pterocarpus indicus (narra)
TRANSCRIPT
Pterocarpus indicus (narra)Fabaceae (legume family)
bluwota (Vanuatu); liki (Solomon Islands); narra, amboyna, rosewood, Burmese rosewood (trade names); narra, rosewood (English); New Guinea rosewood (Papua New Guinea); pinati (Samoa); santal rouge amboine (French)
Lex A. J. Thomson
In brIefDistributionâ Nativeâ toâ Southeastâ andâ EastâAsiaâ andâ toâ theânorthernâandâ southwestâPa-cificâregion;ânowâdistributedâwidelyâthrough-outâtheâtropics.Sizeâ Typicallyâ reachesâ 25â35âmâ (82â115â ft)â inâheightâwithâaâbroadâcanopyâwhenâgrownâinâtheâopen.Habitatâ Growsâatâelevationsâofâ1â1300âmâ(3.3â4300âft)âwithâannualârainfallâofâ1300â4000âmmâ(50â160âin).Vegetationâ Thrivesâ bestâ inâ riverine,â closed,âandâsecondaryâforests.Soilsâ Adaptedâ toâ aâ rangeâ ofâ soils,â growingâbestâonâdeep,âfertile,âloamy,âalluvialâsoils.Growthâ rateâ Inâ optimalâ conditions,â heightâgrowthâmayâbeâ2âm/yrâ(6.6âft/yr)âforâtheâfirstâ3â4âyears,â slowingâ toâ aboutâ 1âm/yrâ (3.3â ft/yr)âthereafter.Main agroforestryâ usesâ Soilâ stabilization,âwindbreaks,âornamental.Mainâproductsâ Timber.Yieldsâ Estimatedâ atâ 5â10â m3/ha/yrâ (72â144âft3/ac/yr)âoverâaâ30â40âyearârotation,âonâopti-malâsites.Intercroppingâ Plantedâ asâ boundaryâ andâwindbreakâ aroundâ foodâ cropsâ orâ asâ aâ livingâfenceâaroundâpastures.Invasive potentialâ Hasâ limitedâ potentialâ toâinvadeâundisturbedânativeâplantâcommunities.â
Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry www.traditionaltree.org
Aprilâ2006ver.â2.1
Large tree, Thurston Gar-dens, Fiji.
phot
o:âL
.âtho
mso
n
ďż˝â Pterocarpus indicusâ(narra)â
InTrODUCTIOnNarraâ (Pterocarpus indicus) isâ aâ brieflyâ deciduous,â majes-ticâtreeâtypicallyâgrowingâtoâ25â35âmâ(82â115âft)âinâheight.âGrownâunderâopenâconditions,âtheâcanopyâdiameterâisâsim-ilarâtoâtheâtreeâheight.âItâhasâaâveryâwideânaturalâdistribu-tionâinâSoutheastâandâEastâAsiaâextendingâeastwardâtoâtheânorthernâandâsouthwestâPacificâregion.âItâmayâbeâfoundâinâvariousâplantâcommunitiesâbutâattainsâitsâbestâdevelopmentâinâriverine,âtropical,âclosedâandâsecondaryâforests,âincludingâthoseânearâtoâtheâcoastâandâfringingâtidalâwaterways.âNarraâisâ widelyâ plantedâ forâ amenityâ andâ ornamentalâ purposesâthroughoutâtheâhumidâtropics.Narraâisâadaptedâtoâsubtropicalâandâtropicalâ(meanâannualâtemperatureâ 22â32°Câ [72â90°F]),â subhumid/humidâ low-lands.âInâtropicalâregionsâitâcanâgrowâwellâatâhigherâeleva-tions.âAâfewâpopulationsâareâableâtoâcopeâwithâaâprolongedâdryâseasonâofâsixâorâmoreâmonths.âNarraâisâalsoâwellâadapt-edâtoâstrongâwinds,âandâestablishedâtreesâusuallyâstandâupâwellâinâcyclones,âsufferingâonlyâbranchâbreakage.âTheâspeciesâoccursâonâaâveryâwideârangeâofâsoils,âattainingâitsâbestâdevelopmentâinâdeep,âfertile,âloamyâalluvialâsoils.âItâisânormallyâfoundâgrowingâinâwellâdrained,âsandyâtoâclayâloamsâofâmildlyâacidicâtoâmildlyâalkalineâpH.âItâisâoneâofâtheâmostâpromisingâmultipurposeâtreeâspeciesâinâtheâPacificâislandsâforâreforestation,âvillage-levelâwoodlots,âlivingâ fencing,â andâ largeâ amenityâ trees.â Itâ isâ traditionallyâoneâofâtheâmostâimportantâmultipurposeâtreesâforâtimberâandâmedicine.âItâfixesânitrogenâandâreproducesâreadily,âbothâbyâseedâandâfromâcuttings.âOnâgoodâsitesâandâwhenâopenâgrownâ itâ isâ moderatelyâ fastâ growing,â butâ closelyâ spacedâplantingsâonâlessâfertileâsitesâareâlikelyâtoâgrowâslowlyâandânotâ beâ economicallyâ viableâ forâ timberâ production.â Itâ isâconsideredâveryâunlikelyâtoâbecomeâanâinvasiveâweedyâspe-cies.âItâisâinâdeclineâinâmostâpartsâofâitsânaturalârangeâdueâtoâexcessiveâandâoftenâillegalâexploitationâforâtimber,âandâitâhasâbeenâconsideredâforâexclusionâfromâinternationalâtradeâ(CITESânomination).Itâhasâlimitedâpotentialâforâinterplantingâwithâcropsâdueâtoâitsâlargeâsizeâandâheavyâshade.âHowever,âdueâtoâitsâeaseâofâestablishmentâ throughâ branchâ cuttings,â itâ couldâ beâ man-agedâ inâanâalleyâ farmingâconfiguration.â Itâ isâgenerallyâ re-gardedâasâaâusefulâtreeâforâborderingâfoodâgardensâdueâtoâitsâ inputsâofânitrogen-richâ leafâ fallâandâitsâvaluableâwind-breakâfunction.
DISTrIbUTIOn
Native rangeNarraâhasâaâwideâdistributionâinâSoutheastâandâEastâAsia,â
includingâsouthernâMyanmar,âCambodia,âsouthernâChina,âVietnam,âPhilippines,âBrunei,âMalaysia,âandâIndonesia.âItâextendsâeastâtoâtheânorthernâPacificâ(RyukyuâIslands/Japan,âYapâ andâ Pohnpeiâ [Federatedâ Statesâ ofâ Micronesia],â andâPalau)âandâsoutheastâ toâNewâGuinea,âNewâBritain,âNewâIrelandâandâManus,âtheâSolomonâIslands,âandâVanuatu.
Current distributionTheâspeciesâhasâbeenâintroducedâtoâotherâtropicalâregionsâandâ countriesâ includingâ theâ Caribbeanâ andâ theâ tropicalâAmericasâ (Cuba,â southernâ Florida/USA,â Granada,â Guy-ana,âHonduras,â Jamaica,âPanama,âPuertoâRico,âTrinidad),âAfricaâ (Congo,âSierraâLeone,âTanzania),âAsiaâ (India,âSriâLanka,âTaiwan),âandâsomeâPacificâislandsâ(Guam,âHawaiâi,âFiji,âandâSamoa).
bOTAnICAL DeSCrIPTIOn
Preferred scientific name Pterocarpus indicusâWilld.TheâgenusânameâisâderivedâfromâtheâGreekâpteron,âwhichâmeansâ wing,â andâ karpos,â whichâ meansâ fruit,â referringâ toâtheâflat,âwingedâpodsâcharacteristicâofâtheâgenus.
Family Fabaceaeâ(legumeâfamily)
Subfamily Faboideae
Non-preferred scientific namesPterocarpus carolinensisâKaneh.Pterocarpus dracoâsensuâauct.Pterocarpus indicaâWilld.
Common names
Pacificâislandsbluwotaâ(Vanuatu)likiâ(SolomonâIslands)narra,âamboyna,ârosewood,âBurmeseârosewoodâ(tradeâ
names)ânarra,ârosewoodâ(English)NewâGuineaârosewoodâ(PapuaâNewâGuinea)âpinatiâ(Samoa)santalârougeâamboineâ(French)
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
SolomonâIslandsKwaraâae,âToâoabaita likiNgini,âKwaio,âBugotu ligiAyiwo nyia neliVaiakau naGraciosaâBay noiâeniRoviana ringiMorovo rigiKusage dandaraVarisi nakumuMaringa grigiSantaâAna riki
VanuatuBislamaâlanguage bluwotaTorresâIsland:âLoh/Lungharagi nenieraBanksâGroup:âVanuaâLava/Mosina nararaBanksâGroup:âGaua/Lambot narMaewo:âNaone nanaraSanto:âPetawata navilaeSanto:âPenour navulaeSanto:âValpei vulaeSanto:âNarango philaiSanto:âSarete philaeSanto:âHogâHarbour nulaMalo:âNaviaru vuvilaeMalekula:âLarevat nakambisMalekula:âPotindir weiwuliMalekula:âBubar nusmarEpi:âMoriu burmeia, purmeiaErromango:âIpota vohovatiTanna:âIkutingting nakautufeTanna:âGreenhill kautufaAniwa:âKaokao kautoraAneityum:âPortâPatrick kautofa Aneityum:âAnelghowat nakautefa
Size and formAâbrieflyâdeciduous,âmajestic,âlargeâtreeâtypicallyâgrowingâtoâ25â35â(â48)âmâ(82â115â[â160]âft)âtallâandâaboutâtheâsameâcanopyâwidthâinâopenâsitu-ations.âTreesâhaveâaâlarge,âratherâdenseâcanopy.âTheâ semi-pendulousâ lowerâ branchesâ mayâ ex-tendâtoânearâgroundâlevelâinâopenâsites.
FlowersFloweringâisâoftenâinitiatedâbeforeâtheânewâleafâflushâbutâcontinuesâafterâ leafâflushing.âFlower-ingâtakesâplaceâinâseveralâshortâburstsâofâaboutâ1â2âdaysâduration.âTheâpea-shapedâflowersâareâbrightâ yellowâ toâ orange-yellow,â aboutâ 1.5â cmâ(0.6âin)âlong,âfragrant,âandâarrangedâinâbranchedâaxillaryâracemes.âTheâflowersâareâborneâ inâpro-
fusion,âaddingâtoâtheâornamentalâappealâofâtreesâwhenâinâfullâflower.âSeasonalityâofâfloweringâvariesâgeographically.âFlowering seasons:Country/Area Flowering periodPapuaâNewâGuinea MayâOctoberSolomonâIslandsâ WesternâProvinceâ MalaitaâProvinceâ MakiraâProvinceâ Choiseul/SantaâIsobelâ SantaâCruzâGroup
(Marchâ)âJuneâJulyâ(âAugust)(Mayâ)âOct.âNov.â(âDec.)( Julyâ)âOct.âDec.â(âJan.)JuneâJulySeptemberâDecemberâ
Vanuatuâ TorresâandâBanksâIs.â Santo,âMalo,âMaewoâ Malekula,âAmbrym,â â â â andâEpiâ TannaâandâAneityum
( Juneâ)âOctoberâDecemberâ(âMar.)( Julyâ)âAugustâOctoberâ(âNov.)âOctoberâDecemberâ(âApril)â
DecemberâJanuaryâ(âApril)âPhilippines ( Januaryâ)âAprilâMayâ(âJuly)
LeavesTheâbrightâgreen,â imparipinnateâ leavesâareâarrangedâalter-natelyâonâtheâbranchlets.âTreesâareâeitherâbrieflyâfullyâdecid-uousâorâmayâbeâevergreenâinâuniformlyâhumidâzones.âTheânewâflushâofâleavesâisâlightâgreen,âturningâdarkâmid-green.âEachâleafâhasâ(5â)â7â9â(â11)âalternatelyâarranged,âovateâleaf-lets;âeachâleafletâisâaboutâ6â12âcmâ(2.4â4.8âin)âlongâbyâ3â7âcmâ(1.2â2.8âin)âwide,âwithâanâentireâmargin.âTheâterminalâleafletâisâlarger,âwithâtheâsmallestâleafletsâinâtheâlowestâpairâonâtheârachis.
FruitTheâpodsâareâthin,âpaperyâwinged,âdisc-shaped,âaboutâ5â6âcmâ(2â2.4âin)âacross,âandâborneâinâclusters.âTheyâareâlightâgreen,âturningâdullâbrownâwhenâfullyâmature.â
The short bursts of flowers are very showy. photo:âC.âELEvitCh
ďż˝â Pterocarpus indicusâ(narra)â
Podsâ areâ indehiscent:â internallyâ theâ podâ isâdividedâ byâ cross-wallsâ intoâ fourâ orâ fiveâ seedâchambers,â ofâ whichâ oneâ orâ twoâ (rarelyâ three)âmayâcontainâdevelopedâseeds.âTheâseedsâmatureâaboutâ3â4â (â5)âmonthsâafterâflowering.âTheâfruitingâperiodâvariesâgeographi-cally.â InâPapuaâNewâGuineaâ (PNG)â theâpodsâripenâ fromâ earlyâ Decemberâ toâ March.â SomeâpodsâfallâwhileâothersâremainâonâtheâtreeâupâtoâtheâendâofâMay.âInâtheâSolomonâIslandsâseedsâmatureâsometimeâduringâtheâperiodâfromâJulyâtoâ January.âTheâmainâ fruitingâperiodâ inânorth-ernâVanuatuâisâNovemberâtoâJanuary,âwhileâinâcentralâandâsouthernâVanuatuâitâisâfromâJanuaryâtoâMarch.âInâFiji,âseedsâmatureâaroundâMarchâApril.Theâtimeâtoâbearingâfruitâdependsâonâtheâplant-ingâ material.â Plantsâ establishedâ fromâ largeâbranchâ cuttingsâ takenâ fromâmatureâ treesâ typi-callyâflowerâandâfruitâwithinâ2â3âyears.âTreesâes-tablishedâfromâseedlingsâmayâtakeâmanyâyearsâ(e.g.,âprobablyâmoreâthanâ5â7âyears)âbeforeâpro-ducingâusefulâquantitiesâofâseed.
SeedsTheâseedsâareâflattened,âbean-shaped,â6â8âmmâ(0.2â0.3âin)âlongâwithâaâleathery,âalthoughâratherâbrittle,âseedâcoat.âPod/seedâdispersalâisâmainlyâbyâwind.âPodsâcanâfloat,âandâwaterâdispersalâisâlikelyâtoâalsoâbeâsignificantâforâriverineâpopula-tions.
Rooting habit Treesâ haveâ aâ wellâ developedâ near-surfaceâ lateralâ rootingâstructure.âYoungâplantsâcompeteâpoorlyâwithâImperataâandâotherâtall,âvigorousâgrassesâandâneedâtoâbeâregularlyâweed-edâonâgrassyâsites.âForâestablishmentâonâgrassyâsites,âgoodâpre-plantingâcontrolâofâgrassesâisâessential,âandâaâonce-onlyâtreatmentâwithâglyphosateâherbicideâisârecommendedâforâthisâpurpose.âBecauseârootsâcanâgrowâlargeânearâtheâsurface,âitâ isâbestâ toâgrowâtheâtreeâwellâawayâfromâsidewalksâandâpavement.
Similar speciesNarraâ isâaâveryâdistinctiveâtreeâ inâtermsâofâ itsâgeneralâap-pearance,âleaves,âflowers,âandâfruits,âandâthereâareânoâsimilarâspecies,âeitherânaturallyâoccurringâorâplanted,âinâtheâPacificâislandsâ(asideâfromârecentâsmallâtrialsâof Pterocarpus macro-carpusâandâP. dalbergioidesâonâKolombagaraâinâtheâSolomonâIslands).
GeneTICS
Variability of speciesMorphologicalâ variationâ wasâ wellâ documentedâ byâ Rojoâ(1972).âThereâisâconsiderableâintraspecificâvariationâinâmor-phologicalâcharacteristics,âsuchâasâleaflet,âflower,âandâfruitâsize,â shape,â andâ hairiness,â asâ expectedâ forâ aâ speciesâ withâaâ wideâ geographicâ andâ ecologicalâ range.â Larger-fruitedâformsâ areâ foundâ inâ Melanesiaâ (PNG,â Solomonâ Islands,âandâVanuatu).âThereâisâalsoâconsiderableâvariationâinâwoodâproperties.â InâdifferentâpartsâofâVanuatu,â twoâ folkâ variet-iesâareâoftenâdistinguishedâonâtheâbasisâofâwoodâcharactersâ(suchâasâwidthâofâsapwood,âcolorâofâheartwood).
Known varietiesTheâonlyâformallyânamedâvarietyâisâformaâechniatusâ(Pers.)âRojoâ fromâ Southeastâ Asiaâ (includingâ Philippinesâ andâLesserâ Sundaâ Islands,â Indonesia).â Thisâ formâ isâ distin-guishedâfromâtheâtypeâformâbyâitsâspinyâorâpricklyâfruits.
Culturally important related species in the genus Pterocarpus macrocarpusâ(inâSoutheastâAsia,âIndochina)âandâP. dalbergioidesâ (AndamanâIslands,âIndia,âandâBurma)âareâhighlyâvaluedâlocalâtimberâtrees,âwithâtheâformerâbeingâveryâimportantâforâfurnitureâandâwoodenâarticlesâforâBuddhistâtemplesâinâThailandâandâVietnam.
Mature pods can often be found on trees. photo:âC.âELEvitCh
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
ASSOCIATeD PLAnT SPeCIeSItsâ bestâ developmentâ isâ inâ riverine,â tropical,â closed,â andâsecondaryâforests.âInâtheseâsituationsâitâmayâoccurâinâsmallâpatchesâofânearlyâmonospecificâstands.âItâalsoâoccursâinâsea-sonallyâdry,âsemi-deciduousâhillâforestsâandâfringingâman-groveâswamps.
Associated native species commonly foundOnâSanto,âVanuatu,âitâoccursânaturallyâwithâAntiaris toxi-caria,âBarringtonia spp.,âcanariumânutâ(Canarium indicum),âCastanospermum australe,âDendrocnideâspp.,âDracontomelon vitiense,âwhitewoodâ(Endospermumâmedullosum),âandâPangi-um edule.âInâPNGâitâcommonlyâoccursâwithâKingiodendron alternifolium.âInâtheâPhilippinesâitâoccursâwithâCalophyllum blancoi,âIntsia bijuga,âSyzygium simile,âand Vitex parviflora.
Species commonly associated as aboriginal intro-ductions in Pacific islands TheâtreeâappearsâtoâhaveâbeenâintroducedâtoâPacificâislandsâafterâEuropeanâcontact.
Species commonly associated in modern times or as recent Pacific island introductionNarraâ isâ aâ largeâ amenityâ treeâ grownâ inâ associationâ withâotherâcommonlyâplantedâtreesâsuchâasâAdenanthera pavoni-na,âcandlenutâ(Aleurites moluccana),âbreadfruitâ(Artocarpus altilis),â ylang-ylangâ (Cananga odorata),â Citrusâ spp.,â coco-nutâ (Cocos nucifera),âDelonix regia,âDracontomelon vitiense, Ficus spp.,â Tahitianâ chestnutâ (Inocarpus fagifer),â mangoâ(Mangifera indica),âtavaâ(Pometia pinnata),âSpathodea cam-panulata,âSpondias dulcis,âmahogany (Swietenia macrophylla),âand Malayâappleâ(Syzygium malaccense).
Left: Extensive shallow root system presumably exposed by erosion.âphoto:âC.âELEvitCh Right: Lower trunk of large tree. photo:âL.âthomson
ďż˝â Pterocarpus indicusâ(narra)â
enVIrOnMenTAL PreferenCeS AnD TOLerAnCeSNarraâisâadaptedâtoâtheâsubtropicalâandâtropical,âsubhumid/humidâlowlandsâ(upâtoâ600âmâ[1970âft]).âInâtropicalâregionsâitâcanâgrowâwellâatâhigherâelevationsâ(upâtoâaboutâ1300âmâ[4300âft]).âSomeâpopulations,âe.g.,âinâEastâNusaâTengarra,âIndonesiaâareâwellâadaptedâtoâprolongedâdryâseasonsâofâsixâorâmoreâmonths.
Climate
Elevationârangeâ1â1300âmâ(3.3â4300âft)
Meanâannualârainfallâ1300â4000âmmâ(50â160âin)
RainfallâpatternâItâ favorsâ environmentsâ withâ summer,â bimodal,â andâ uni-formârainfallâpatterns.
Dryâseasonâdurationâ(consecutiveâmonthsâwithâ<ďż˝0âmmârainfall)â0â6âmonths
Meanâannualâtemperatureâ22â32°Câ(72â90°F)
Meanâmaximumâtemperatureâofâhottestâmonthâ29â34°Câ(84â93°F)
Meanâminimumâtemperatureâofâcoldestâmonthâ18â24°Câ(64â75°F)
Minimumâtemperatureâtoleratedâ5â8°Câ(41â46°F)
Soils Narraâisâadaptedâtoâaâveryâwideârangeâofâsoils,âattainingâitsâbestâdevelopmentâonâdeep,âfertile,âloamy,âalluvialâsoils.âItâisâmostâcommonlyâfoundâgrowingâinâwellâdrained,âsandyâtoâclayâ loamsâofâ slightlyâ acidâ toâ slightlyâ alkalineâpH.âHow-ever,â particularâ populationsâ mayâ beâ adaptedâ toâ differentâsoilâtypes,âe.g.,âinfertile,âalkaline,âstonyâsoilsâonâSumbaâandâEastâNusaâTenggaraâ (Indonesia).â Inâ theâPhilippinesâ itâ isâmainlyâfoundâonâalkalineâsoils.
SoilâtextureâItâcanâgrowâinâlightâandâmedium-texturedâsoilsâ(sands,âsan-dyâloams,âloams,âandâsandyâclayâloams).
SoilâdrainageâItârequiresâfreeâdrainageâforâbestâgrowth.
SoilâacidityâTheâtreeâtoleratesâacidâtoâneutralâsoilsâ(pHâ4.0â7.4).
SpecialâsoilâtolerancesâNarraâtoleratesâshallow,âsodic,âandâinfertileâsoils.
Tolerances
DroughtTheâabilityâtoâtolerateâdroughtâisâexpectedâtoâvaryâconsid-erablyâbetweenâprovenances,âwithâtheâmostâdrought-resis-tantâ sourcesâ originatingâ fromâ easternâ Indonesiaâ (Sumba,âEastâNusaâTengarra).âEstablishedâ treesâ fromâMelanesianâsourcesâareâlikelyâtoâtolerateâaâdryâseasonâofâmanyâmonthsâ(e.g.,â4â6âmonths),âespeciallyâonâdeeperâsoils.
FullâsunTheâspeciesâgrowsâbestâinâfullâsun,âandâmatureâspecimensâwillâ beâ presentâ inâ theâ upperâ canopyâ orâ asâ canopyâ emer-gents.
ShadeItâcanâtolerateâupâtoâ25%âshade.
FireTheâtreeâisâlikelyâtoâhaveâlimitedâfireâtoleranceâdueâtoâthinâbark,âexceptâpossiblyâforâsourcesâfromâregularly-firedâgrassyâwoodlandâcommunitiesâinâeasternâIndonesia.
FrostItâisâexpectedâtoâbeâseverelyâdamagedâorâkilledâbyâlowâtem-peraturesâ(i.e.,âlessâthanâ5â8°Câ[41â46°F]).
WaterloggingItâ growsâ bestâ onâ freelyâ drainingâ soilâ types,â butâ itsâ river-ineâdistributionâsuggestsâitâmustâbeâableâtoâatâleastâtolerateâshortâperiodsâ(severalâweeksâdurationâorâmore)âofâshallowâinundationâveryâwell.
SaltâsprayNarraâisâexpectedâtoâbeâdamagedâ(includingâsomeâleafâscaldâandâdrop)âbyâsalt-ladenâwinds,âandâitâisânotârecommendedâforâplantingâ inâtheâmostâexposedâseasideâ locations.âHow-ever,âitâoftenâoccursânearâtoâtheâseaâandâpresumablyâhasâaâmoderateâlevelâofâtoleranceâofâfoliarâsaltâspray.
WindTreesâhaveâoverallâgoodâtoleranceâofâbothâsteadyâandâstormâwinds;â e.g.,â matureâ treesâ plantedâ inâ Fijiâ sufferedâ minorâ
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
damageâ duringâ aâ particularlyâ severeâ cycloneâ (Kina,â Janu-aryâ1993).â
Abilities
FixânitrogenNarraâisâaânitrogen-fixingâtreeâthatânodulatesâreadily.
Self-pruneTheâspeciesâgenerallyâhasâaâpoorâself-pruningâhabit,âatâleastâinâopenâareas.
CoppiceTheâcoppicingâabilityâisânotâwellâknown,âbutâcutâandâfallenâtreesâareâreportedâtoâcoppiceâwellâinâVanuatuâandâPNG.
PollardTheâ speciesâ regrowsâ fairlyâ wellâ afterâ moderatelyâ heavyâpruning,â butâ theâ longer-termâ responsesâ toâ occasionalâ orâregularâpollardingâareâunknown.
Narra nodulates readily with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. photo:âJ.âB.âFriday
GrOWTH AnD DeVeLOPMenTPlantsâhaveâanâintermediateâbutâhighlyâvariableâgrowthârate:âinitiallyâgrowthâisâdirectedâtowardâshootâelongation,âespe-ciallyâinâmoreâshadedâsituations,âandâthenâlaterâintoâstemâdiameterâgrowth.âRapidâdiameterâgrowthâisâdependentâonâplantsâhavingâsufficientâspaceâandâlightâforâdevelopmentâofâanâextensiveâcrown.âPlantsâestablishedâfromâlargeâbranchâcuttingsâhaveâtheâfastestâgrowth,âe.g.,âaveragingâ2.5âcmâ(1âin)âdiameterâatâbreastâheightâ(dbh)âgrowthâperâannumâ(upâtoâaâ4âcmâ[1.6âin]âdbhâannualâincrement).âInâCebuâ(Philip-pines)âtheâmeanâannualâdiameterâincrementâincreasedâwithâage,âsuchâthatâforâtheâfirstâ11â12âyearsâtheâdiameterâ incre-
mentâaveragedâlessâthanâ0.5âcmâ(0.2âin)âperâyear,âbutâbyâ26âyearsâ itâ wasâ averagingâ 1.1â cm/yrâ (0.4â in/yr).â Initiationâ ofâheartwoodâmayânotâbeginâtoâoccurâuntilâmanyâyearsâafterâplanting;âe.g.,âaboutâ18â19âyearsâinâtheâPhilippines.
Growth rateHeightâgrowthâisâhighlyâdependentâonâsite.âOnâdeep,âwellâwatered,â fertile,â lightlyâ shadedâ sites,â heightâ growthâ mayâreachâ2âm/yrâ(6.6âft/yr)âinâtheâfirstâ3â4âyears,âbeforeâslow-ingâtoâaboutâ1âm/yrâ(3.3â ft/yr).âInâopenâareasâplantsâhaveâaâplagiotrophicâgrowthâhabitâwithâpoorâapicalâdominance.âTheâ shootâ leaderâ growsâ 1.5â3âmâ (5â10â ft)â beforeâ bendingâover,âgrowingâalmostâlaterallyâbeforeâanotherâmoreâuprightâleaderâ emergesâ andâ takesâ over.âThroughâ thisâ processâ theâboleâ self-straightensâ toâ aâ largeâ extent.â Inâ theâopen,âhow-ever,âplantsâmayâdevelopâaâmulti-stemmed,âbranchyâhabit,âandâheightâgrowthâmayâonlyâbeâ0.5â0.75âmâ(1.6â2.5âft)âperâyear.âTheâonlyâgrowthâdataâforâtheâf.âechniatusâindicatedâanâaverageâheightâgrowthâincrementâofâ0.6â1.2âmâ(2â4âft)âperâyear.
Reaction to competition Weedâcontrolâisâimportantâforâatâleastâtheâfirstâ2â4âyearsâtoâreduceâ competitionâuntilâ theâ treesâgrowâ largeâ enoughâ toâcastâenoughâshadeâtoâsuppressâundergrowth.â
PrOPAGATIOnNarraâcanâbeâpropagatedâfromâseeds,âcuttings,âgrafting,âandâtissueâculture.âSeedlingsâandâlargeâbranchâcuttingsâareâtheâmostâcommonâmethodsâofâpropagation.
Seedlings
SeedâcollectionTheâtimeâforâcollectionâofâripeâfruitsâvariesâbyâregion.âPodâmaturityâisâindicatedâbyâaâcolorâchangeâfromâlightâgreenâtoâbrown.âSomeâpodsâfallâorâdisperseâsoonâafterâmaturing,âbutâmostâremainâonâtheâtreeâforâseveralâmonths.âItâisâpreferableâtoâcollectâmatureâfruitsâbyâclimbingâintoâtheâcanopyâandâloppingâfruit-ladenâbranchesâorâelseâshakingâand/orâbeat-ingâwithâ longâpolesâtoâdislodgeâfruitsâontoâtarpaulinsâonâtheâground.
SeedâprocessingFruitsâmayâbeâde-wingedâinâorderâtoâreduceâbulkâandâim-proveâstorability.âDewingingâisâdoneâusingâaâhammerâmillâorâbrushingâmachineâfittedâwithâhardâbrushes.âThereâ areâaboutâ1500â3000â(Av=2300)âair-driedâpodsâperâkgâ(3300â6600â [Av=5000]â pods/lb).âTypicallyâ aboutâ 50%â ofâ fruitsâcontainâ oneâ healthyâ seed,â butâ theâ percentageâ ofâ viableâ
ďż˝â Pterocarpus indicusâ(narra)â
seedâmayâbeâasâlowâasâ10â20%.âWithâaboutâ50%âofâfruitsâcontainingâoneâhealthyâseed,âthereâareâ1200â1300âseeds/kgâ(2640â2860â seeds/lb)â ofâ air-driedâ pods.â Thereâ areâ aboutâ13,000âextractedâseeds/kgâ(28,600âseeds/lb).
SeedâstorageStorageâ behaviorâ isâ orthodox,â withâ seedâ beingâ ableâ toâbeâsafelyâdriedâdownâtoâ4%âmoistureâcontent.âTheâinitialâmoistureâcontentâofâseedsâwasâfoundâtoâbeâaroundâ16â17%âonâaâfreshâweightâbasis.âTheâmostâsuitableâmethodâforâlon-ger-termâstorage,â i.e.,âseveralâyears,â isâtoâstoreâde-wingedâfruitsâatâlowâtemperatureâandâmoistureâcontent.â
SeedâpretreatmentSeedsâareâtypicallyâsownâstillâencasedâinâtheirâindehiscentâpodâ intoâeitherâopenânurseryâbeds,â seedâtrays,âorâdirectlyâintoâ individualâ containersâ (especiallyâ ifâ extractedâ seedâisâ used).â Theâ germinationâ rateâ isâ improvedâ ifâ seedsâ areâextractedâ fromâ theâ podâ beforeâ sowing;â however,â noâ pre-treatmentâ isâ requiredâ forâgermination.âSeedâextractionâ isânotârecommendedâforâroutineâsowing,âasâitâisâaâslow,âman-ualâprocess,âoftenâ resultingâ inâ someâdamageâ toâextractedâseedsâ(andâreducingâtheirâviabilityâand/orâstorageâlife).
GrowingâareaItâisâpreferableâtoâgerminateâseedsâinâaâshelteredâarea,âsuchâasâaâshadeâhouse.âSeedlingsâshouldâalsoâbeâkeptâinâshelteredâareasâwithâlightâshadeâ(25â50%)âforâ2â4âweeksâafterâtrans-planting.âTheyâmayâthenâmovedâintoâanâopenânurseryâsitua-tionâandâshouldâbeâgrownâandâhardenedâinâfullâsunlightâforâatâleastâ6â8âweeksâpriorâtoâfieldâplanting.âSeedlingsâderivedâfromâdirect-sownâfruitsâmayâbeâgrownâinâtheâopenâifânurs-eryâinfrastructureâisâunavailable.
GerminationTheâfruitsâareâpushed,âonâtheâflattenedâside,âintoâsoilâtoâaâdepthâofâaboutâ10âmmâ(0.4â in),âandâthenâcoveredâwithâaâthinâlayerâofâsoil.âIfâextractedâseedsâareâused,âtheyâshouldâbeâlaidâflatâandâshallowlyâcoveredâwithâ2â3âmmâ(0.08â0.12âin)âofâmedia/soil.âLightâshadeâshouldâbeâprovided,âandâtheâseedbedâmulched.âSeedsâbeginâtoâgerminateâ3â4âdaysâafterâsowing.âTheâgerminationârateâisâaboutâ24â40%âatâ4â15âdaysâafterâsowing.âTransplantâgerminantsâintoâindividualâpotsâatâtheâcotyledonâorâfour-leafâstage.
MediaAâfreely-draining,âstandardânurseryâpottingâmediumâisârec-ommended.
ApproximateâsizeâatâoutplantingSeedlingsâtakeâaboutâ4âmonthsâtoâreachâaâsuitableâsizeâforâfieldâplanting;âi.e.,âaboutâ25âcmâ(10âin)âtall.
GuidelinesâforâoutplantingSeedlingsâneedâtoâbeâplantedâintoâwellâweededâandâmain-tainedâ areas,â preferablyâ withâ lightâ toâ moderateâ shadeâ toâencourageâapicalâdominanceâandâbetterâstemâform.â
Direct-seedingDirect-seedingâ isâ oftenâ theâ bestâ methodâ forâ outplanting.âItâ eliminatesâ anyâ transplantâ trauma.â Itâ alsoâ allowsâ plant-ingâmultipleâseeds,âsoâthatâtheâbest-formed,âmostâvigorousâseedlingâ canâ beâ selectedâ atâ eachâ plantingâ site.âTheâ draw-backsâ ofâ direct-seedingâ includeâ riskâ ofâ predatorâ damageâ(e.g.,â rats,âpigs,â cattle),â lackâofâ rainsâ toâ sustainâ theânewlyâgerminatedâ seeds,â andâ theâ mandatoryâ frequentâ mainte-nanceâthatâmustâbeâdoneâtoâensureâweedsâdoânotâsmotherâtheâsmallâseedlings.Inâdirect-seeding,âanâareaâisâpreparedâforâeachâplantingâspot,âclearedâofâweeds,âandâcultivatedâtoâaâdepthâofâ50âcmâ(20âin)âifâtheâsoilâisâcompacted.âItâisârecommendedâthatâ5â10âpodsâbeâsownâinâtheâfinalâplantingâlocation,âinâorderâtoâensureâatâleastâoneâhealthy,âvigorousâgerminantâperâposition.âIdeally,âdirect-sownâfruitsâshouldâbeâsownâearlyâinâtheâwetâseasonâandâfairlyâsoonâafterâtheâfirstâgoodârainsâhaveâbeenâreceived.âFruitsâareâplantedâatâaâdepthâofâ2âcmâ(0.8âin).â
Other propagation methodsStemâcuttingsâcanâbeâtakenâfromâtreesâofâanyâageâandâsize,âbutâcuttingsâofâdiameterâ6âcmâ(2.2â in)âorâ largerâwillâ rootâbetterâthanâcuttingsâofâsmallerâdiameter.âInâtheâPhilippines,â30-cm-longâ(10âin)âcuttingsâtakenâfromâtreesâapproximatelyâ20âyearsâoldâwereâplantedâinâplasticâbagsâandâplacedâunderâshade.â Theyâ developedâ shootsâ andâ rootsâ andâ becameâestablished.âTreesâestablishedâ fromâ largeâbranchâcuttingsâhaveâaâgreaterâtendencyâtoâbeâaffectedâbyâheartârot,âandâthisâpropagationâmethodâshouldâbeâavoidedâifâ timberâproduc-tionâisâaâmajorâobjectiveâofâplanting.Graftingâisâalsoâpossible.âBudsâonâscionsâwereâobservedâtoâdevelopâ5âdaysâafterâgrafting,âatâwhichâtimeâcallusâformationâatâtheâpointâofâstock-scionâunionâwasâalsoâobvious.Theâspeciesâcanâbeâsuccessfullyâpropagatedâthroughâtissueâculture,âbutâthereâisâminimumâneedâforâthisâmethodâgivenâeaseâ ofâ propagationâ byâ seedâ andâ conventionalâ vegetativeâcuttings.
DISADVAnTAGeSTheâspeciesââmainâdrawbacksâare
poorâadaptabilityâtoâlessâfertileâandâdrierâsites,âinclud-ingâslowâgrowthlateâonsetâofâheartwoodâformation
â˘
â˘
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
lackâofâknowledgeâconcerningâbestâseedâsourcesitsâlarge,âspreading,âandâdenseâcanopyâandâpoorâstemâformâinâopenâsituationsâlimitâitsâpotentialâforâinclusionâinâmostâagroforestryâsystems.
Potential for invasiveness Theâ speciesâ hasâ lowâ potentialâ toâ invadeâ undisturbedâ na-tiveâplantâcommunitiesâandâhasânotâbeenâreportedâ toâbe-comeâwidelyânaturalizedâwhenâplantedâoutsideâofâitsânativeâhabitats.âTheâexceptionallyâhighâvalueâandâdemandâforâitsâtimberâ furtherâmitigateâ againstâ itsâ spread,â asâ largerâ treesâcapableâofâproducingâsizableâfruitâcropsâwouldâlikelyâbeâcutâandâutilizedâforâtimber.
Pests and diseasesTheâspeciesâisâvariouslyâaffectedâbyâpestsâandâdiseasesâinâitsânativeâ habitats.âTheâ mostâ seriousâ insectâ pestsâ includeâ anâunidentifiedâ leafâminerâ inâSolomonâIslandsâandâVanuatuâ(possiblyâHyloconis,âwhichâisârecordedâfromâMalaysia)âandâaâcaterpillarâ(Melipotis diversipennis)âinâSumatra,âIndonesia.âPlantsâmayâalsoâbeâdamagedâbyâsap-suckingâpsyllids.âSeedsâmayâbeâinfectedâbyâtheâfungusâPhomopsis.âFungalâdamageâhasâ beenâ reportedâ onâ seedlings,â includingâ anthracnoseâ(Glomerella cingulata/Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)âandâleafâspotsâ(Cyllindrocladium quinoseptatum, Phyllcora pterocarpii, Pestalotia sp., Guignardia sp.,â Phyllostictaâ sp.,â and Aldora stella-nigra).âAâsoftâscaleâ(Coccus longulus)âhasâbeenânotedâinâFiji.âAnâinsectâpestâ(Agrilusâsp.)âhasâbeenârecordedâinâtheâSolomonâIslands.âRootâfungalâdiseasesâcanâbeâreducedâinâtheânurseryâthroughâuseâofâsterilizedâandâfreelyâdrainingâmedia,âavoidingâdenseâsowingâ ofâ seeds,â andâ earlyâ sanitaryâ disposalâ ofâ diseasedâseedlings.LargerâtreesâmayâbeâaffectedâbyâpotentiallyâseriousârootâandâstemârotsâincludingâFomes lamaoensis,âGanoderma lucidum,âandâPhellinus noxius.âAnâunknownâdiseaseâcausedâextensiveâdiebackâandâdeathâ inâ streetâ treesâ inâMalaysiaâ inâ theâ lateâ1800sâtoâtheâearlyâ1900s.â
Host to crop pests/pathogensNoâdataâavailable.
AGrOfOreSTrY/enVIrOnMenTAL PrACTICeS
Mulch/organicâmatterItâ hasâ excellentâ potentialâ toâ provideâ surfaceâ mulchâ andâbuildâsoilâorganicâmatterâdueâtoâitsânitrogen-fixingâcapac-ityâandâitsâannualâleafâfallâ(deciduous)âhabit.
â˘â˘
SoilâstabilizationTheâ treeâ hasâ excellentâ potentialâ forâ soilâ stabilization,â es-peciallyâ alongâdrainageâ linesâ andâfloodâplains,â dueâ toâ itsâadaptationâ toâ suchâ sites,â largeâ buttresses,â andâ extensive,âspreading,ânear-surfaceârootâsystem.
Cropâshade/overstoryTheâlargeâcanopyâandâheavyâshadeâmakeâtheâspeciesâunsuit-ableâ asâ aâ cropâ shadeâ forâ allâ butâ theâ mostâ shade-tolerantâspecies.âItâhasâbeenâusedâasâshadeâtreeâforâcoffee.
AlleyâcroppingNarraâmightâhaveâpotentialâforâalleyâcroppingâgivenâitsâni-trogen-fixingâpotentialâandâeaseâofâpropagationâbyâbranchâcuttings.â However,â thereâ areâ generallyâ otherâ better-prov-enâleguminousâtreeâspeciesâavailableâforâthisârole,âsuchâasâCalliandra calothyrsus,âGliricidia sepium, andâLeucaena spp.
HomegardensItâisâunsuitableâforâhomegardensâdueâtoâitsâlargeâsizeâandâspread.
ImprovedâfallowsTheâtreeâhasâsomeâpotentialâforâplantingâasâimprovedâfallow,âincludingâforâshortârotationsâbyâusingâbranchâcuttingsâtoâquicklyâestablishâplantation.âInâaâshort-rotationâimprovedâfallow,âbranchâcuttingsâenableâaârapidâandâcheapâestablish-mentâandâaâshorterâweedingâperiod.
LivingâfencesItâisâwidelyâusedâasâaâlivingâfenceâdueâtoâeaseâofâestablish-mentâbyâlargeâbranchâcuttings.
BoundaryâmarkersHasâsomeâpotentialâasâaâboundaryâmarkerâdueâtoâitsâlongev-ityâandâcycloneâresistanceâandâisâsometimesâplantedâforâthisâpurpose,âe.g.,âinâtheâReefâIslandsâ(SolomonâIslands),âwhereâitâisâbelievedâtoâbenefitâgardensâthroughâfallâofâN-richâleafâlitterâandâcyclingâofâmineralânutrientsâfromâdeepâsoilâlay-ers.âNeighboringâfarmersâmayânotâalwaysâappreciateânarraâbeingâusedâasâaâboundaryâmarkerâdueâtoâitsâcanopyâspreadâandâpossibleâexcessiveâshadingâofâcropsâand/orâpastures.
WindbreaksTheâspeciesâisâwind-firm,âoftenâwithâbranchesâdroopingâtoânearâgroundâlevel,âandâisâwellâsuitedâforâwindbreakâplant-ingâwhereâspaceâpermits.
SilvopastureAâ fewâ treesâ mightâ beâ includedâ inâ eachâ paddockâ inâsilvopastoralâsystemsâtoâprovideâshadeâforâlivestock.
10â Pterocarpus indicusâ(narra)â
AnimalâfodderNoâdataâavailable.
WoodlotHasâpotentialâforâwoodlotâplanting,âespeciallyâdueâtoâtheâhighâvalueâofâitsâtimber,âalthoughâitâisânotâsuitableâforâshort-termârotations.â
Nativeâanimal/birdâfoodNoâdataâavailable.
WildlifeâhabitatConsideredâtoâbeâanâimportantâwildlifeâhabitatâtreeâinâtheâPhilippines.
BeeâforageTheâscentedâflowersâareâregularlyâvisitedâbyâaâlargeânumberâofâbeeâspecies,âincludingâhoneybees,âandâtheâtreeâisâconsid-eredâtoâbeâimportantâsourceâofânectarâand/orâpollen.
Fish/marineâfoodâchainItâgrowsâinâtheâlowerâreachesâofâmajorârivers,âincludingâtid-alâcreeks,âandâisâlikelyâtoâbeâimportantâforâstabilizingâsoilsâ
andâmaintainingâwaterâqualityâ inâ theseâsensitiveâhabitatsâthatâareâvitalâtoâtheâmarineâfoodâchain.â
CoastalâprotectionâItâoftenâgrowsânearâtoâtheâseaâandâisâusefulâforâcoastalâpro-tection,âbutâisânotârecommendedâforâplantingâinâtheâmostâexposedâsites.
OrnamentalNarraâ isâ anâoutstandingâornamentalâ treeâ forâ largeâpublicâparksâandâavenueâplantings.
USeS AnD PrODUCTSNarraâ producesâ aâ beautifullyâ figuredâ andâ richlyâ coloredâtimberâwithâexcellentâworkingâandâtechnicalâproperties.âItâhasâbeenâtraditionallyâusedâthroughoutâSouthâandâSouth-eastâAsiaâandâwesternâPacificâislandsâforâaâwideârangeâofâproducts,âincludingâlightâconstructionâpurposes,âfurniture,âandâtools.âInâsomeâpartsâofâitsârange,âsuchâasâVietnam,âtheâspeciesâhasâbeenâextinctâforâseveralâcenturiesâasâaâresultâofâover-exploitation.â Someâ treesâ produceâ stronglyâ figuredâwoodâknownâasâAmboneseâgnarlâwood,âorâamboyna,âthatâ
Left: The broad canopy is too dense for most understory crops. Right: The drooping branches are advantageous for shade in many public situations. photos:âC.âELEvitCh
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 11
isâhighlyâsoughtâafterâ forâcraftwoodâandâfaceâveneersâ forâhigh-valueâendâuses.âNarraâwoodâ isâdurableâ inâsaltâwater,âparticularlyâ theâ woodâ obtainedâ fromâ treesâ growingâ nearâtheâsea,âandâisâaâpreferredâspeciesâforâcanoesâandâboatsâandâtheirâaccessories.âNarraâisâoneâofâtheâAsia-Pacificâregionâsâfinestâtimbers,âandâitâ isâhighlyâfavoredâforâuseâ inâ interiorâjoinery,âpaneling,âdecorativeâflooring,âmusicalâinstruments,âprecisionâtools,âandâhandicrafts.âThroughoutâitsânativeârangeâitâisâanâimportantâtreesâforâuseâinâ preparationâ ofâ traditionalâ herbalâ medicines.â Differentâpartsâofâtheâtree,ânotablyâbarkâextracts,âareâusedâinâtheâtreat-mentâofâaâwideârangeâofâailmentsâandâillnesses,âparticularlyâthoseâpertainingâtoâtheâdigestiveâsystemâandâskin.âInârecentâtimesâ itâ hasâ beenâ claimedâ inâ theâ Philippinesâ (ResearchâCentreâ forâTropicalâ Medicine)â toâ haveâ amazingâ healingâpropertiesâforâdiverseâandâmajorâillnesses,âbutâfurtherâtrialsâareâneededâtoâverifyâsuchâclaims.Theâspeciesâisâwidelyâplantedâforâamenityâpurposesâdueâtoâits
ornamentalâ appealâ (largeâ spreadingâ habit,â excellentâshadeâtree,âandâmassesâofâfragrantâyellowâflowers)stabilityâandâwind-firmnessâeaseâ ofâ establishmentâ andâ quickâ landscapeâ impactâthroughâuseâofâlargeâbranchâcuttingslongevity.
ItâisâwidelyâplantedâasâaâstreetâtreeâinâtheâPhilippines,âMa-laysia,âandâSingaporeâandâisâusedâforâ livingâfencesâ inâtheâSolomonâIslandsâandâVanuatu.
LeafâvegetableTheâyoungâleavesâandâflowersâareâeaten,âbutâonlyârarely.
â˘
â˘â˘
â˘
MedicinalNarraâhasâaâvastânumberâofâtraditionalâmedicinalâusesâre-ported,âespeciallyâfromâbarkâextracts.âInâseveralâregionsâtheâshreddedâbarkâisâboiledâandâtheâfluidâtakenâorallyâforâtreat-mentâofâdysenteryâandâdiarrhea.âInâPNGâitâisâusedâtoâtreatâtuberculosis,âheadaches,â andâ sores,â andâasâaâpurgative.â Inâtheâ Solomonâ Islandsâ itâ isâ usedâ toâ treatâ dysentery,â heavyâmenstruation,âandâgonorrhea.âInâVanuatuâitâisâusedâtoâtreatâcutsâandâwounds,âandâstomachacheâandâdiarrheaâinâinfants.âInâMalaysiaâjuiceâextractedâfromâtheârootsâhasâbeenâusedâtoâtreatâsyphiliticâsoresâandâmouthâulcers.âInâIndonesiaâtheâyoungâleavesâhaveâbeenâusedâinâtheâtreatmentâofâboils,âul-cers,âandâpricklyâheatârashes.âInârecentâyears,âherbalâteasâandâpillsâmadeâfromânarraâex-tractsâhaveâbeenâpopularizedâ inâ theâPhilippinesâ forâ treat-ingâaâwideârangeâofâdiseasesâandâailmentsâincludingâleprosy,âmenstrualâpain,âflu,ârheumatoidâarthritis,âandâdiabetes.
Beautiful/fragrantâflowersTheâbrightâyellowâflowersâareâbothâornamentalâandâsweetlyâfragrant.
TimberNarraâproducesâoneâofâtheâworldâsâmostâhighlyâprizedâcabi-netâtimbersâdecorativeâwithâexcellentâworkingâandâtech-nicalâproperties.âTheâwoodâisâmoderatelyâhardâandâheavyâ(550â900âkg/m3â[34â56âlb/ft3]âatâ15%âmoistureâcontent),âandâeasilyâcutâandâworkedâbyâsaws,âplanes,âandâotherâtools.âTheâheartwoodâ isâ streaked,â lightâ yellowish-brownâ toâ reddish-brown,âandâreadilyâdistinguishedâfromâtheâpale,âyellowishâsapwood.Theâwoodâisâhighlyâdurableâinâlow-decayâsituations,âsuchâasâinteriorâuses.âTheâsapwoodâisâsusceptibleâtoâlyctidâ(powder-
Left: Bees and other pollinators frequent narra when it is in blossom. Right: When pruned, the tree can even be used in tight landscaping areas. photos:âC.âELEvitCh
1ďż˝â Pterocarpus indicusâ(narra)â
postâbeetles),âwhileâtheâheartwoodâisâonlyâinfrequentlyâat-tackedâbyâtermites.âDurabilityâinâgroundâcontactâisâreport-edlyâextremelyâvariable,âlastingâfromâ2â3âupâtoâ20â25âyears.âItâisâanâimportantâcommercialâtimberâspeciesâwhereverâitâoccurs,âandâitâhasâbeenâoverexploitedâandâhasâbecomeârareâorâextinctâinâpartsâofâSoutheastâAsia.
FuelwoodTheâwoodâisâanâexcellent,âhotâfuelâbutâisâonlyârarelyâusedâforâthisâpurpose.
Craftâwood/toolsTheâwoodâ isâ valuedâ forâmakingâcraftâ items,âbeingâhighlyâdecorativeâ andâ easilyâ turnedâ andâ workedâ byâ handâ tools.âSomeâtrees,âespeciallyâfromâtheâislandâofâSeramâ(Indone-sia),âproduceâstronglyâfiguredâwoodâknownâasâAmboneseâgnarlâ wood,â orâ amboyna,â thatâ isâ highlyâ soughtâ afterâ forâcraftwood.âInâtheâSolomonâIslandsâandâVanuatuâtheâlargeâplankâbuttressesâareâcutâ intoâdoorsâandâseats,âwhileâburlsâareâ favoredâ forâmakingâornateâbowlsâandâforâ slicingâ intoâdecorativeâfaceâveneersâforâhigh-valueâendâuses.
Canoe/boat/raftâmakingInâMelanesiaâitâisâimportantâforâcanoes,âpaddles,âandâout-riggerâbeds.âItâisâconsideredâaâveryâgoodâboat-buildingâtim-berâdueâtoâitsâdurabilityâinâseawater,âincludingâgoodâresis-tanceâtoâmarineâborers.â
Tannin/dyeTheâheartwoodâcontainsâvariousâredâcompounds,âandâinâtheâPhilippinesâtheâheartwoodâisâusedâtoâmakeâaâredâdye.âTheâbarkâextractâcanâbeâusedâforâtanning.âInâcontactâwithâwaterâtheâwood/barkâimpartsâaâblueâfluo-rescence,âwhichâgivesâriseâtoâtheâcommonânameâinâVanuatuâBislama,âbluwota.
Cosmetic/soap/perfumeAnâinfusionâfromâtheâleavesâisâsometimesâusedâasâshampooâinâtheâPhilippines.
COMMerCIAL CULTIVATIOnTheâprincipalâcommercialâproductâisâtimber,âbothâforâlocalâusesâandâforâexport.âTheâtimberâisâusedâforâhigh-classâfur-nitureâandâcabinets,âdecorativeâslicedâveneer,âinteriorâwallâpaneling,â featureâ flooringâ (includingâ stripâ andâ parquet),âmusicalâinstruments,âgunâstocksâandârifleâbutts,âturnedâar-ticles,âknifeâhandles,âboatâbuilding,âandâspecializedâjoinery.âItâisâalsoâusedâforâlightâbuildingâconstructionâpurposesâin-cludingâposts.Inâ Papuaâ Newâ Guinea,â narraâ isâ anâ importantâ commer-
cialâtimberâthatâfetchesâhighâprices.âTheâexportâofâlogsâisâbanned,âandâonlyâprocessedâwoodâisâexported.InâtheâPhilippines,âexportâofânarraâwoodâwasâ3âmillionâkgâ(6.6âmillionâlb)âinâ1985,âdecliningâtoâ2.3âmillionâkgâ(5âmil-lionâlb)âinâ1986â(57%âprocessed)âandâ430,000âkgâ(950,000âlb)âinâ1987â(allâprocessed).âFromâthatâtime,âexportâhasâbeenâ
Top: Trunk with burl. Bottom: High-end products made from narra burl. photos:âJ.ânaupa
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ďż˝
negligible,âandâatâpresentâthereâisâaâtotalâcuttingâbanâonâtheâspecies.Dueâtoâsupplyâshortagesâthereâisârelativelyâlimitedâinterna-tionalâtradeâinânarraâatâpresent.âTheâpriceâ(inâ2004)âforâsawnâboardsâfromâPapuaâNewâGuinea,âtheâSolomonâIslandsâandâVanuatuâwasâUS$600â800/m3â(US$17â23/ft3)âFOB.
SpacingTheârecommendedâ initialâplantationâdensityâ isâaboutâ400âtrees/haâ(162âtrees/ac),âorâaâspacingâofâ8âxâ3âmâ(26âxâ10âft).âOneâorâmoreâselectiveâthinningsâreducesâtheâdensityâdownâtoâaâfinalâcropâdensityâofâ100â150âtreesâperâhaâ(40â60âtrees/ac).âCloserâinitialâspacings,âe.g.,â2.5â3âxâ2.5â3âmâ(8â10âxâ8â10âft),âmayâbeâemployedâinâorderâtoâgainâmoreârapidâsiteâcon-trolâandâprovideâgreaterâchoiceâ forâselectingâwellâ formedâtreesâforâretentionâasâfinalâcropâtrees.âTheâareaârequiredâforâcommercialâproductionâofânarraâtim-berâdependsâonâ factorsâ suchâasâdistanceâ toâprocessingâ fa-cilities,âmarkets,âandâtheânumberâofâotherâgrowers.âForâaâsmallholderâanâareaâofâasâlittleâasâ1âhaâ(2.5âac),âorâ100âtrees,âmayâprovideâworthwhileâfinancialâreturns.âTheâplantationâareaâ ofâ commercialâ timberâ speciesâ requiredâ toâ supplyâ aâviableâ largerâ sawmillâ isâ consideredâ toâ beâ aroundâ 10,000â12,000âhaâ(25,000â30,000âac).
Management objectives and design consider-ationsTheâ keyâ managementâ objectiveâ isâ toâ obtainâ anâ adequateâorâ highâ stockingâ ofâ wellâ formedâ trees.â Managementâ ap-proachesâinclude
useâofâseedâsourcesâwithâgoodâstemâformâ(butâtheseâareâyetâtoâbeâestablished)manipulatingâremnantâandâplantedâvegetationâonâsiteâtoâprovideâappropriateâlightâregimesâ(includingâinter-mediateâlevelsâofâshade)closeâinitialâspacingâtoâenableâthinningâofâpoorerâphe-notypesregularâweedingâandâvineâcutting.
Advantages of polyculturesNarraâmayânaturallyâoccurâinânear-monospecificâstandsâandâisâexpectedâtoâbeâamenableâtoâgrowingâinâaâmonoculture.âItsâ nitrogen-fixingâ abilityâ wouldâ enableâ itâ toâ beâ advanta-geouslyâ grownâ withâ otherâ moderatelyâ fast-growingâ treeâspeciesâthatâhaveâaâhighânitrogenârequirement.
YieldsThereâisâveryâlimitedâyieldâdata.âOnâtheâmostâfertileâPacificâislandsâsitesâwithâoptimumâsilvicultureâtheâyieldâisâlikelyâtoâ
â˘
â˘
â˘
â˘
beâ 5â10âm3/ha/yrâ (72â144â ft3/ac/yr)â onâ aâ 30â40â yearâ rota-tion.âOnâpoorerâsitesâandâwithâlongerârotationsâtheâyieldâisâlikelyâtoâbeâlessâthanâ3â4âm3/ha/yrâ(43â57âft3/ac/yr).âInâtheâPhilippinesâaâgrowthârateâofâ12âm3/ha/yrâ(172âft3/ac/yr)âoverâaâ 50-yearâ rotationâhasâbeenâusedâ forâplantationâplanningâpurposes,âwhichâappearsâoptimistic.
MarketsNarraâ timberâ isâ wellâ knownâ inâ theâ internationalâ timberâtrade,â andâ thereâ areâ establishedâmarketsâ inâAsia,âEurope,âtheâUSA,âandâAustralia/NZ.âTheseâmarketsâwouldâacceptâlargeâvolumesâofâsawnâtimberâatâhighâpricesâ(e.g.,â>US$600/m3â[US$17/ft3])âifâitâwereâavailable.âNarraâisâaâpreferredâandâhighlyâ sought-afterâ timberâ whereverâ itâ occurs,â andâ localâmarketsâareâalsoâveryâgood.
InTerPLAnTInG/fArM APPLICATIOnS
Example system 1
LocationReefâIslands,âSolomonâIslands.
DescriptionTheâ traditionalâ methodâ inâ whichâ narraâ isâ plantedâ asâ aâboundaryâmarkerâonâtheâedgeâofâfoodâgardens.
Crop/treeâinteractionsNarraâtreesâprovideâwindbreakâandâshelterâforâcrops.
YieldsUnknownâ yield,â althoughâ moreâ open-grownâ treesâ haveâmuchâfasterâdiameterâincrementâthanâinâclose-spacedâplan-tations.âLeafâfallâfromâoverhangingâbranchesâimprovesâtheâsoilâfertilityâandâorganicâmatter.
Spacing/densityâofâspeciesTheâtreeâdensityâ isâestimatedâatâ 10â12âtrees/haâ(4â5âtrees/ac).
Example system 2
LocationSanto,âVanuatu.
Narraâ isâ theâ nationalâ treeâ ofâ Philippinesâ andâ moreâthanâ100,000âhaâ(247,000âac)âofânarraâplantationsâwereâestablishedâthereâfromâ1960âtoâ1990.
1ďż˝â Pterocarpus indicusâ(narra)â
DescriptionThisâsystemâisânewlyâdevelopedâoverâtheâpastâ20â30âyears.âNarraâisâplantedâasâliveâfencesâaroundâpastureâpaddocks.
YieldsTreesâgrowâmoderatelyâfastâbutâhaveâpoorâboleâformâandâlimitedâvalueâforâtimberâdueâtoâhighâincidenceâofâheartârotâandâdegradeâ(dueâtoâbeingâopen-grownâplantsâestablishedâbyâmeansâofâlargeâbranchâcuttings).âTheâmainâbenefitsâareâlow-cost,âlong-lastingâfencingâandâpossiblyâsomeâbenefitsâtoâpastureâinâtermsâofânitrogenâinputsâthroughâleaf-fall.
Crop/treeâinteractionsTheâ treesâprovideâusefulâ shadeâ forâ livestockâ inâ situationsâwhereâtheâexistingâforestâhasâbeenâfullyâremoved.
Spacing/densityâofâspeciesTheâ spacingâ variesâ considerably,â e.g.,â 5â10â mâ (16â32â ft)âbetweenâ largerâ specimens,â andâ fenceâ linesâ areâ oftenâinterplantedâ withâ otherâ living-fenceâ speciesâ suchâ asâ Hi-biscus tiliaceus.
PUbLIC ASSISTAnCe AnD AGrOfOreSTrY eXTenSIOnExtensionâofficesâ forâ agroforestryâ andâ forestryâ inâ theâPa-cific:â<http://www.traditionaltree.org/extension.html>.
InTerneTAgroforestreeâ database,â Worldâ Agroforestryâ Centreâ
(ICRAF):âhttp://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/AFT/AFT.htm
bIbLIOGrAPHY
(âââindicatesârecommendedâreading)
Abarquez,â A.H.â 1994.â Potentialâ forâ Domesticationâ andâBreedingâofâPterocarpus indicusâWilld.âinâtheâPhilippines.âRAS/91/004.â FORTIPâTechnicalâ Documentâ 1.â FAOâ ofâtheâUnitedâNations,âLosâBaĂąos,âPhilippines.
Agaloos,âL.C.,âandâP.M.âNepomuceno.â1977.âEcologyâofâCa-lauitâIsland.âSylvatropâ2(3):â163â178.
Agmata,â A.L.â 1979.â Seed-borneâ organismsâ inâ someâ forestâtreeâseedsâinâtheâPhilippines:âaâpreliminaryâsurvey.âSylvat-ropâ4(4):â215â212.
Allen,â O.N.,â andâ E.K.â Allen.â 1981.âTheâ Leguminosae.âTheâUniversityâofâWisconsinâPress,âMadison.
Ang,âL.H.â1988.âAânoteâonâtheâgrowthâofâPterocarpus indicusâinâ aâ sixty-year-oldâ plantationâ inâ Malaysia.â Journalâ ofâTropicalâForestâScienceâ1(2):â188â189.
Assidao,âF.,â andâM.âNastor.â 1961.âSilvicalâ characteristicsâofâsmoothâ narraâ (Pterocarpus indicusâ Willd.).â PhilippineâJournalâofâForestry,â17(3/4):â207â214.
Assidao,âF.,âandâM.âNastor.â1955.âAnalysisâofâgrowthâofâprick-lyânarraâ(Pterocarpus indicusâWilld.)âinâCaniawâReforesta-tionâProject,âBantay,âIlocosâSur.âResearchâNoteâ15.âBureauâofâForestry,âManila,âPhilippines.
Baconguis,âS.R.â1991.âEvaluationâofâLeucaena leucocephalaâdeâWit,âTectona grandisâLinn.,âPterocarpus indicusâWilld.âandâEucalyptus degluptaâBlumeâforâstreambankâstabilizationâinâtheâAgusanâRiverâBasin.âSylvatropâ1(1):â79â101.
Bala,âH.A.â1939.âTheânativalâtreeâofâtheâPhilippines.âPhilip-pineâJournalâofâForestryâ2(3):â253â258.
Braza,â R.D.â 1988.â Infestationâ ofâ narra,â Pterocarpus indicusâWilld.âbyâpsyllidsâinâtheâPhilippines.âNitrogenâFixingâTreeâResearchâReportsâ6:â63â64.
Brown,âW.H.â1950.âUsefulâPlantsâofâtheâPhilippines.âVolumeâ2.âBureauâofâScience,âManila,âPhilippines.
Browne,âF.G.â1968.âPestsâandâDiseasesâofâForestâPlantationâTrees.âClarendonâPress,âOxford.â
BureauâofâForestry.â1931.âNotesâandâjottingsâfromâtheâBureauâofâForestryâPlantations.âTheâMakilingâEchoâ10(1):â37â41.
Burkill,â J.H.â 1966.âAâDictionaryâofâEconomicâProductsâofâtheâMalayâPeninsula.âArtâPrintingâWorks,âKualaâLumpur.â
Cadiz,âR.T.,âandâR.B.âMizal.â1995.âNarraâ(Pterocarpusâspp.)âResearchâInformationâSeriesâonâEcosystems.âEcosystemsâResearchâ Developmentâ Bureauâ (RISE),â Departmentâ ofâEnvironmentâ andâ Naturalâ Resources,â College,â LagunaâPhilippines.
Calinawan,âN.M.,âandâS.C.âHalos.â1981.âShootâdevelopment,âcallusâproductionâandârootâinductionâofânarraâ(Pterocarpus indicusâWilld.)âasâaffectedâbyâcultureâmediumâandâirradia-tion.âSylvatropâ6(4):â165â179.
Catibog,âC.S.â1977.âOccurrenceâofâplantâparasiticânematodesâatâ theâ Forestâ Researchâ Instituteâ nursery,â Mt.â Makiling,âLagunja.âSylvatropâ2(2):â155â158.
Chinâ FookHon.â 1994.â Tarâ spotsâ inâ angsanaâ (Pterocarpus indicusâ Willd.).â Leaflet,â Forestâ Pathologyâ InformationâKuchingâ1â94.
Chinte,âF.O.â1939.âEfficiencyâofâsomeâpackingâmaterialsâonâconservingâ theâ vitalityâ ofâ bare-rootedâ Narraâ seedlings.âPhilippineâJournalâofâForestryâ2(4):â317â327.
Chinte,â F.O.â 1985.â Narraâtheâ nationalâ tree.â PhilippineâLumbermanâJulyâDecemberâ1985.
Clavejo,âD.T.,âandâE.D.âdeâGuzman.â1977.âPathogenicityâandâculturalâcharacteristicsâofâPestalotiaâsp.âassociatedâwithâtheâleafâ spotâ ofâ narra,â Pterocarpus indicusâWild.â Pterocarpusâ3(2):â1â4.
Claveria,âJ.R.â1950.âNotesâonânarraâ(Pterocarpusâsp.).âPhilip-pineâJournalâofâForestryâ7(1/4):â31â44.
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ďż˝
Curry,âP.â1995.âTheâDepartmentâofâForestsâBotanicâDatabase.âDepartmentâofâForests,âPortâVila,âVanuatu.
Dalmacio,âM.V.,âE.N.âCrizaldo,âandâZ.N.âGenil.â1978.âPro-ductionâofââinstantââtrees.â1.âNarra.âSylvatropâ3:1â55â62.
deâ Guzman,â E.D.,â R.M.â Umali,â andâ E.D.â Sotalbo.â 1986.âGuideâtoâPhilippineâFloraâandâFauna:âDipterocarpsâandâNon-dipterocarps.âJMCâPressâInc.,âQuezonâCity,âPhilip-pines.
DENR.â1990.âPestâandâDiseaseâofâReforestationâSpeciesâandâtheirâControl.âDENRâRegionâVIII,âTechnologyâTransferâSeries,âMayâ1990.âDENR,âCollege,âLaguna,âPhilippines.
DENR.â 1994.â Howâ toâ Controlâ Forestâ Nurseryâ Diseases.DENR,âRegionâIXâTechnoâTransferâBulletinâ22.âDENR,âCollege,âLaguna,âPhilippines.
Duke,â J.A.,â andâK.K.âWain.â 1981.âMedicinalâPlantsâ ofâ theâWorld.âComputerâindexâwithâmoreâthanâ85,000âentries.â3âVolumes.âPlantâGeneticsâandâGermplasmâInstitute,âAgri-culturalâResearchâService,âBeltsville,âMaryland.
Duke,â J.A.â 1983.â Handbookâ ofâ Energyâ Crops.â Centreâ forâNewâ Cropsâ andâ Plantâ Products,â Purdueâ Universityâ (un-published).
Eddowes,â P.J.â 1977.â Commercialâ timbersâ ofâ Papuaâ NewâGuinea,â theirâ propertiesâ andâ uses.â Forestâ Productsâ Re-searchâ Centre,â Departmentâ ofâ Primaryâ Industry,â PortâMoresby,âPNG.
Eddowes,âP.J.â1995â1997.âTheâForestâandâTimbersâofâPapuaâNewâGuinea.âUnpublished.
Effendi,âM.,âI.âRachmawati,âM.âSinaga.â1995.âVariationâandâgeneticâ controlâ ofâ theâ growthâ ofâ redwoodâ (Pterocarpus indicusâ Wild)â [Keragamanâ danâ potensiâ genetikâ pertum-buhanâkayuâmerahâ(Pterocarpus indicusâWild).].âSantalumâ20:â1â8.
Effendi,âM.,âI.âRachmawati,âandâM.âSinaga.â1996.âGrowthâperformanceâofâredwoodâ(Pterocarpus indicusâWild.)âinâre-lationâtoâvolumeâofâgrowthâmediumâ[Penampilanâpertum-buhanâbibitâkayuâmerahâ(Pterocarpus indicusâWild.)âpadaâperlakuanâ volumeâ mediaâ tumbuh.].â Buletinâ PenelitianâKehutananâKupangâ1(3):â109â119.
Effendi,âM.,âandâM.âSinaga.â1994.âPhenotypicâvariationâinâoffspringâ ofâ redwoodâ (Pterocarpus indicusâ Willd.)â prov-enancesâ fromâ Centralâ Southâ Timor.â [Variasiâ phenotipâketurunanâ kayuâ merahâ (Pterocarpus indicusâ Willd.)â asalâTimorâTengahâSelatan.]âSantalumâ16:â11â24.
Effendi,â M.,â andâ M.â Sinaga.â 1996.â Theâ effectsâ ofâ storageâdurationâ onâ seedâ germinationâ ofâ redwoodâ (Pterocarpus indicusâ Wild.)â [Pengaruhâ penyimpananâ terhadapâ perke-cambahanâbenihâkayuâmerahâ(Pterocarpus indicusâWild.).].âBuletinâPenelitianâKehutananâKupangâ1(1):â26â33.
Effendi,â M.,âW.W.â Susila,â andâ M.â Sinaga.â 1996.â Effectâ ofâageâonâgrowthâofâstumpsâofâredwoodâ(Pterocarpus indicusâWild.)âinâtheâfield.â[Pengaruhâumurâterhadapâpertumbu-hanâstumpâkayuâmerahâ (Pterocarpus indicusâWild.)âdiâ la-pangan.]âBuletinâPenelitianâKehutananâKupangâ1(1):â1â9.
Endo,âH.,âandâY.âMiyazaki.â 1972.âAntitumorâsubstancesâ inâtheâleavesâofâPterocarpus indicusâandâPterocarpus vidalianus.âBul.âNat.âInst.âHyg.âSci.â(Tokyo)â90:â69â71.â
â Francis,â J.K.â 2002.â Pterocarpus indicusâ Willd.â In:â V.A.âVozzoâ (ed.).â Tropicalâ Treeâ Seedâ Manual.â AgricultureâHandbookâ721.âU.S.âForestâService,âWashington,âDC.
French,âJ.H.,âC.âTingsabadh,âD.âTaylor,âF.âByrnes,âF.J.âPan,âH.âWood,âH.H.âChung,âA.âKamis,âR.D.âLasco,âS.âBhu-mibhamon,âandâW.âLatimerâ(eds.).â1994.âGrowingâMulti-purposeâTreesâonâSmallâFarms,â2ndâed.âWinrockâInterna-tional-FAO,âBangkok.
Gunn,â B.,â A.â Agiwa,â Bosimbi,â B.â Brammal,â L.â Jarua,â andâA.âUwamariya.â2004.âSeedâHandlingâandâPropagationâofâPapuaâNewâGuineaâsâTreeâSpecies.âCSIROâForestryâandâForestâProducts,âKingston,âAustralia.
Hartwell,âJ.L.â1967â1971.âPlantsâusedâagainstâcancer:âaâsurvey.âLloydiaâ30â34.â
Heinsleigh,âT.E.,âandâB.K.âHolaway.â1988.âAgroforestryâSpe-ciesâforâtheâPhilippines.âU.S.âPeaceâCorps,âAJAâPrinters,âManila,âPhilippines.
Henderson,âC.P.,âandâI.R.âHancock.â1988.âAâGuideâtoâtheâUsefulâPlantsâ ofâSolomonâ Islands.âSolomonâ IslandsâRe-searchâDepartmentâandâtheâMinistryâofâAgricultureâandâLands,âHoniara,âSolomonâIslands.
Johns,âR.J.â1976.âCommonâForestâTreesâofâPapuaâNewâGuin-ea.âPartâ4âAngiospermaeâRosales.âTrainingâManualâforâtheâForestryâCollegeâ(Volumeâ8).âForestryâCollege,âBulolo,âPapuaâNewâGuinea.
Jøker,â D.â 2000.â Pterocarpus indicusâ Willd.â Seedâ Leafletâ 37.âDanidaâForestâSeedâCentre,âHumlebĂŚk,âDenmark.
Krishnapillay,â B.,â M.â Marzalina,â andâ Z.C.â Alang.â 1994.âCryopreservationâofâwholeâseedsâandâexcisedâembryosâofâPterocarpus indicus.âJournalâofâTropicalâForestâScience.â7(2):â313â322.
Lewis,âW.H.,âandâM.P.F.âElvin-Lewis.â1977.âMedicalâBotany.âJohnâWileyâ&âSons,âNewâYork.â
Little,âE.L.,âJr.,âandâF.H.âWadsworth.â1964.âCommonâTreesâofâPuertoâRicoâandâtheâVirginâIslands.âAgricultureâHand-bookâ249.âU.S.âForestâService,âWashington,âDC.â
Merrill,âE.D.â1923.âAnâenumerationâofâPhilippineâfloweringâplants.âBureauâofâPrinting,âManila,âPhilippines.
Nastor,â M.N.â 1957.â Theâ effectsâ ofâ Rootoneâ onâ rootageâ ofâNarraâ (Pterocarpus indicusâ Willd.)â cuttings.â PhilippineâJournalâofâForestryâ13(3/4):â173â183.
Nationalâ Academyâ ofâ Sciences.â 1979.â Tropicalâ Legumes:âResourcesâforâtheâFuture.âNationalâAcademyâofâSciences,âWashington,âDC.
â Ng,âF.S.P.â1992.âPterocarpus indicusâtheâmajesticâN-fix-ingâtree.âNFTâHighlightsâ92â02.âWinrockâInternational,âMorrilton,âArkansas.
Phillip,âE.â1994.âAânoteâonâtheâ inâvitroâscreeningâofâfungi-cidesâonâFusarium solaniâandâF. oxysporumâ isolatedâfromâ
1ďż˝â Pterocarpus indicusâ(narra)â
Pterocarpus indicus.âJournalâofâTropicalâForestâScience.â7(2):â332â335.
Quisumbing,âE.â 1978.âMedicinalâPlantsâofâ theâPhilippines.âKathaâPublishingâCo.,âInc.,âManila,âPhilippines.
Reyes,â L.J.â 1938.â Philippineâ woods.â Technicalâ Bulletinâ 7.âPhilippinesâ Departmentâ ofâ Agricultureâ andâ Commerce,âBureauâofâPrinting,âManila,âPhilippines.
Rojo,â J.P.â 1972.â Pterocarpusâ (LeguminosaeâPapilionaceae)âRevisedâforâtheâWorld.âPhanerogamarumâMonographiae,âVol.â5.âJ.âCramer,âLehre,âGermany.
Rojo,â J.P.â 1977.â Pantropicâ speciationâ ofâ Pterocarpusâ (Legu-minosaeâPapilionaceae)â andâ theâ Malesia-Pacificâ species.âForestryâAbstractsâ3(1):â19â32.â
â Rojo,â J.P.,â andâ D.S.â Alonzo.â 1994.â Pterocarpusâ Jacq.â In:âI.â Soerianegaraâ andâ R.H.M.J.â Lemmensâ (eds.).âTimberâtrees:â Majorâ commercialâ timbers.â Plantâ Resourcesâ ofâSoutheastâAsiaâ5(1).âPROSEA,âBogor,âIndonesia.
Sajap,â A.S.â 1992.â Aâ leafminer,â Hyloconisâ sp.â onâ angsanaâ[Pterocarpus indicusâ inâ Malaysia].â MAPPSâ Newsletterâ15(4):â52.
SanâBuenaventura,âP.â1932.âPropagationâofânarraâ(Pterocarpus indicusâWilld)âbyâcuttings.âTheâMakilingâEchoâ1:â8â22.
Sanderson,âR.,âY.K.âFong,âandâA.âSaiful.â 1997.âAâfusariumâwiltâ(Fusarium oxysporum)âofâangsanaâ(Pterocarpus indicus)âinâSingapore.âII.âNaturalâresistanceâofâangsanaâ(P. indicus)âtoâF. oxysporum.âArboriculturalâJournalâ21(3):â205â214.
Sankaran,âK.V.,âE.J.âMariaâFlorence,âandâJ.K.âSharma.â1988.âFoliarâ diseasesâ ofâ someâ forestâ treesâ inâ Keralaânewâ re-cords.âIndianâJournalâofâForestryâ11(2):â104â107.
Sipayung,âW.â1988.âPotentialâandâpromisingâtreeâspeciesâforâfirebreaks.âBuletinâPenelitianâKehutananâ1988,â4(1):â65â71.
Siwatibau,âS.,âC.âBani,âandâJ.âKaloptap.â1998.âSPRIGâRapidâRuralâAppraisalâSurveyâofâ selectedâ treeâ speciesâ inâVanu-atu.âReportâbyâIslandâConsultingâtoâCSIROâDivisionâofâForestryâ andâ Forestâ Products/SPRIGâ Project,â Kingston,âAustralia.
Smith,âA.C.â1985.âPterocarpus.âFloraâVitiensisâNova.âAâNewâFloraâofâFijiâ(Spermatophytesâonly).âVol.â3:â158â159.âPacificâTropicalâBotanicalâGarden,âLÄwaâi,âKauaâi,âHawaiâi.
Susila,âI.W.W.,âandâM.âEffendi.â1995.âEffectâofâsoakingâandâgerminationâ mediumâ onâ seedâ germinationâ ofâ redwoodâ(Pterocarpus indicusâ Wild.).â [Pengaruhâ perendamanâ danâmediaâ kecambahâ terhadapâ perkecambahanâ benihâ kayuâmerahâ(Pterocarpus indicusâWild.).]âSantalumâ20:â25â30.
Tacio,âH.D.â1991.âTheâSALTâsystemâagroforestryâforâslop-ingâlands.âAgroforestryâTodayâ3(1):â12â13.
Thaman,âR.R.,âandâW.A.âWhistler.â1996.âAâReviewâofâUsesâandâStatusâofâTreesâandâForestsâinâLand-useâSystemsâinâSamoa,âTonga,â Kiribatiâ andâTuvaluâ withâ Recommenda-tionsâ forâ Futureâ Action.â Southâ Pacificâ Forestâ Develop-mentâProgramme,âSuva,âFiji.
Uriarte,âM.T.,âandâB.âAurora.â1994.âRecommendedâSpeciesâforâ Streambankâ Stabilization.â Technoâ Informationâ Se-
riesâSupplementâVol.â4.âERDS-DENR,âCollege,âLaguna,âPhilippines.
Valencia,â D.M.,â andâ M.â Umaliâ Garcia.â 1994.â Phenotypicâvariationâ inâ Pterocarpus indicusâ Willd.â inâ Mt.â Makiling,âLosâ BaĂąos,â Laguna,â Philippines:â aâ caseâ study.â In:â R.M.âDrysdale,âS.E.T.âJohn,âandâA.C.âYapaâ(eds.).âProceedings:âInternationalâ symposiumâ onâ geneticâ conservationâ andâproductionâ ofâ tropicalâ forestâ treeâ seed,â 14â16â Juneâ 1993,âChiangâMai,âThailand.âpp.â159â164.âASEAN-CanadaâFor-estâTreeâSeedâCentre,âSaraburi,âThailand.
Wheatley,âJ.I.â1992.âAâGuideâtoâtheâCommonâTreesâofâVanu-atu.âDepartmentâofâForestry,âPortâVila,âVanuatu.
Whitmore,âT.C.â 1966.âGuideâ toâ theâForestsâofâ theâBritishâSolomonâIslands.âOxfordâUniversityâPress,âOxford,âUK.
Widiarti,âA.,âandâH.âAlrasjid.â1987.âIntroductionâofâfuelwoodâtreeâ speciesâ onâ degradedâ landsâ inâ Pasehâ andâ Kadipatenâareas.â Buletinâ Penelitianâ Hutan,â Pusatâ Penelitianâ danâPengembanganâHutanâ488:â1â17.
Yonemori,âS.,âC.âIshigaki,âM.âAramoto,âandâS.âSunakawa.â1984.âStudiesâonâtheâbreedingâofâsubtropicalâusefulâtrees.â1.âOnâtheâgerminationâandâ[shoot]âcuttingâ testsâofâPterocarpus indicusâWilld.âScienceâBulletinâofâtheâCollegeâofâAgricul-ture,âUniversityâofâtheâRyukyus,âOkinawaâ31:â287â292.â
Zabala,â N.Q.â 1977.â Rootingâ cuttingsâ andâ graftingâ ofâ giantâleucocephalaâ andâ Pterocarpus indicus.â Pterocarpusâ 3(2):â71â76.
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ďż˝
Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (www.traditionaltree.org)
Pterocarpus indicus (narra)Author:âLexâA.J.âThomson,âSouthâPacificâRegionalâInitiativeâofâForestâGeneticâResourcesâ(SPRIG)âProject,âSPCâForestryâProgram,â
Suva,âFijiâ(currentâcontactâinfo:âIPGRI,âViaâdeiâTreâDenariâ472/a,â00057âMaccareseâ(Fiumicino),âRome,âItaly;âE-mail:â[email protected]).
Acknowledgments:âTheâauthorâandâpublisherâthankâJohnâFrancis,âDianeâRagone,âandâJacquiâWrightâforâtheirâinput.âPhotoâcontribu-tionsâbyâJ.âB.âFridayâandâJonâNaupaâareâgreatlyâappreciated.
Recommended citation:âThomson,âL.A.J.â2006.âPterocarpus indicusâ(narra),âver.â2.1.âIn:âElevitch,âC.R.â(ed.).âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestry.âPermanentâAgricultureâResourcesâ(PAR),âHĹlualoa,âHawaiâi.â<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.
Sponsors:âPublicationâwasâmadeâpossibleâbyâgenerousâsupportâofâtheâUnitedâStatesâDepartmentâofâAgricultureâWesternâRegionâSus-tainableâAgricultureâResearchâandâEducationâ(USDA-WSARE)âProgram;âSPC/GTZâPacific-GermanâRegionalâForestryâProject;âUSDAâNaturalâResourcesâConservationâServiceâ(USDAâNRCS);âStateâofâHawaiâiâDepartmentâofâLandâ&âNaturalâResourcesâDivi-sionâofâForestryâ&âWildlife;âandâtheâUSDAâForestâServiceâForestâLandsâEnhancementâProgram.âThisâmaterialâisâbasedâuponâworkâsupportedâbyâtheâCooperativeâStateâResearch,âEducation,âandâExtensionâService,âU.S.âDepartmentâofâAgriculture,âandâAgriculturalâExperimentâStation,âUtahâStateâUniversity,âunderâCooperativeâAgreementâ2002-47001-01327.â
Series editor:âCraigâR.âElevitchPublisher:âPermanentâAgricultureâResourcesâ(PAR),âPOâBoxâ428,âHĹlualoa,âHawaiâiâ96725,âUSA;âTel:â808-324-4427;âFax:â808-324-
4129;âE-mail:â[email protected];âWeb:â<http://www.agroforestry.net>.âThisâinstitutionâisâanâequalâopportunityâprovider.Reproduction:âCopiesâofâthisâpublicationâcanâbeâdownloadedâfromâ<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.âThisâpublicationâmayâbeârepro-
ducedâforânoncommercialâeducationalâpurposesâonly,âwithâcreditâgivenâtoâtheâsource.âŠâ2006âPermanentâAgricultureâResources.âAllârightsâreserved.
â â
â â â