psychosocial development chapter 3 freudian theory eriksonian theory

Psychosocial DevelopmentPsychosocial Development Chapter 3Chapter 3

Freudian TheoryFreudian Theory

Eriksonian TheoryEriksonian Theory

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud(1856-1939)(1856-1939)

An Austrian physician, Freud, An Austrian physician, Freud, developed psychoanalysis, a developed psychoanalysis, a theory of personality based on the theory of personality based on the idea that the conscious mind is idea that the conscious mind is like the tip of an iceberg, and a like the tip of an iceberg, and a vast unconscious area exists vast unconscious area exists below the surface containing below the surface containing repressed thoughts, impulses, repressed thoughts, impulses, and desires. These unconscious and desires. These unconscious forces influence behavior. Freud forces influence behavior. Freud said that mental disorders are said that mental disorders are caused by a repression of caused by a repression of unconscious sexual and unconscious sexual and aggressive drives.aggressive drives.

Freud’s Ego is the Tip of the IcebergFreud’s Ego is the Tip of the Iceberg

Freud’s Model of the Mind: The IdFreud’s Model of the Mind: The Id

The id is the original source of personality, The id is the original source of personality, present in the newborn infant. The ego, and present in the newborn infant. The ego, and then the superego, develop later.then the superego, develop later.

The id motivates behavior and provides the The id motivates behavior and provides the energy source (libido) for the operation of energy source (libido) for the operation of the id, ego and superego.the id, ego and superego.

It consists of a collection of basic instincts It consists of a collection of basic instincts or biological drives (particularly the or biological drives (particularly the sexualsexual and and aggressive drivesaggressive drives) that are the source ) that are the source of libidinal energy.of libidinal energy.

Freud’s Model: The Id, continuedFreud’s Model: The Id, continued

The id is buried at the deepest level of your The id is buried at the deepest level of your unconsciousunconscious mind, far removed from conscious mind, far removed from conscious reality.reality.

The id operates on the The id operates on the pleasurepleasure principleprinciple: It seeks : It seeks to avoid pain and obtain pleasure regardless of to avoid pain and obtain pleasure regardless of any external considerations.any external considerations.

The id engages in The id engages in wishwish fulfillmentfulfillment, a process by , a process by which the id attempts to reduce tension by which the id attempts to reduce tension by forming a mental image of its desires. forming a mental image of its desires.

Freud’s Model of the Mind: The EgoFreud’s Model of the Mind: The Ego

The ego is the The ego is the executiveexecutive of the personality. It of the personality. It decides what actions are appropriate. It decides what actions are appropriate. It determines which id instincts will be satisfied, and determines which id instincts will be satisfied, and in what manner. in what manner.

The ego operates on the The ego operates on the realityreality principleprinciple; its role ; its role is to test images for their reality.is to test images for their reality.

According to Freud, the ego's job is so difficult According to Freud, the ego's job is so difficult that at times the mind unconsciously resorts to that at times the mind unconsciously resorts to psychological defenses.psychological defenses.

Freud’s Model: The SuperegoFreud’s Model: The Superego

The super-ego is the internalized The super-ego is the internalized representation of the values society and representation of the values society and moral standards that are taught to the child moral standards that are taught to the child by parents and others.by parents and others.

Initially, parents control a child’s behavior Initially, parents control a child’s behavior directly through rewards and punishments.directly through rewards and punishments.

Through the incorporation of parental Through the incorporation of parental standards into the super-ego, behavior is standards into the super-ego, behavior is gradually brought under self-control.gradually brought under self-control.

Freud’s Model: The Superego, cont.Freud’s Model: The Superego, cont.

The super-ego is composed of two parts:The super-ego is composed of two parts: The The conscienceconscience, which incorporates all the , which incorporates all the

things the child is punished or reprimanded for things the child is punished or reprimanded for doing. The conscience punishes by making the doing. The conscience punishes by making the person feel guilty.person feel guilty.

The The egoego idealideal, which incorporates those actions , which incorporates those actions the child is rewarded for doing. The ego-ideal the child is rewarded for doing. The ego-ideal rewards by making the individual feel proud.rewards by making the individual feel proud.

The superego develops slowly (around age The superego develops slowly (around age 4) and at an unconscious level. It slowly 4) and at an unconscious level. It slowly gains the power to criticize and supervise gains the power to criticize and supervise the id and ego.the id and ego.

Ego Defense MechanismsEgo Defense Mechanisms DenialDenial:: Denying a problem exists Denying a problem exists

RepressionRepression:: Unconscious forgetting Unconscious forgetting

RationalizationRationalization:: Justifying behavior Justifying behavior

ProjectionProjection:: Transferring blame Transferring blame

Reaction FormationReaction Formation:: Developing new personality Developing new personality traitstraits

Denial?Denial?

Failing to take Failing to take seriously warning seriously warning of health risks of health risks from cigarette from cigarette smoking can be smoking can be considered a form considered a form of denial. The ego of denial. The ego fends off anxiety fends off anxiety by preventing by preventing recognition of the recognition of the true nature of the true nature of the threat. threat.

Ego Defense Mechanisms, cont.Ego Defense Mechanisms, cont. RegressionRegression: Reoccurring behaviors that have : Reoccurring behaviors that have

been outgrownbeen outgrown

DisplacementDisplacement: The transfer of emotions produced : The transfer of emotions produced in one situation to another situationin one situation to another situation

SublimationSublimation: The channeling of energy away from : The channeling of energy away from an impulse that causes anxiety (e.g., sexuality) an impulse that causes anxiety (e.g., sexuality) and into a form considered admirable by one’s and into a form considered admirable by one’s society.society.

CompensationCompensation: Defenses against feelings of : Defenses against feelings of inferiorityinferiority

Your Turn!Your Turn!

Jake has violent impulses. Rather than Jake has violent impulses. Rather than express them directly, he gets a job express them directly, he gets a job dismantling wrecked cars. This is an dismantling wrecked cars. This is an example of:example of:

a.a. sublimation.sublimation.

b.b. regression.regression.

c.c. projection.projection.

d.d. compensation.compensation.

e.e. reaction formation.reaction formation.



a.a. sublimation.*sublimation.*





Freud’s Freud’s Psychosexual Psychosexual Stages of Stages of DevelopmentDevelopment

Freud’s Psychosexual StagesFreud’s Psychosexual StagesOral Stage (birth-1 year)Oral Stage (birth-1 year)

crisis:crisis: birth; also, weaning brings on a birth; also, weaning brings on a period of frustration and conflict. It is the period of frustration and conflict. It is the child's first experience with not getting what child's first experience with not getting what he/she wants.he/she wants.

focus:focus: oral activities such as sucking and oral activities such as sucking and swallowing, thumb-sucking, nursing, biting, swallowing, thumb-sucking, nursing, biting, crying, tasting, vocalizationcrying, tasting, vocalization

fears:fears: separation anxiety; fear of loss of an separation anxiety; fear of loss of an object or loss of loveobject or loss of love

Freud’s Psychosexual StagesFreud’s Psychosexual StagesOral Stage (birth-1 year)Oral Stage (birth-1 year)

adult behaviors:adult behaviors: An oral character: erotic An oral character: erotic pleasures still obtained through the mouth: pleasures still obtained through the mouth: talking too much; liking to argue and be talking too much; liking to argue and be critical, being demeaning, boasting, or critical, being demeaning, boasting, or “mouthing off.” Over-eating, drinking, “mouthing off.” Over-eating, drinking, excessive smoking, nail-biting...the person excessive smoking, nail-biting...the person is still trying to release libidinal energy is still trying to release libidinal energy through adult oral activities.through adult oral activities.

Oral-dependent personality: Easily fooled and craving attentionOral-dependent personality: Easily fooled and craving attention

Oral-aggressive personality: Argumentative and sarcastic.Oral-aggressive personality: Argumentative and sarcastic.

Oral StageOral Stage

According to According to Freud, the Freud, the child’s early child’s early encounters encounters with the with the world are world are largely largely experienced experienced through the through the mouth.mouth.

Freud’s Psychosexual StagesFreud’s Psychosexual StagesAnal Stage (18-36 months)Anal Stage (18-36 months)

crisis:crisis: delayed gratification; toilet training delayed gratification; toilet training

focus:focus: withholding or producing feces at the withholding or producing feces at the appropriate times; being cleanappropriate times; being clean

Children discover the pleasure they can obtain from Children discover the pleasure they can obtain from their genitals, and thus become extremely aware of their genitals, and thus become extremely aware of themselves and members of the other gender.themselves and members of the other gender.

fear:fear: being unclean; inappropriate being unclean; inappropriate

adult behaviors:adult behaviors: excessive neatness, obstinacy, excessive neatness, obstinacy, envy, miserliness (anal retentive); promiscuity, poor envy, miserliness (anal retentive); promiscuity, poor impulse control, spendthrift (anal expulsive), hand impulse control, spendthrift (anal expulsive), hand washingwashing

Freud’s Psychosexual StagesFreud’s Psychosexual StagesPhallic StagePhallic Stage

crisis:crisis: awakening sexual desire for the opposite sex parent which awakening sexual desire for the opposite sex parent which violates the incest taboo, and is rejected by that parent.violates the incest taboo, and is rejected by that parent.

focus: a focus: a desire to possess one parent and get rid of the other; desire to possess one parent and get rid of the other;

Oedipus Complex: castration anxiety; penis envy Oedipus Complex: castration anxiety; penis envy

fear:fear: of being castrated of being castrated

adult behaviors:adult behaviors: Unresolved Oedipus/Electra complexes lead often to: Unresolved Oedipus/Electra complexes lead often to: delayed marriage, marrying someone much older than self, and relating delayed marriage, marrying someone much older than self, and relating to that person as a father/mother figureto that person as a father/mother figurerage, abandonment, jealousy, loneliness, vanity, exhibitionism, sensitive rage, abandonment, jealousy, loneliness, vanity, exhibitionism, sensitive pride, or narcissism. Freud believed that a detached, hostile, absent pride, or narcissism. Freud believed that a detached, hostile, absent father or overly close mother prevent boys from detaching from mother father or overly close mother prevent boys from detaching from mother at age 3. This causes heterosexuals to become homosexual. Boys at age 3. This causes heterosexuals to become homosexual. Boys grow up, identifying with mother, and seek a man as a replacement for grow up, identifying with mother, and seek a man as a replacement for self.self.

Freud’s Psychosexual StagesFreud’s Psychosexual StagesLatency Period (age 6 - puberty)Latency Period (age 6 - puberty)

crisis:crisis: identification with same sex begins during this identification with same sex begins during this "natural homosexual period" when children develop "natural homosexual period" when children develop heroes and heroines of same sex to model heroes and heroines of same sex to model themselves after. Wish to possess opposite-sexed themselves after. Wish to possess opposite-sexed parent is repressed.parent is repressed.

focus:focus: Focus on sexuality is reduced or sublimated. Focus on sexuality is reduced or sublimated. Sexual impulses are redirected into learning tasks. Sexual impulses are redirected into learning tasks. Peers become important; children turn their Peers become important; children turn their attention to developing skills needed for coping with attention to developing skills needed for coping with the environment.the environment.

fear:fear: Fear of the super-ego Fear of the super-ego

Freud’s Psychosexual StagesFreud’s Psychosexual StagesGenital Stage (puberty)Genital Stage (puberty)

:: identification with same sex parent identification with same sex parent

focus:focus: person engages heterosexual activities to release person engages heterosexual activities to release libidinal energy. At puberty, sexual energies activate all of the libidinal energy. At puberty, sexual energies activate all of the unresolved conflicts from earlier years. unresolved conflicts from earlier years.

adult behaviors:adult behaviors: If all goes well through these stages, the If all goes well through these stages, the person becomes a fully functioning adult. Per Freud, the person becomes a fully functioning adult. Per Freud, the personality is completely formed by adolescence. personality is completely formed by adolescence.

Psychoanalysis, the TherapyPsychoanalysis, the Therapy

Developed by Freud at the turn of the Developed by Freud at the turn of the 20th century.20th century.

Psychoanalysis is concerned with Psychoanalysis is concerned with understanding how one's past conflicts understanding how one's past conflicts influence current behavior.influence current behavior.

Psychoanalysis, continuedPsychoanalysis, continued

It is based on the theory that psychological disturbances arise from anxieties rooted in unconscious conflictsunconscious conflicts (between the id, ego, and superego.

The goal is to uncover unconscious content.

It uses the technique of free associationfree association, where the patient verbalizes all thoughts and feelings that come to mind.

Patients recline on a couch during therapy, to encourage relaxation and a free flow of thoughts and images from the patient's unconscious.

Freud’s Consulting Room in LondonFreud’s Consulting Room in LondonThe patient lay on the couch, and Freud sat on the

chair at the left, out of view, in order to facilitate transference reactions in the patient.

Psychoanalysis, continuedPsychoanalysis, continued

Patients must verbalize even painful and embarrassing thoughts which come to mind without censoring anything.

Thoughts are allowed to move freely from one association to the next.

The analyst looks for symbolic content, and the thread which connects the associations.

Analysis of TransferenceAnalysis of Transference

Transference – Transference – thethe patient transfers to the therapist feelings that correspond to those the person had toward important persons in the past, especially in childhood.The role of the psychoanalyst is to be ambiguous or impersonal to allow the patient to transfer to him or her feelings that relate to important past relationships with others.

e.g. The patient may view the analyst as a rejecting father or overprotective mother, lover, friend, villain, hero.

Through this re-experiencing of relationships, the patient can learn better ways to relate to others, and is able to discontinue this automatic, unconscious way of relating.

Analysis of ResistanceAnalysis of Resistance

During treatment, the patient may resist talking about certain topics.

Such resistance resistance is said to reveal important unconscious conflicts.

It is a reaction to any attempt to bring repressed strivings and “fantasies” into awareness.

As the analyst becomes aware of resistance, he/she brings them to the patient's awareness so they can be dealt with realistically.

Analysis of Resistance, cont.Analysis of Resistance, cont.

The patient is defending him or herself against the discovery of the unconscious material without being aware either of the material or of his resistance.

There are many reasons why a person may repress certain strivings.

He or she might be afraid of being punished, of not being loved, or of being humiliated if the repressed impulses were known to others (or to the self).

Dream AnalysisDream Analysis

Freud considered dreams way to tap the unconscious.

He believed that during sleep the censoring function of the brain relaxed, so that forbidden desires, fears , conflicts, and wishes as well as other unconscious feelings are more freely expressed.

He distinguished between the

manifestmanifest contentcontent (remembered portion of the dream)

latentlatent contentcontent (hidden, true meaning of the dreamof dreams)

Psychoanalysis, concludedPsychoanalysis, concluded

Psychoanalysis is the exploration of long-forgotten childhood experiences.

It involves clarification and confrontation which help the individual become aware of the unconscious conflicts that are affecting his/her current behaviors.

Interpretation more explicitly links current behaviors to past events.

Working through helps the individual incorporate new insights into his or her personality.


In Freudian theory, the __________ In Freudian theory, the __________ operates on the operates on the reality principlereality principle; it’s role ; it’s role is to test images for their reality.is to test images for their reality.

a.a. idid

b.b. unconsciousunconscious

c.c. egoego

d.d. libidolibido

e.e. superegosuperego


In Freudian theory, the __________ is In Freudian theory, the __________ is the "executive" structure that is directed the "executive" structure that is directed by the reality principle.by the reality principle.

a.a. idid

b.b. unconsciousunconscious

c.c. ego*ego*

d.d. libidolibido

e.e. superegosuperego


Which Freudian concepts do these events suggest?Which Freudian concepts do these events suggest?

1.1. A 4-year-old girl wants to snuggle on Daddy’s lap A 4-year-old girl wants to snuggle on Daddy’s lap but refuses to kiss her mother.but refuses to kiss her mother.

2.2. a celibate priest writes poetry about sexual a celibate priest writes poetry about sexual passion.passion.

3.3. A man who is angry at his boss shouts at his kids A man who is angry at his boss shouts at his kids for making noise.for making noise.

4.4. A woman whose father was cruel to her when she A woman whose father was cruel to her when she was little insists over and over that she loves him was little insists over and over that she loves him dearly.dearly.

5.5. A 9-year-old boy who moves to a new city starts A 9-year-old boy who moves to a new city starts having tantrums.having tantrums.


Which Freudian concepts do these events suggest?Which Freudian concepts do these events suggest?

Answers:Answers:1.1. A 4-year-old girl wants to snuggle on Daddy’s lap but refuses to kiss her A 4-year-old girl wants to snuggle on Daddy’s lap but refuses to kiss her

mother. mother. The Oedipal/Electra complexThe Oedipal/Electra complex

2.2. A celibate priest writes poetry about sexual passion. A celibate priest writes poetry about sexual passion. SublimationSublimation

3.3. A man who is angry at his boss shouts at his kids for making noise. A man who is angry at his boss shouts at his kids for making noise. DisplacementDisplacement

4.4. A woman whose father was cruel to her when she was little insists over A woman whose father was cruel to her when she was little insists over and over that she loves him dearly. and over that she loves him dearly. Reaction FormationReaction Formation

5.5. A 9-year-old boy who moves to a new city starts having tantrums. A 9-year-old boy who moves to a new city starts having tantrums. RegressionRegression



a.a. sublimation.sublimation.







a.a. sublimation.*sublimation.*





Ego Defense Mechanisms

Divide into small groups (3to 5) people and discuss the examples on p. 87 of your text.

Decide which defense mechanism is represented in each case.

Put all group members names on one sheet of paper and turn in your answers for credit.

Erik EriksonErik Erikson(1902-1994)(1902-1994)

Neo-Freudian Erik Neo-Freudian Erik Erikson revised Freud’s Erikson revised Freud’s stages of development stages of development and proposed eight and proposed eight major dilemmas that major dilemmas that are universally are universally experienced over the experienced over the life course.life course.

Erikson’s DilemmasErikson’s Dilemmas

A psychosocial dilemma is a conflict A psychosocial dilemma is a conflict between personal impulses and the social between personal impulses and the social world that effects development.world that effects development.

Each dilemma has a positive pole and a Each dilemma has a positive pole and a negative pole.negative pole.

For optimal personality development, the For optimal personality development, the person must resolve the dilemma primarily person must resolve the dilemma primarily in the positive direction.in the positive direction.

This first stage of life is infancy.

Human babies are helpless.

Erikson’s Stages: Stage 1 - InfancyErikson’s Stages: Stage 1 - Infancy

Trust vs. mistrustTrust vs. mistrust (the first year of life)(the first year of life)

Virtue = Hope Virtue = Hope

Parents must maintain a supportive and nurturing Parents must maintain a supportive and nurturing environment. If the infants needs are met, the infant environment. If the infants needs are met, the infant develops a sense of basic trust.develops a sense of basic trust.

Mistrust is caused by inadequate or unpredictable Mistrust is caused by inadequate or unpredictable care and by parents who are cold, indifferent, unkind, care and by parents who are cold, indifferent, unkind, or rejecting.or rejecting.

Newborns derive many benefits Newborns derive many benefits from the sense of touch.from the sense of touch.

Erikson’s Stages: InfancyErikson’s Stages: Infancy

Trust vs. mistrust, continuedTrust vs. mistrust, continued

A child who has learned trust is A child who has learned trust is able to give and receive love, able to give and receive love, master fears, and feels secure and master fears, and feels secure and adequate as a person.adequate as a person.

A mistrustful child harbors a A mistrustful child harbors a suspicious view of the world, and suspicious view of the world, and feels isolated because of an feels isolated because of an inability to relate to others.inability to relate to others.

Erikson’s Stages: Stage - 2 Erikson’s Stages: Stage - 2 Early ChildhoodEarly Childhood

Autonomy vs. shame and doubtAutonomy vs. shame and doubt (ages 1- 3) Virtue= Will(ages 1- 3) Virtue= Will

As the toddler develops bowel and bladder As the toddler develops bowel and bladder control he or she also develops a healthy control he or she also develops a healthy attitude toward being independent.attitude toward being independent.

If parents encourage their child’s use of If parents encourage their child’s use of initiative and reassure the child when initiative and reassure the child when mishaps occur, the child will develop the mishaps occur, the child will develop the confidence needed to cope with situations confidence needed to cope with situations that require autonomy.that require autonomy.

Stage 2: Early Childhood

Toddlers are learning to act on their own.

Erikson’s Stages: Early ChildhoodErikson’s Stages: Early Childhood

If the child is made to feel that independent If the child is made to feel that independent efforts are wrong, then efforts are wrong, then shameshame and self- and self-doubt develop instead of autonomy.doubt develop instead of autonomy.

If parents are controlling or critical of their If parents are controlling or critical of their child’s efforts, s/he may begin to feel child’s efforts, s/he may begin to feel ashamed of her/his actions and doubt her ashamed of her/his actions and doubt her abilities.abilities.

Erikson’s Stages: Stage 3-PreschoolErikson’s Stages: Stage 3-Preschool

Initiative vs. guiltInitiative vs. guilt

(ages 3-6) Virtue = Purpose(ages 3-6) Virtue = Purpose

The child must discover ways to The child must discover ways to initiate actions on his or her own. If initiate actions on his or her own. If such initiatives are successful, guilt such initiatives are successful, guilt will be avoided. will be avoided.

Stage 3: Preschool AgeStage 3: Preschool Age(ages 3-6)(ages 3-6)

The child imitates adults, anticipates future roles, and develops an appropriate gender-role identity.

Erikson’s Stages: Middle ChildhoodErikson’s Stages: Middle Childhood

Industry vs. InferiorityIndustry vs. Inferiority

(ages 6-12) Virtue = Competence(ages 6-12) Virtue = Competence

The child must learn to feel competent, especially when competing with peers. Failure to achieve a sense of industry during middle childhood tends to result in a sense of inadequacy and inferiority.

Stage 4: Middle ChildhoodStage 4: Middle Childhood

Children learn to get along with others and compete.

Erikson’s Stages: AdolescenceErikson’s Stages: Adolescence

Identity vs. role confusionIdentity vs. role confusion

(ages 12-18) Virtue = Fidelity(ages 12-18) Virtue = Fidelity

The teen must develop a sense of role The teen must develop a sense of role identity, especially in terms of selecting a identity, especially in terms of selecting a future career. He or she works at refining a future career. He or she works at refining a sense of self by testing roles, then sense of self by testing roles, then integrating them to form a single identity.integrating them to form a single identity.


An adolescent must establish a stable identity in preparation for experiencing intimacy in adulthood.


Erikson suggested that adolescents often Erikson suggested that adolescents often experience an experience an identity crisis - theyidentity crisis - they worry worry about who they are.about who they are.

This self-confrontation involves elements This self-confrontation involves elements such as the awakening of sexual drives, the such as the awakening of sexual drives, the attainment of logical thought, and social attainment of logical thought, and social concerns.concerns.


The desire to feel unique does battle with The desire to feel unique does battle with the wish to “fit in”.the wish to “fit in”.

To assert themselves, teens may rebel To assert themselves, teens may rebel against authority figures, particularly against authority figures, particularly parents.parents.

Conversely, they may embrace a clannish Conversely, they may embrace a clannish group when overwhelmed with the pressure group when overwhelmed with the pressure to establish a separate identity. to establish a separate identity.

Your ViewpointYour Viewpoint

What are some major concerns of young adults (18-27 years of age)?

Erikson’s Stages: Young AdulthoodErikson’s Stages: Young Adulthood

Intimacy vs. isolation Intimacy vs. isolation (ages 18-35) Virtue = Love(ages 18-35) Virtue = Love

The adult’s formation of close friendships The adult’s formation of close friendships and romantic relationships is vital to healthy and romantic relationships is vital to healthy development.development.

ByBy intimacyintimacy, Erikson meant an ability to , Erikson meant an ability to care about others and to share experiences care about others and to share experiences with them.with them.


Failure to establish intimacy with others Failure to establish intimacy with others leads to a sense of isolation.leads to a sense of isolation.

The person feels alone and uncared for in life.The person feels alone and uncared for in life.

This circumstance often sets the stage for later This circumstance often sets the stage for later difficulties.difficulties.


Most young Most young adults seek to adults seek to establish establish meaningful meaningful relationships relationships with others with others and look for a and look for a mate.mate.

Erikson’s Stages: Middle AdulthoodErikson’s Stages: Middle Adulthood

Generativity vs. stagnationGenerativity vs. stagnation

(ages 35-60) Virtue: Care(ages 35-60) Virtue: Care

Adults need to develop useful lives by Adults need to develop useful lives by contributing to the world, such as by contributing to the world, such as by helping and guiding children. They may helping and guiding children. They may also make indirect contributions to the next also make indirect contributions to the next generation, through writing books or generation, through writing books or constructing buildings, etc. constructing buildings, etc.

Life Begins a Slow Decline at Age 40

In a youth-oriented society, many middle-aged people are reluctant to give up their sense of being a young person.

Your ViewpointYour Viewpoint

How would you like your life to be in old age? Is there anything you can do now to make this happen?

What do you fear most about growing old?

Erikson’s Stages: Late AdulthoodErikson’s Stages: Late Adulthood

Integrity vs. despairIntegrity vs. despair

(age 60 on) Virtue = Wisdom(age 60 on) Virtue = Wisdom

When reflecting on their lives, elderly people When reflecting on their lives, elderly people may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure. A may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure. A life well spent will result in a sense of well-life well spent will result in a sense of well-being and integrity. being and integrity.

Erikson’s Stages: Late AdulthoodErikson’s Stages: Late Adulthood

After the age of about 60 or so, developmental tasks include:

Accepting inevitable losses (death, youth, physical beauty, physical abilities)

Being able to relate to the past without regrets Spending time doing things that people find meaningful Finding new meaning in life when former sources are gone

(children, careers) Maintaining outside interests Enjoying grandchildren


According to Erikson, failure to achieve a According to Erikson, failure to achieve a sense of industry during middle childhood sense of industry during middle childhood tends to result in:tends to result in:

a.a. a sense of inadequacy and inferiority.a sense of inadequacy and inferiority.b.b. a failure to develop a sense of identity.a failure to develop a sense of identity.c.c. feelings of self-hatred that cannot easily feelings of self-hatred that cannot easily

be erased.be erased.d.d. a sense of rebellion that caries into a sense of rebellion that caries into

adulthood.adulthood.e.e. mistrust of others.mistrust of others.


According to Erikson, failure to achieve a According to Erikson, failure to achieve a sense of industry during middle childhood sense of industry during middle childhood tends to result in:tends to result in:

a.a. a sense of inadequacy and inferiority.*a sense of inadequacy and inferiority.*b.b. a failure to develop a sense of identity.a failure to develop a sense of identity.c.c. feelings of self-hatred that cannot easily feelings of self-hatred that cannot easily

be erased.be erased.d.d. a sense of rebellion that caries into a sense of rebellion that caries into

adulthood.adulthood.e.e. mistrust of others.mistrust of others.


Life satisfaction in old age seems to Life satisfaction in old age seems to depend upon:depend upon:

a.a. maintaining physically demanding occupational maintaining physically demanding occupational roles.roles.

b.b. continued performance in roles considered continued performance in roles considered important by society.important by society.

c.c. the system of social support maintained for the system of social support maintained for people as they disengage from all activities.people as they disengage from all activities.

d.d. spending time doing things that people find spending time doing things that people find meaningful.meaningful.

e.e. staying physically vigorous.staying physically vigorous.


Life satisfaction in old age seems to Life satisfaction in old age seems to depend upon:depend upon:

a.a. maintaining physically demanding occupational maintaining physically demanding occupational roles.roles.

b.b. continued performance in roles considered continued performance in roles considered important by society.important by society.

c.c. the system of social support maintained for the system of social support maintained for people as they disengage from all activities.people as they disengage from all activities.

d.d. spending time doing things that people find spending time doing things that people find meaningful.*meaningful.*

e.e. staying physically vigorous.staying physically vigorous.

Chap. 3 - Review

What did Freud say was the cause of mental disorders?

What was Freud’s model of the mind? What do these structures represent?

When are the super-ego and conscious formed according to Freud?

Chap. 3 - Review

What are Freud’s five stages of personality development?

What is Psychoanalysis and what are the main techniques?

What are the eight stages of Erikson's theory of personality development?

Psychosocial DevelopmentPsychosocial Development

Chapter 3Chapter 3

End of Presentation End of Presentation

psychosocial development chapter 3 freudian theory eriksonian theory

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