psychology of learning exp4404 chapter 11: memory and forgetting dr. steve
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Psychology of LearningEXP4404
Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting
Dr. Steve
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Topics Covered
Stage Model of Memory Semantic Models of Memory Theories of Forgetting Memory Disorders Applications of Memory Research Memory Strategies
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Stage Model of Memory
Deca
y
Disp
lace
ment
Retrie
val
Failu
re
Rehearsa
l
Atkinson & Shiffrin
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Sensory Memory
Stage Model of Memory
Sperling experiment demonstrates that . . .
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Short Term Memory
Encoding Storage Retrieval
Serial Position Effect Primacy Effect Recency Effect
Stage Model of Memory
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Encoding and Remembering
Maintenance Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart)
Shallow Deep
Von Restorff Effect
Stage Model of Memory
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Stage Model of Memory
Long Term Memory Declarative Memory
Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory
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Nondeclarative Memory
Procedural Memory
Stage Model of Memory
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Semantic Network Models
Hierarchical Networks
RT studies by Collins & Quillian (1972)
Animal•Has skin•Can move around•Eats•Breaths
Bird Fish•Has fins•Can swim•Has gills
•Has wings•Can fly•Has feathers
Canary •Can sing•Is yellow
Penguin •Is black & white•Can’t fly
Shark •Can bite•Is dangerous
Salmon•Is pink•Is edible•Swims upstream
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Spreading Activation Strong semantic relationship are represented by . . .
Demonstrated with priming effect experiments
Semantic Network Models
spoon
fork
knife
toolssaw
hands arms
fingers toes
hammer
nails
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Semantic Models
Category Clustering
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Forgetting
Ebbinghaus Memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (cew, qoz)
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Forgetting
Theories of Forgetting Decay Theory
Interference
Proactive
Retroactive
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Forgetting
Variables affecting interference: Meaningfulness of material
Similarity of material
Time between learning and recall
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Memory Disorders
Amnesia May be caused by damage to the limbic system
(specifically Hippocampus). Case of HM –
Suffered from: Moderate retrograde amnesia Severe anterograde amnesia
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Memory Disorders
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
May suffer both retrograde and anterograde amnesia Case of 59 yr old man
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Memory Disorders
Alzheimer’s Disease
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Applications: Foraging
Organisms may be less likely to forget information when it is important for survival
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Applications: Eyewitness Testimony
Loftus & Palmer
Believed memories were reconstructed each time they are accessed
Study:
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Memory Techniques and Strategies
Cue-Dependent Forgetting(Encoding Specificity)
State-Dependent Learning
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Memory Techniques and Strategies
Massed vs. Distributed Practice
Fatigue
Consolidation
Differential Encoding Hypothesis
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Memory Techniques and Strategies
Generation Effects
Overlearning
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Memory Techniques and Strategies
Method of Loci
First noted as technique by ancient Greeks
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Memory Techniques and Strategies
Keyword Technique
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Memory Techniques and Strategies
Other Mnemonics
Musical staff Biological categorizations Mathematical order of functions I before E, except after C 30 days has November, April, June, and September
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Memory Techniques and Strategies
Pegword
To recall following grocery list (eggs, apples, butter, soda, pasta, tuna, steak, sugar, chips, lettuce)
One is a bun – egg resting on a bun Two is a shoe – shoe kicking an apple Three is a tree – a butter tree Four is a door – coke logo on a door Five is a hive – beehive made of pasta Six is sticks – can of tuna balanced on a stick Seven is heaven – steak with angel wings Eight is a gate – fence gate made of sugar cubes Nine is wine – potato chips floating down a river of wine Ten is a hen – hen sitting on top of lettuce head
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Memory Techniques and Strategies
Chunking
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Memory Techniques and Strategies
Narrative Chaining
Make a story with the following word list: Walrus, Brass, Fan, Frog, Hospital, Lightbulb, Cookie
Amazing Feats of Memory Video