviorwhat

greetingmeeting new