Psychometric assessmentPsychometric assessment

DR. JAMES M. ALO, RN, MAN,DR. JAMES M. ALO, RN, MAN, MAPsychMAPsych, PHD, PHDUniversity ofUniversity of DammamDammam

Master of Science in PsychiatricMaster of Science in Psychiatric NsgNsg

What is a psychological test?What is a psychological test?

• A psychological test is a structureda structuredtechnique to generate carefully selectedtechnique to generate carefully selectedsample of behavior.sample of behavior.

• . It is used to derive inference aboutsomeone's behavior on basis of results ofthe tests.

• We can judge the level of attributes likeintelligence , self-esteem , aptitude in anindividual.

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Psychological tests are as:Psychological tests are as:

•• cognitive functioning:cognitive functioning: Intelligence,Aptitude, & Achievement

•• PersonalityPersonality: Objective, Projective•• NeuropsychologicalNeuropsychological

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Characteristics of a good testCharacteristics of a good test

•• Validity.Validity.•• Reliability.Reliability.•• Practicability.Practicability.•• Usability.Usability.•• Uniform as different testers will follow sameUniform as different testers will follow same

test steps anywhere.test steps anywhere.•• Biases due to personal reasons is reduced.Biases due to personal reasons is reduced.•• Norms are set to work with.Norms are set to work with.

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Types of testsTypes of tests•• Depending upon time limit:Depending upon time limit: Speed test and powerSpeed test and power

test.test.–– e.g. Kaufman Assessment battery for children (e.g. Kaufman Assessment battery for children (

intelligence test to find fast learners)intelligence test to find fast learners)•• Depending upon number of individuals:Depending upon number of individuals: Group test andGroup test and

Individual testIndividual test•• Depending upon language:Depending upon language: Verbal and NonVerbal and Non-- verbalverbal

test.test.•• Depending upon method:Depending upon method: PaperPaper --pencil andpencil and

performance test .performance test .•• Depending upon what is measured:Depending upon what is measured: Intelligence tests,Intelligence tests,

Aptitude tests, Achievement tests, Personality tests.Aptitude tests, Achievement tests, Personality tests.drjma

Intelligence testsIntelligence tests

•• These include:These include:–– StanfordStanford –– BinetBinet test.test.–– Ravens Progressive Matrices.Ravens Progressive Matrices.–– Group tests of Army Alpha and Beta types.Group tests of Army Alpha and Beta types.–– WeschlerWeschler intelligence test.intelligence test.–– Bhatia's Battery of performance test ofBhatia's Battery of performance test of

intelligence.intelligence.

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StanfordStanford BinetBinet testtest•• AlfredAlfred BinetBinet and Theodore Simonand Theodore Simon (French scientists)(French scientists)

devised a new way to test intelligence called thedevised a new way to test intelligence called theBinetBinet--Simon Scale in 1909.Simon Scale in 1909.

•• AlfredAlfred BinetBinet was commissioned by Frenchwas commissioned by French govgov. to. toseparate children into vocationalseparate children into vocational vsvs academicacademicschoolingschooling

•• This intelligence test measured someone’sThis intelligence test measured someone’sintelligence usingintelligence using the performance methodthe performance method, which, whichinvolved testing intelligence based upon someone’sinvolved testing intelligence based upon someone’sability to give correct answers to a series ofability to give correct answers to a series ofquestions.questions.

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•• To help compare intelligence betweenTo help compare intelligence betweendifferent types of people, thedifferent types of people, the BinetBinet--SimonSimonScale used a measure calledScale used a measure called mental age.mental age.

•• For example, if on average a group of nineFor example, if on average a group of nineyear olds score twenty correct questions,year olds score twenty correct questions,and then a child who is seven years oldand then a child who is seven years oldscores the same amount, then that sevenscores the same amount, then that sevenyear old child is said to have a mental ageyear old child is said to have a mental ageof nine.of nine.

•• In general, mental age should rise as aIn general, mental age should rise as aperson grows older. So the older they are,person grows older. So the older they are,the better they will do on the test.the better they will do on the test.

•• Between 2Between 2-- 23 years of age.23 years of age.

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Army alpha and Beta testsArmy alpha and Beta tests

•• Army Alpha/Beta IQ Test (1917)Army Alpha/Beta IQ Test (1917) ––designed for World War I recruitsdesigned for World War I recruits–– Assumed to be testing native intelligenceAssumed to be testing native intelligence–– Alpha for literates;Alpha for literates; Beta forBeta for illiteratesilliterates andand

nonnon--English speakersEnglish speakers•• Alpha subtests:Alpha subtests: Oral Directions; Arithmetic;Oral Directions; Arithmetic;

Practical Judgment; Analogies; DisarrangedPractical Judgment; Analogies; DisarrangedSentences; Number Series; InformationSentences; Number Series; Information

•• Beta subtests:Beta subtests: Memory; Matching; PictureMemory; Matching; PictureCompletion; Geometric ConstructionCompletion; Geometric Construction

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WeschlerWeschler Intelligence testIntelligence test(David(David WeschlerWeschler, 1939, 1939--81)81)

• Contains Verbal andPerformance subtests

• Performance compared tosame age peers – raw score hasdifferent interpretationdepending on age

• Designed widely used test foradults (WAIS), children (WISC),and preschoolers (WPPSI)drjma

WAISWAIS--R Testing kitR Testing kit

•• Testing BookletTesting Booklet•• Story CardsStory Cards•• Puzzle PiecesPuzzle Pieces•• Block DesignBlock Design

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Verbal tests:Verbal tests:•• InformationInformation•• ComprehensionComprehension•• ArithmeticArithmetic•• SimilaritiesSimilarities•• Digit spanDigit span•• VocabularyVocabulary•• Letter numberLetter number•• Sequencing.Sequencing.

Performance scale:Performance scale:•• Digit symbolDigit symbol•• Picture completionPicture completion

Block designBlock design•• PicturePicture

arrangementarrangement•• Matrix reasoningMatrix reasoning•• Object assemblyObject assembly•• Symbol searchSymbol search

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Verbal Intelligence testVerbal Intelligence test•• InformationInformation : A persons level of general: A persons level of general

knowledgeknowledge•• Comprehension :Comprehension : How well you can understandHow well you can understand

questions and grasp concepts.questions and grasp concepts.•• Arithmetic :Arithmetic : A persons mathematical abilities.A persons mathematical abilities.•• Similarities :Similarities : Measures abstract thought.Measures abstract thought.•• Digit Span :Digit Span : Measures attention span.Measures attention span.•• Vocabulary :Vocabulary : How many word meanings youHow many word meanings you

know.know.

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Performance Intelligence TestPerformance Intelligence Test•• Digit Symbol :Digit Symbol : Mental flexibility with randomMental flexibility with random

symbols.symbols.•• Picture Completion :Picture Completion : Ability to notice differencesAbility to notice differences

between two similar pictures.between two similar pictures.•• Block Design :Block Design : Mentally construct printed designsMentally construct printed designs

in your head.in your head.•• Picture Arrangement :Picture Arrangement : Arrange pictures in aArrange pictures in a

logical order.logical order.•• Object Assembly :Object Assembly : Place the correct part inPlace the correct part in

relationship to a whole.relationship to a whole.drjma

WAISWAIS--R Block DesignR Block Design

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Ravens progressive matricesRavens progressive matrices•• The test consists of 50 designs each ofThe test consists of 50 designs each of

which has a cut out segment . Thewhich has a cut out segment . Thesubject is shown the 6subject is shown the 6--8 cut out8 cut outalternative pieces and is asked toalternative pieces and is asked toindicate what to be put in the matrix.indicate what to be put in the matrix.

•• There is children Progressive Matrices,There is children Progressive Matrices,standard progressive matrices,standard progressive matrices,advanced matrices.advanced matrices.

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Uses of the intelligence testsUses of the intelligence tests•• Predicts to some extent how well we will doPredicts to some extent how well we will do

in lifein life•• Many occupations are available only toMany occupations are available only to

persons with college or graduate degrees.persons with college or graduate degrees.•• It takes less time to train persons withIt takes less time to train persons with

higher intelligence to a high level of jobhigher intelligence to a high level of jobknowledge and skill.knowledge and skill.

•• Persons with higher intelligence tend toPersons with higher intelligence tend toperform better in complex jobs.perform better in complex jobs.

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•• Guidance , counselingGuidance , counseling•• Help to place vocationally.Help to place vocationally.•• Select right person for promotion.Select right person for promotion.•• Job selection, diagnosis of mental states andJob selection, diagnosis of mental states and

treatment.treatment.•• Helps to measure intellectual functions of memoryHelps to measure intellectual functions of memory

, problem solving and verbal fluency., problem solving and verbal fluency.•• Diagnose the differences between two individualsDiagnose the differences between two individuals

on basis of their intellectual differences andon basis of their intellectual differences andleading to the development of the knowledgeleading to the development of the knowledgeabout the individual differences.about the individual differences.

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Personality testsPersonality tests

•• A personality test aims to describeA personality test aims to describeaspects of aaspects of a person's characterperson's character thatthatremain stable throughout that person'sremain stable throughout that person'slifetime, the individual's characterlifetime, the individual's characterpattern of behavior, thoughts, andpattern of behavior, thoughts, andfeelings.feelings.

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Personality testsPersonality tests

•• MinnesotaMinnesota MultiphasicMultiphasic PersonalityPersonalityInventory (MMPI]Inventory (MMPI]

•• Rorschach Inkblot TestRorschach Inkblot Test•• Thematic Apperception Test , or TATThematic Apperception Test , or TAT•• 16PF Questionnaire16PF Questionnaire•• Performance testingPerformance testing

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MinnesotaMinnesota MultiphasicMultiphasic PersonalityPersonalityInventoryInventory

•• TheThe most widely researched and clinicallymost widely researched and clinicallyusedused of all personality testsof all personality tests

•• Developed toDeveloped to identify emotional disordersidentify emotional disorders•• This is one ofThis is one of the most frequently usedthe most frequently used

personality tests in mental health.personality tests in mental health.•• The test is used by trained professionals toThe test is used by trained professionals to

assist in identifying personality structureassist in identifying personality structureand psychopathology.and psychopathology.

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ØØ The original authors of the MMPI wereThe original authors of the MMPI were StarkeStarkeR. Hathaway, PhD, and J. C. McKinley, MD.R. Hathaway, PhD, and J. C. McKinley, MD.

ØØ The MMPIThe MMPI is copyrightedis copyrighted by the University ofby the University ofMinnesota.Minnesota.

ØØ The standardized answer sheets can be handThe standardized answer sheets can be handscored with templates that fit over the answerscored with templates that fit over the answersheets, but most tests are computer scored.sheets, but most tests are computer scored.ØØ It is appropriate for use withIt is appropriate for use with adults 18 andadults 18 and

overover..ØØ The current MMPIThe current MMPI--2 has2 has 567 items567 items, all true, all true--oror--

false format, and usuallyfalse format, and usually takes between 1 andtakes between 1 and2 hours2 hours to complete depending on readingto complete depending on reading

level.level.drjma

Clin

ical

sca

les

vv Scale 1Scale 1(the Hypochondriasis Scale)(the Hypochondriasis Scale)vv Scale 2Scale 2 (the Depression Scale)(the Depression Scale)vv Scale 3Scale 3 (the Hysteria Scale)(the Hysteria Scale)vv Scale 4Scale 4 (the Psychopathic Deviate Scale)(the Psychopathic Deviate Scale)vv Scale 5Scale 5 (the Femininity/Masculinity Scale)(the Femininity/Masculinity Scale)vv Scale 6Scale 6 (the Paranoia Scale)(the Paranoia Scale)vv Scale 7Scale 7 (the Psychasthenia Scale)(the Psychasthenia Scale)vv Scale 8Scale 8 (the Schizophrenia Scale)(the Schizophrenia Scale)vv Scale 9Scale 9 (the Mania Scale)(the Mania Scale) ::vv Scale 0Scale 0 (the Social Introversion Scale)(the Social Introversion Scale)

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MMPI: examplesMMPI: examples

• “Nothing in the newspaper interestsme except the comics.”

• “I get angry sometimes.”

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Rorschach Inkblot TestRorschach Inkblot Test

•• The most widely usedThe most widely usedprojective testprojective test

•• A set of 10 inkblotsA set of 10 inkblots•• Designed by HermannDesigned by Hermann

RorschachRorschach

November 8, 1884November 8, 1884 -- April 2, 1922April 2, 1922

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Used to identify people’sUsed to identify people’sinner feelings by analyzinginner feelings by analyzingtheir interpretations of thetheir interpretations of the

blotsblots

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Thematic Apperception TestThematic Apperception Test(TAT)(TAT)

People expressPeople expresstheir innertheir inner

motivesmotivesthrough thethrough thestories theystories they

make up aboutmake up aboutambiguousambiguous

scenesscenesdrjma

•• The Thematic Apperception Test, orThe Thematic Apperception Test, orTAT, is aTAT, is a projective psychological testprojective psychological test..•• Historically, it has been among theHistorically, it has been among themost widely researched, taught, andmost widely researched, taught, and

usedused of such tests.of such tests.•• Its adherents assert that the TAT tapsIts adherents assert that the TAT taps

a subject's unconscious to reveala subject's unconscious to revealrepressed aspects of personalityrepressed aspects of personality,,

motives and needs for achievement,motives and needs for achievement,power and intimacy, and problempower and intimacy, and problem--

solving abilities.solving abilities.drjma

•• The TAT is popularly known as theThe TAT is popularly known as the picturepictureinterpretation techniqueinterpretation technique because it uses abecause it uses astandard series of provocative yet ambiguousstandard series of provocative yet ambiguouspictures about which the subject is asked topictures about which the subject is asked totell a story .tell a story .

•• The subject is asked to tell as dramatic aThe subject is asked to tell as dramatic astory as they can for each picture presented,story as they can for each picture presented,including the following:including the following:

?? what has led up to the event shownwhat has led up to the event shown?? what is happening at the momentwhat is happening at the moment?? what the characters are feeling and thinkingwhat the characters are feeling and thinking?? what the outcome of the story waswhat the outcome of the story was

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There areThere are 31 picture cards31 picture cards in thein thestandard form of the TAT.standard form of the TAT.

Some of the cards showSome of the cards show malemale figures,figures,somesome femalefemale, some, some both male andboth male andfemalefemale figures, some offigures, some of ambiguousambiguous

gender, somegender, some adultsadults, some, some childrenchildren,,and some showand some show no humanno human figures atfigures at

all.all.One card is completelyOne card is completely blankblank..

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•• The TAT is a projective test in whichThe TAT is a projective test in whichthe scoring is based on what thethe scoring is based on what the

subject projects onto the ambiguoussubject projects onto the ambiguousimages.images.

•• Therefore, to complete theTherefore, to complete theassessment, each narrative created byassessment, each narrative created bya subject must bea subject must be carefully recordedcarefully recordedand analyzedand analyzed to uncover underlyingto uncover underlyingneeds, attitudes, and patterns ofneeds, attitudes, and patterns of

reaction.reaction.

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UsesUses•• Individual assessments forIndividual assessments for employment in fieldsemployment in fields

requiring a high degree such as law enforcement,requiring a high degree such as law enforcement,military leadership positions.military leadership positions.

•• ForFor diagnosisdiagnosis in order to match psychotherapyin order to match psychotherapybest suited to patients personalities.best suited to patients personalities.

•• Forensic purposesForensic purposes in evaluating the motivationsin evaluating the motivationsand general attitudes of persons accused ofand general attitudes of persons accused ofviolent crimes.violent crimes.

•• Research intoResearch into specific aspects of humanspecific aspects of humanpersonalitypersonality, most often needs for achievement,, most often needs for achievement,fears of failure, hostility.fears of failure, hostility.

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The Sixteen Personality FactorThe Sixteen Personality FactorQuestionnaireQuestionnaire

(or 16PF )(or 16PF )

•• is ais a multiplemultiple--choice personalitychoice personalityquestionnairequestionnaire which was developedwhich was developedover several decades of research byover several decades of research byRaymond B.Raymond B. CattellCattell and his colleagues.and his colleagues.

•• 16 primary traits, personality i.e. Big16 primary traits, personality i.e. BigFive are present showing structure ofFive are present showing structure ofpersonality to be multipersonality to be multi--level andlevel andhierarchicalhierarchical

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Performance testingPerformance testing

•• Performance Testing covers a broad range ofPerformance Testing covers a broad range ofengineering or functional evaluationsengineering or functional evaluations..

•• Testing can be a qualitative or quantitativeTesting can be a qualitative or quantitativeprocedure.procedure.

•• Performance testing can refer to thePerformance testing can refer to theassessment of the performance of a humanassessment of the performance of a humanexaminee.examinee.

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Advantages

• Easy• Economical• Higher interrater

reliability• Less response bias

Disadvantages

• Rely on clients whichcould lead to a responsebias.

• Tells little aboutunconscious process.

• Limited to highfunctioning individuals

• Interpretation notobjective.

• Interpretation notconsistent.

• Lack of standard scoring.drjma

Neuropsychological AssessmentNeuropsychological Assessment•• Assessment of the neurological deficit predicts the possibleAssessment of the neurological deficit predicts the possible

organic psychopathologyorganic psychopathology•• Identification of intact neurological functioning help in theIdentification of intact neurological functioning help in the

process ofprocess of neuroneuro--rehabilitationrehabilitation (Cognitive retraining)(Cognitive retraining)•• Evaluation and comparison of various treatmentEvaluation and comparison of various treatment optionsoptions

and its perceived efficacyand its perceived efficacy•• Progressive evaluation andProgressive evaluation and formulation of differentialformulation of differential

diagnosisdiagnosis•• Among children,Among children,-- Developmental progression of theDevelopmental progression of the

milestonesmilestones•• Tackling theTackling the mental developmental delay,mental developmental delay, and takingand taking

necessary actions on timenecessary actions on timedrjma

Common areas of assessmentCommon areas of assessmentinclude;include;

•• Attention,Attention,•• perception,perception,•• intelligence,intelligence,•• judgment,judgment,•• concentration,concentration,•• memory,memory,•• learning, & Thought processlearning, & Thought process

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Test of attention & concentrationTest of attention & concentration

•• The capacity to arouse & sustain attentionThe capacity to arouse & sustain attentionvaries with individual timevaries with individual time

•• Most of the Ψ illness attention become poorMost of the Ψ illness attention become poorand fluctuateand fluctuate

•• Common tests include;Common tests include;–– Eysenck’sEysenck’s Digit Test Of ConcentrationDigit Test Of Concentration–– Color Cancellation TasksColor Cancellation Tasks–– Digit Symbol SubtractionDigit Symbol Subtraction–– Letter CancellationLetter Cancellation–– Knox Cube Imitation TestKnox Cube Imitation Testdrjma

Test for mental alertness &Test for mental alertness &retentionretention

Assessing the degree of psychomotorAssessing the degree of psychomotorretardationretardation-- EgEg; Differentiating Mild; Differentiating Mildto Severe D’to Severe D’

•• Common tests include;Common tests include;–– Minnesota block reversal testMinnesota block reversal test

Check forCheck for reaction time, Responsereaction time, Responsetime, & Productivity/Unit timetime, & Productivity/Unit time

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Test for memoryTest for memory•• Many of the neuropsychiatric illness present with theMany of the neuropsychiatric illness present with the

complaints of memory loss or forgetfulnesscomplaints of memory loss or forgetfulness•• Common verbal tests include;Common verbal tests include;

–– Wechsler Memory scale:Wechsler Memory scale: It is the commonly usedIt is the commonly usedmemory test battery for adults. It is a compositememory test battery for adults. It is a compositeof verbal paired associate, paragraph retention,of verbal paired associate, paragraph retention,visual memory for design, orientation, digit span,visual memory for design, orientation, digit span,reverse recall of the alphabet & countingreverse recall of the alphabet & countingbackward. This test is appropriate for the agebackward. This test is appropriate for the agegroup of 16group of 16--74.74.

»» Continues….Continues….

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••PGI Memory scale,PGI Memory scale, has been standardizedhas been standardizedfor Indian populationfor Indian populationVerbal memory is assessed through theVerbal memory is assessed through thepresentation of stimuli such as these thatpresentation of stimuli such as these thatmust then be recalled: Words, Digits,must then be recalled: Words, Digits,Nonsense syllables & Sentences.Nonsense syllables & Sentences.

Performance tests on MemoryPerformance tests on Memoryassessment are;assessment are;

••Benton Test of Visual RetentionBenton Test of Visual Retention--Revised.Revised.

••Memory for Designs Test.Memory for Designs Test.drjma

Comprehensive NeuropsychiatricComprehensive NeuropsychiatricBatteriesBatteries

•• LuriaLuria--NebraskaNebraska--neuropsychological batteryneuropsychological battery

•• MiniMini––mental state examinationmental state examination((FolsteinFolstein test)test)-- is a brief 30is a brief 30--point questionnaire test that ispoint questionnaire test that isused to screen for cognitiveused to screen for cognitiveimpairment.impairment.

Alexander Luria

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LuriaLuria--NebraskaNebraska--neuropsychologicalneuropsychologicalbatterybattery

1.1. motor functions,motor functions,2.2. rhythm,rhythm,3.3. tactile functions,tactile functions,4.4. visual functions,visual functions,5.5. receptive speech,receptive speech,6.6. expressive speech,expressive speech,7.7. writing,writing,

8.8. reading,reading,9.9. arithmetic,arithmetic,

10.10.memory,memory,11.11.intellectualintellectual

processes,processes,12.12.pathognomicpathognomic,,

13.13.left hemisphere andleft hemisphere and14.14.right hemisphere.right hemisphere.

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