public disclosure authorized e-321 - the world...

E-321VOL. 1

REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA

Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Ltd

THE WORLD BANK

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

of the

Mine Township Services (MTS) Projecton the Copperbelt

by

INTERCONSULT INTERNATIONAL AS

Volume I

January 2000

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Republic of Zambia Environmental Assessment vnidyZambia Consolidated Copper Mines/ World Bank Final Report

Mine Township Services Project

Table of ContentsPage

Abbreviations and Acronyms vi

Executive Summary viii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 11.2 Overview of the Project I

1.3 Scope of the Environmental Assessment 2

1.4 Study Area 31.5 Structure of the Report 3

2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONALFRAMEwoRK 6

2.1 National Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste Polices 6

2.2 Legislation 7

2.2.1 General 72.2.2 Water and sanitation legislation 72.2.3 Solid waste legislation 82.2.4 Environmental and other legislation 9

2.2.5 International conventions 10

2.3 Institutional Framework 10

2.3.1 ZCCM and AHC Municipal Services Ltd 102.3.2 Private Operator 122.3.3 MLGH, Municipal Councils and commercial utilities 122.3.4 NWASCO and RSU 122.3.5 Water Development Board 132.3.6 Ministry of Health 132.3.7 Environmental Council of Zambia 13

2.3.8 Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development 13

3. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SETI1NG 14

3.1 Biophysical Resource Base 143.2 Environmental Quality 143.3 Social Environment 15

3.4 Critical Key Elements of Drinking Water 15

4. ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY ANDSEWAGE SYSTEMS 18

4.1 Introduction 18

4.2 Issues Common to all Divisions 18

4.2.1 The Kafue River basin - resource utilisation 18

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4.2.2 Impacts on aquatic life 21

4.2.3 Resettlement 224.2.4 Institutional issues 224.2.5 Issues common to water supply and sanitation 224.2.6 Issues related specifically to water supply 244.2.7 Issues related specifically to sewage and sewerage 254.2.8 Summary of recommendations 28

4.3 Nkana Division - Kitwe 28

4.3.1 Existing water and sanitation systems 284.3.2 Current environmental situation 284.3.3 Project description 284.3.4 Environmental assessment 284.3.5 Analysis of alternatives 314.3.6 Summary of recommendations 31

4.4 Nchanga Division - Chingola 31

4.4.1 Existing water and sanitation systems 314.4.2 Current environmental situation 314.4.3 Project description 324.4.4 Environmental assessment 324.4.5 Summary of recommendations 34

4.5 Mufulira Division - Mufulira 34


4.6 Konkola Division - Chililabombwe 37


4.7 Roan Antelope Mine Corporation - Luanshya 40


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Republic of Zambia Environmental Assessment S-r'dyZambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank Final ReportMine Township Services Project5. ASSESSN1ENT OF SOLID WASTE 43

5.1 Introduction 43

5.2 Issues Common to all Divisions 43

5.2.1 Waste contents and production 435.2.2 Waste collection and transport 445.2.3 Waste disposal 45

5.2.4 Socio-economic dimensions 45

5.3 Nkana Division - Kitwe 46

5.3.1 Present disposal arrangement 465.3.2 Current environmental situation 47

5.4 Nchanga Division - Chingola 47

5.4.1 Present disposal arrangements 475.4.2 Current environmental situation 47

5.5 Mufulira Division - Mufulira 48


5.6 Konkola Division - Chililabombwe 49


5.7 Roan Antelope Mine Corporation - Luanshya 50


5.8 The Solid Waste Management Project 51

5.8.1 .Description of the proposed project 515.8.2 Cost estimates and budget 54

5.9 Environmental Management and Monitoring 55

5.10 Analysis of Alternatives 55

6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 56

6.1 Focus and Status of the EMP 566.2 Legal, Policy and Institutional Framework 57

6.3 EMP Institutional Responsibilities 57

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Republic of Zambia Environmental Assessment S?udyZambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank Final ReportMine Township Services Project6.3.1 AHC-MMS Municipal Services Ltd 586.3.2 Private Operator 586.3.3 ZCCM Group Environmental Services 586.3.4 National Water and Sanitation Council 596.3.5 Environmental Council of Zambia 596.3.6 Ministry of Health 596.3.7 Water Development Board/Department of Water Affairs 596.3.8 Municipal Councils 59

6.4 Institutional Capacity Building and Training 59

6.5 Mitigating Measures and Implementation 60

6.6 Water Quality Parameters 66

6.6.1 Introduction 666.6.2 Water quality parameters 666.6.3 Parameters for sewage monitoring 676.6.4 Other management records 68

6.7 EMP Implementation Cost Estimate 68

References 71

List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1.1 Map of Copperbelt 5Figure 4.1 Variation of runoff with drainage area in upper Kafue basin 9Figure 4.2 Mass balance of Kafue River flow 26Table 5.1 Solid waste production and costs - summary all divisions 43Table 5.2 Solid waste production and costs - Nkana division 45Table 5.3 Solid waste production and costs - Nchanga division 47Table 5.4 Solid waste production and costs - Mufulira division 47Table 5.5 Solid waste production and costs - Konkola division 49Table 5.6 Solid waste production and costs - RAMC (Z), Luanshya 50Table 5.7 Solid waste project - tentative investment budget 53Figure 6. IA EMP - Water supply and sewage - common issues 60Figure 6. 1B Water supply and sanitation operational procedures 61Figure 6.2 EMP - WSS - Nkana Division - Kitwe 62Figure 6.3 EMP - WSS - Nchanga Division - Chingola 62Figure 6.4 EMP - WSS - Mufulira Division - Mufulira 63Figure 6.5 EMP - WSS - Konkola Division - Chililabombwe 63Figure 6.6 EMP - WSS - RAMC (Z) - Luanshya 63Figure 6.7 EMP - Solid Waste Management 64Table 6.8A-D Water and Sewage Monitoring Parameters 65-66Table 6.9 EMP - Implementation Cost Estimate 68

Table 6.10 Investments/mitigating measures to be included in ordinaryProject costs 69

Appendices

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AHC Assets Holding CompanyBP Bank ProceduresBOD Biochemical Oxygen DemandCBMT Competence Based Modular TrainingCFAZ Crocodile Farmers Association of ZambiaCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandCU Commercial UtilityDWA Department of Water AffairsEA Environmental AssessmentECZ Environmental Council of ZambiaEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEMP Environmental Management PlanER Environmental ReconnaissanceESP Environmental Support ProgramEU European UnionFY Financial YearGES Group Environmental Services (ZCCM)GRZ Govemment of ZambiaGTZ German Development Cooperation AuthorityICI Interconsult Intemational ASIDA Intemational Development Association (World Bank)MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural ResourcesMEWD Ministry of Energy and Water DevelopmentMLGH Ministry of Local Govemment and HousingMMMD Ministry of Mines and Mineral DevelopmentMoH Ministry of HealthMTSP Mine Township Services ProjectNEAP National Environmental Action PlanNGO Non Govemmental OrganisationNORAD Norwegian Agency for Development CooperationNWASCO National Water and Sanitation CouncilOD Operational DirectiveOP Operational PoliciesPCD Project Concept DocumentPIM Project Implementation ManualPIP Project Implementation PlanPO Private OperatorPPZ Poor People of ZambiaRAMC (Z) Roan Antelope Mining Corporation (Zambia) Ltd.RSU Water Sector Reform Support UnitSADC Southem Africa Development CommunitySAR Staff Appraisal ReportSTP/W Sewage Treatment Plant/WorksTA Technical AssistanceTDS Total Dissolved SolidsToR Terms of ReferenceTSS Total Suspended SolidsTT WB Task TeamUDP Urban Development Project

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Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank Final Report

Mine Township Services ProjectAppendix A Terms of ReferenceAppendix B Team Members, Work Schedule and Division of TasksAppendix C People/Organisations ConsultedAppendix D Public Display and Consultation - PostersAppendix E Plant Status Field ReportsAppendix F Overview of Sewage Ponds DesignAppendix G Technical issues of the water supply and sewage systems

Annex I Social Impact

Volume 11 Pictures of water supply, sanitation and solid waste operations

Disclaimer*

The Environmental Assessment Report was prepared by INTERCONSULT International AS,

an environmental consulting firm located in Norway. The final report was prepared in

November 1999. The current report was edited by the Task Team to ensure that the cost data

and social assessment analysis were consistent between the EA and the Project AppraisalDocument. None of these corrections had an effect on the outcome of the EnvironmentalAssessment.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

In connection with the privatisation process of ZCCM, the World Bank will support a MineTownship Services (MTS) Project on the Copperbelt in Zambia. The main objective of theMTSP is to support the provision of efficient and reliable water supply services, wastewaterservices and solid waste arrangement in identified townships under five present and previousdivisions of ZCCM. The project is estimated at US $ 36.6 million.

The investment plan for rehabilitation works includes i) water systems, ii) water systemmetering, iii) community metering and iv) sewage systems of the ZCCM Divisions andmining company of Nkana Division, Kitwe, Mufulira Division, Mufulira, Nchanga Division,Chingola, Konkola Division Chililabombwe and Roan Antelope Mine Corporation (RAMC(Z) Plc), Luanshya.

Investment in solid waste management is not included in the investment plan, since this isassumed to be incorporated in a follow-on Urban Development Project. However, the EAStudy Report includes a proposed description of a solid waste component with an investmentbudget.

The Bank classified the MTS Project as Category B for the purpose of this EA. The EAreflects the ToR - first drafted in an Environmental Reconnaissance Report, the relevant WBoperational directives, and the outline of the project in the Pre-Appraisal Aide Memoire.During the course of the work, some technical and operational issues indirectly linked to thefocus of the EA came to light. These issues with recommendations are dealt with in a separateappendix (H).

The main focus of the proposed Project is rehabilitation and new management of watersupply, sanitation and solid waste services. Environmental aspects of the Project are bydefault directly linked to the investment plan and operation and maintenance of theinstallations. With sufficient investment in rehabilitation and some new installations, andproper management, operation and maintenance procedures being followed by well trainedstaff, the Project would impose only minor environmental impacts. Consequently the focus ofthe EA Study is on the investment and training required to bring the management, operationsand maintenance up on an appropriate level to meet the environmental and other requirementsset down by the Authorities of Zambia and the WB's OPs and ODs.

The EA Study Report is basically structured as follows: Following an introductory Chapter, areview is offered of the policy, legal and administrative framework in Zambia, which governsthe management of water resources, water supply and sanitation, solid waste andenvironmental assessment. Chapter 3 is a brief overview of the national and regionalenvironmental and social setting for the MTS Project. Chapter 4 presents the EA of the watersupply and sanitation proposals, including a section on the hydrology of upper Kafue Riverbasin. The Chapter first discusses issues common to all divisions and each area is thenconsidered in tum. Chapter 5 presents the present solid waste management services and aproposed new solid waste management component of the Project. Chapter 6 outlines anEnvironmental Management Plan (EMP) for the MTS Project with institutionalresponsibilities and a budget for resettlement, training and technical assistance.

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UNDP United Nations Development ProgramURWSP Urban Restructuring and Water Supply ProjectWB World BankWDB Water Development BoardWHO World Health OrganisationWRAP Water Resources Action ProgramWSC Water and Sewerage CompanyWTP Water Treatment PlantZCCM Zambia Consolidated Copper MinesZESCO Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation

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National and Regional Environmental Setting

The Project area is situated in the Copperbelt Province in the upper Kafue River basin.Copperbelt, as most of Zambia lies on the central African plateau with an altitude of around1300 m asl. In upper Kafue basin the rain season normally starts in October and lasts till Aprilwith 1200 - 1300 mm rainfall.

The flow regime of upper Kafue River basin is influenced by human interventions in additionto geophysical characteristics of the basin and a number of water use and managementactivities are taking place. Kafue River and its tributaries are the main source of water for amajority of the population of Zambia, with demands from agriculture, domestic and industrialactivities including mining attached to it. Wastewater is in addition generated by the variouswater use activities with retum flows into Kafuie River.

The high population densities on the Copperbelt, together with high levels of industrial,mining and commercial activities have had an adverse impact on the environment, inparticular effects related to water and air pollution, solid waste generation, deforestation andovercrowding in shanty townships and illegal settlements. Most of the land surrounding themine towns is owned by ZCCM and its successors. Forest plantations comprise a significantland use besides commercial farming on state land around the towns.

There is a significant difference in the composition of the population (1,427 mill. - 1990) onthe Copperbelt compared to other regions of the country, with higher figures of males than offemales (there are more females than males on the national level). This is due to largenumbers of males seeking employment on the Copperbelt, however, with a current declinedue to a slow down in the mining activities.

Assessment of Water Supply and Sewage Systems

The Report offers an analysis of flow data of the upper Kafue River basin, e.g. upstream ofMpatamatu 25 km south-west of Luanshya. Upper Kafue constitutes 11,520 km2 drainagearea of a total of 156,995 km2. However, the water resources of the Copperbelt are estimatedat some 150 m3/s of a total of 342 m3/s for the whole of Kafue River basin. It is estimatedthat 21 % of the rainfall is converted to run-off.

There are 126 water rights on the Copperbelt with about 0,97 mill m3/d against the potentialof 12,9 mill m3/d. A general trend is that more water is added to the Kafue River in the upperbasin than is extracted from it, as there is a clear and distinctive influence of human activitieson the water regime. The general conclusion drawn from the flow data analysis is that thereare abundant surface water resources to meet current and projected water demands in themining townships.

On a national basis there is no regular sampling of water to record water quality since theresources of the DWA are not sufficient. However, ZCCM has maintained water qualitymonitoring related to mining activities (Cu, Co, TDS and TSS) at about 30 locations on theCopperbelt. The test data are only of limited value as baseline data for environmentalmonitoring of the Project.

It is assumed that the impacts on aquatic life in the Kafue River basin will be minimal fromthe Project compared -to impacts from mining operations. The Report recommendsinvestments and mitigating measures, which considerably will reduce the level of impacts

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Nine appendices complete the report: A - Terms of Reference, B - Presentation of teammembers, division of tasks and work schedule with presentation of the stakeholders workshopand public display and consultation arrangements, C - People/organisations consulted, D -Texts on public display posters, E - Water and Sewage plant field reports, F - An overview ofsewage ponds design and G - Assessment and recommendations on investment andoperational aspects of the Project, indirectly linked to the environmental aspects.

Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework

In 1994 GRZ adopted a water policy document. The national water policy is based on sevenkey principles: i) Separation of water resources management from water supply andsanitation, ii) Sepamtion of regulatory and executive functions, iii) Devolution of authority tolocal authorities and private enterprises, iv) Full.cost recovery in the long run, v) Humanresources development leading to more effective institutions, vi) Technology appropriate tolocal conditions, and vii) Increased GRZ priority and budget spending to the sector.

A new regulatory body, the National Water and Sanitation Council (NWASCO) has recentlybeen put in place under the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) incompliance with the new Water and Sanitation Act of 1997.

Water resources management is the responsibility of MEWD and a Water DevelopmentBoard (WDB). WDB is presently in the process of preparing a Water Resources ActionProgram (WRAP) and an inception report is being prepared as basis for donor support forWRAP. It is assumed that Kafue River basin will be used as a pilot project in developing anew model for water resources management in Zambia. Most of the raw water drawn for theschemes of the Project is from Kafue River or its tributaries in the upper Kafue.

A work group under the Water Sector Reforms Support Unit (RSU) in 1997 presented aproposal for national environmental sanitation strategy for rural and peri-urban areas inZambia, including solid waste disposal. This initiative was in line with the GRZ HealthReform's priority on preventive health measures.

Legislation relevant for the Project and its operation under AHC and a PO includes thefollowing laws and regulations briefly described in the Report: Water Pollution Control(Effluent and Waste Water) Regulations, Statutory Instrument No 72/1993; Water Act 1949(Chapter 198 of the Laws of Zamnbia); Water and Sanitation Act No 28/1997; WasteManagement (Licensing of Transporters of Wastes and Waste Disposal Sites (Regulations).Statutory Instrument No 71/1993; Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act No12/1990; Environmental Protection and Pollution Control (Environmental ImpactAssessment) Regulations. Statutory Instrument No 28/1997; Land Acquisition Act No 2/1970and the Public Health Act.

The institutional framework is described with an outline of roles and responsibilities of themain stakeholders of the Project. These include the ZCCM (owner of AHC-MMS) with itsGroup Environmental Services, AHC Municipal Services Ltd. and the future Private Operator(PO). Other institutions with roles and responsibilities related to the Project are: Ministry ofLocal Government and Housing (MLGH) with municipal councils and three commercialutility companies on the Copperbelt, NWASCO and RSU, WDB, Ministry of Health (MOH),Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) and Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development(MMMD).

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Of issues related specificall) to water supply, WTP sludge and backwash water should bedisposed of in an environmentally sound way. It should in this regard be considered to installalum recovery plant(s), which may be economically feasible.

It has previously been mentioned that Kafue River basin represent an abundant surface sourceof water for the schemes under the Project. However, in certain cases abandoned mine shaftsmay be used in the same way as bore holes for the provision of raw water.

The presence of water hyacinth on sewage ponds is dealt with under issues specificallyrelated to sewage and sewerage. It was found that the water weed, subject to certainprovisions, may actually assist in cleaning up the sewage. The provisos are that there is anadequate area of aerobic ponds following from any pond covered by hyacinth and that theweed is harvested in the full growth stage.

Observations made with regard to the fauna in most of the sewage pond systems indicatedthat treatment is taking place and that oxygen is being absorbed into the water (the presents offrogs and fish). The presents of crocodiles is a further indication of the presents of food.However, crocodiles represent a real danger to the workers and will prevent necessaryoperational and maintenance work to be carried out. It is therefor recommended that thecrocodiles be killed by the Crocodiles Farmers Association of Zambia who is authorised todeal with the animals. The population of crocodiles is on the increase in Zambia, and thenumber to be dealt with in this manner will be relatively small.

Sewage effluent standards are to a certain degree monitored by the ZCCM divisions andRAMC (Z). At face value the available analysis would suggest that the present effluentdischarges in general meet the standards set down by ECZ (for the parameters beingmeasured), but it is believed that the values are false indicators. This is based on observationsof blocked and leaking sewer pipes, sewage diverted to irrigation and non functional pumps,which would indicate that the amount of sewer reaching the ponds is lower that estimated.

The ECZ standard for coliform is too high for irrigation use of effluent water, as quoted byWHO. The Report offers a set of parameters and values on a limited sample basis that may beeffectively applied in test regimes for environmental monitoring. It is also recommended thatsufficient funds is set aside in the rehabilitation budget for expansion of sewage treatmentsystems where required to meet the recommended standards.

A summary of the recommendations, as indicated above is offered at the end of the Section oncommon issues. The recommendations are incorporated as actions in the EMP in Chapter 6.

Each of the five divisions is dealt with separately. The existing water and sanitation systemsare described in the field reports in Appendix E. Each Section describes the currentenvironmental situation, analyses supply and demand projections and discusses significantand minor environmental effects. The proposed investment (rehabilitation) program for eachdivision is attached in a table in each Section, with comments related to environmentalaspects. Environmental assessments are done on each component of the Project from the rawwater intake, through the WTP, the water transmission and reticulation systems, transmissionbooster pump stations, to sewage systems, treatment and discharge of effluent. Analysis onalternatives is done only for Nkana where the team was requested to look into water supplyfor Kalulushi. A summary of recommendations is offered at the end of each Section.

The following recommendations made are included in the EMP:

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from the present operations, in particular sewage effluent. Sewage from present operationscontributes less than 1.5 % of TSS in the Kafue River, and this does not exceed 4 % undermaximum conditions. However, with regard to Luanshya it is assumed that effluent fromsewage ponds has permanently changed the ecological system of in particular theNkulumashiba stream, which flows into Kafue River and to some degree the Luanshyastream, which flows into Kafubu River and further downstream into Kafue River. KafubuRiver is also polluted from discharge of sewage from Ndola City.

No need for involuntary resettlement has been identified as a direct consequence of theProject.

The draft management contract for the PO was not available for the EA Study Team.However, in recognising the importance of quality assurance monitoring of such a contract, itis recommended to build checks and balances into the contract, in particular related tomonitoring of quantity and quality of raw water, waste water management, e.g. quality oftreated effluents, and equipment investments.

The EA Study disclosed that there is a profound lack of operator skills and knowledge, inparticular related to knowledge of how processes function and why certain actions should becarried out. This will in many instances have a bearing on the quality of treatment processesand thus on the degree of environmental impacts. The EA Report suggests that a trainingcomponent should be included in the Project and refers to the Competence Based ModularTraining (CBMT) system for operators of water supply and sanitation schemes that will soonstart at Nortec in Ndola. It is understood that the management contract will include incentivesfor the PO to finance training of staff.

The study also disclosed that there is a risk of cross contamination of water supplies byworkers assigned to duties both on sewage treatment and water treatment, and recommendsseparation of workers, one group dealing with clean water and one group dealing with dirtywater. Medical checks every six months are recommended for water workers. With regard tolaboratory facilities for regular quality assurance and environmental monitoring, the Reportrecommends that an assessment should be made of the need, and an appraisal done on howthis can be best met under the Project.

The issue of national statutes conceming environmental control and monitoring is not part ofthe EA Study as such. However, statutes and license conditions will have a bearing oncompliance with the conditions and how environmental monitoring is carried out. The studydisclosed two important aspects related to this. The statutory instrument for, for examplesewage effluent has standards (number of determinants) that are not possible for a serviceprovider in Zambia to meet in practice. On the other hand, monitoring and control by thestatutory authority the ECZ, in this case and also regarding solid waste management, is at bestrudimentary, if at all carried out. The Report recommends that NWASCO should set up aworking party to carry out a joint review of standards, licenses and enforcement proceduresfor water supply and sewage.

With regard to construction work under the Project close supervision is recommended tominimise the risks attached to construction work for workers and nearby residents. Co-ordinated plans for rehabilitation of sewage and water reticulation networks should be workedout for each area.

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Other recommendations offered, and included in the EMP are: Amendment of contracts'specifications for collection and transport (if required); Establishment of bore holes or wellsin the vicinity of the dumpsites for Nkana, Nchanga, Konkola and Luanshya; Development ofa regular monitoring program with parameters, sample procedures, schedules and test regimefor ground water samples (and surface water downstream of Uchi); Proper management andmonitoring procedures to be worked out for Uchi as a matter of urgency, and a fee imposedon waste being dumped by the council and others, not allowing hazardous waste on the site;Disposal of waste for Mufulira should be concentrated on one of the three tailings dams nowin use; Access to be opened to the chosen quarry at Luanshya and the dumping in the bushshould be stopped immediately.

On analysis of altematives it is not recommended to change the structure of collection,transport and disposal of solid waste from the mine townships for the duration of the fiveyears Project period. However, the Report recommends a feasibility study on solid wastemanagement altematives on the Copperbelt to be carried out as a component of the proposedUrban Development Project.

The Report recommends a Solid Waste Management component under the MTSP andoutlines this in a number of sub-components/activities. A proposed investment budget amountto US $ 950,000, including replacement/repair of 50 % of the bins and slabs used forcollection of refuse in the mine townships. This will be funded under the follow-on UDP andthrough intemal cash guarantee in the project.

Environmental Management Plan

Physical aspects of the Project involve operation and maintenance, rehabilitation andupgrading of existing facilities for water supply, sanitation and solid waste services, andpossibly increased discharge of effluents. The EA Study focuses both on existingenvironmental problems that should be mitigated through implementation of the Project andproblems being caused by implementation of the Project itself. Recommendations onenvironmental aspects made throughout the Report are contained in the EMP outlined inChapter 6. These are classified as issues common to all divisions regarding water supply andsewage (environmental management and monitoring and mitigating measures), water supplyand sanitation operational procedures, division specific water and sewage issues (mitigatingmeasures) and EMP for solid waste management. In a matrix, the EMP outlinesactions/measures to be taken, monitoring parameters, frequency and timing, responsible entityand who to report to.

Three distinctive aspects or roles of institutional responsibilities with regard to the EMP areoutlined in the Chapter: Implementation of the action plan component of the EMP,monitoring of the implementation of the EMP and mitigating measures and independentenvironmental review and control of the planned and approved actions and the monitoringdata and results. Primary responsibility for the two first aspects will rest with the AHC and

v PO with assistance of the ZCCM Group Environmental Services, while a number of statutoryauthorities will be responsible for the third aspect. These are NWASCO, ECZ, MOH,WDB/DWA and Municipal Councils.

Institutional capacity building and training is discussed in a separate section to underline theimportance of this issue in relation to environmental monitoring, and a recommendation is

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Nkana: A raw water reservoir should be constructed at Kafue River intake and flood levels

should be established in relation to any risk of flooding of the intake pumps.

Nchanga: A water storage tank is required at the intake in case the source is not shifted to

mine shaft water. Backwash water and sludge should be discharge to a tailings leach settling

tank across the road for the WTP.

Mufulira: The tailings dam adjacent to Mufulira Stream intake should be protected to preventingress of pollutant matter, if required, the 17h Street pump station should be separated fromthe sewage pump station, Kankoyo North and South sewage ponds should be replaced with

new combined sewage ponds, and the remaining three sewage pond systems all require

upgrading to accept 2005 flows, and all sewage pumping stations should be repaired.

Konkola: In case a clarifier is installed, a tank should be installed to receive all backwashwater and pump this back for re-processing, the proper ground investigations should be made

at the Kamwenza reservoir and the old one should be cleared away, maturation ponds shouldbe added to the Golf Course pond system and the Kamwenza ponds should be closed.

RAMC (Z) (Luanshya): Maturation ponds to be added to the Roan sewage ponds,Mpatamatu sewage ponds need urgent reconstruction and rehabilitation of three sewage pumpstations is urgently needed.

Provided that the recommendations offered in the Report are followed up in the Project, theProject should represent only minor environmental effects with regard to the water supply andsanitation components.

Assessment of Solid Waste

The solid waste component was introduced into the Project during the Pre-Appraisal Missionin May/June 1999, and consequently the final ER Report presented a brief of the minetownships' solid waste management situation. In accordance with the ToR, Chapter 5 alsocomes up with an investment program required to bring the solid waste management in linewith established environmental regulations and licenses issued by ECZ.

Most issues observed and assessed related to solid waste management are common to alldivisions. These include waste contents and production, collection and transport, wastedisposal and the socio-economic dimensions related to solid waste. Tables with a summary ofsolid waste production and costs and separate ones for each division are offered.

A number of observations were made. The most significant ones concern discrepancies inavailable data on production and costs and the general low standard of operation, control andenvironmental protection of the dumpsites. Most of the standards laid down in ECZ licenses

are not complied with, apparently resulting in no actions from ECZ. Significantenvironmental effects would be likely from operations of the Uchi dumpsite under Nkana

division in Kitwe. This dumpsite also receives waste collected by the City Council, as well asindustrial and commercial waste, without any monitoring or control.

A particular problem is represented by scavengers on all sites, and a study is recommended to

establish the economics of scavenging and the likely socio-economic consequences of

stopping it.

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made for engagement of an Environmental Assessment Advisor. The EA Advisor should be

in an independent position as advisor to the AHC Managing Director, outside the line

functions of the company.

A cost estimate for implementation of the EMP is offered, including a sum for capacity

building and training, TA/consultants and studies. The budget totals US $ 400,000. It is

assumed that all other costs related to the recommendations of the EMP shall be covered

either under the ordinary operational budget of AHC/MTSP or under the investment program

budget, incorporating the solid waste management component. Additional investments

required to meet the environmental standards for water supply and sewage effluent are

tentatively estimated to a minimum of US $ 2,465,000.

A separate section of Chapter 6 also offers test regimes and parameters for water quality and

sewage effluent monitoring.

With regards to HI V/AIDS, about US$ 200,000 has been earmarked to increase awareness of

HIV/AIDS throughout the community and to provide specific support to employees of the

private operator and their families. The MSTP is not anticipated to significantly increase the

risk of HIV infection in the mining townships - it is not a typical infrastructure and mine

project that draws workers away from their families and increases commercial sex work in the

area. The funds will also support the Govemment's multi-sectoral, multi-partner program forthe prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS.

Finally, a stakeholders workshop and public consultation were held on October 28, 1999. Thefacilitators of the workshop gave a brief presentation of the EA Study Report with its findings

and recommendations. A number of useful comments and corrections of a few technicalissues. Additional details of the public consultation are given in Appendix B of this report.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Zambia embarked on a structural adjustment program in 1991 and various sectors are stillbeing reconstructed. The country's environmental problems have been identified andsolutions proposed from the World Bank's perspective in a National Environmental ActionPlan (NEAP) and in the SAR (I 6239-ZA) on the Environmental Support Program (ZM-PA-3253). Another key aspect of the policies of the current Government is its privatisationprogram. It is in this respect that GRZ in the recent years has been in the process of selling offthe mining assets and operations of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM) Thedivisions situated in Kalulushi and Luanshya on the Copperbelt have thus been sold, andnegotiations have for some time been underway regarding the sale of the rest of the assets.

Within the context of the current negotiations on the sale of the remaining ZCCM assets,private investors have been unwilling to take responsibility for assets that are not directlylinked with mining operations. The investors consider municipal services traditionally beingoffered by ZCCM to its workers and their families as non-core businesses. These non-coreassets include those needed for the provision of mine township services: water and sanitation,solid waste, storm-water drains, street lightening, maintenance of township roads, cemeteries,and electricity distribution.

The investors are looking to GRZ to provide mechanisms that will assure the continuation ofan adequate and reliable range of vital urban services for company employees, theirdependants and other residents of the mine townships. If the investors are not confident thatthese services will continue to be adequately provided, the sale of the mines may besignificantly delayed, with negative economic consequences for the country.

1.2 Overview of the Project

In connection with the privatisation process of ZCCM, the World Bank will support a MineTownship Services (MTS) Project. An identification mission from the Bank visited Zambia inFebruary/March 1999 and the Pre-Appraisal Mission in May-June outlined the proposedMTSP, including water supply, sewage and solid waste services in the mine townships of fivepresent and previous divisions of ZCCM. The other municipal services will probably be takenover by the Municipal Councils and ZESCO.

The main objective of the MTSP is to support the provision of efficient and reliable watersupply services, wastewater services and solid waste management in the identified townshipsduring a transition period following the privatisation of ZCCM. The Project is estimated atUS$36.6 million.

The preliminary investment plan or capital works/rehabilitation budget includes the followingitems: i) Water System, ii) Water System Metering, iii) Metering and iv) Sewage System ofthe following ZCCM Divisions/Mining Company:

* Nkana Division, Kitwe* Mufulira Division, Mufulira* Nchanga Division, Chingola* Konkola Division, Chililabombwe* Roan Antelope Mine Corporation (RAMC (Z) Plc), Luanshya

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The capital works/rehabilitation budget does not indicate any investments in solid wastecollection and disposal. Investments in solid waste management are programmed under afollow-on Urban Development Project. Since the AHC during the transition period, and laterthe PO will be responsible also for the solid waste from the mine townships, the EA StudyReport include a proposed description of these services during the Project period, with apreliminary investment budget.

The water supply and sanitation systems under the above mentioned Divisions/Company aredescribed in an Environmental Impact Statement Report (ZCCM 1997) and a report onTransformation of Municipal Services post ZCCM Privatisation (ZCCM 1998). The lastreport also briefly describes solid waste collection, and this was further detailed in anEnvironmental Reconnaissance (ER) Report (ICI 1999). The figures given by the ZCCMreport on solid waste generated are probably on the high side (WB I 999b). In addition to theConsultant's own observations and the WB technical descriptions, the two mentioned reportsand detailed descriptions provided by ZCCM are used as references for the descriptions of thewater supply and sanitation systems in Appendix E of this Report.

The following water supply and sanitation systems, and solid waste collection are notincluded in the Project: i) Nampundwe Mine (for a population of 6.000), ii) Kabwe (beingsold to the City council), iii) Kansanshi Mine (small plants, solid waste only from a guesthouse) and iv) Chibuluma Mines Plc, Kalulushi (treated water sold to the Council and solidwaste collected by the Council).

1.3 Scope of the Environmental Assessment

The MTS Project is classified as Category B by the WB for the purposes of the EA, and thisEA Study report was prepared in accordance with WB practises for such projects.Comprehensive Terms of Reference (ToR) were drafted in the ER report (ICI 1999) andrefined by the WB (Appendix A).. The ToR reflect the WB operational directives and theoutline of the Project in the Aid Memoire of the Pre-appraisal mission. The EA Study wasfurther scoped in the ER report. Observations made by the EA Team during the field visitsand initial discussions with ZCCM, AHC and officials of the Environmental Council ofZambia (ECZ), basically confirmed the scope of the study as outlined in the ER report.However, during the course of the work of the EA Team, some important issues regarding theProject came to light, indirectly linked to the focus of the EA. These issues mainly have to dowith the proposed investment plan for water supply and sewage systems and technicaloperational and maintenance issues. These issues are dealt with in a separate Appendix H forthe benefit of Project Appraisal.

It should, however, be noted here that the main focus of the proposed Project is rehabilitationand new management of the water supply, sanitation and solid waste services. Environmentalaspects of the Project are therefore by default directly linked to the Project's investmentprogram and operation and maintenance of the installations. With sufficient investment inrehabilitation of existing and some new installations, and proper management, operation andmaintenance procedures being followed by well trained staff, the Project would impose onlyminor environmental impacts.

Consequently, the focus of the EA Study is on the investments and training required to bringthe management, operations and maintenance up on an appropriate level to meet theenvironmental and other requirements set down by the Authorities of Zambia and the WB'sOPs and ODs. On achieving this aim, which will result in positive environmental impacts

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compared with the present situation, it is neither possible nor desirable to isolateenvironmental management, monitoring and mitigation measures from the operations of theservices itself.

For an analysis of the required investments in view of the environmental aspects of theProject, it was found appropriate to also include an analysis of supply and demand projectionsand a table with environment related comments to the proposed investments under eachdivision. The supply and demand projections have, however, not taken into account a possiblereduction in the level of supply following increased customer tariffs and improved meteringsystems.

The scope of the EA of the solid waste management component focuses on investment,operational procedures and training required to bring the operations of collection, transportand disposal of solid waste up to the standards required in the licenses issued by ECZ.

1.4 Study Area

The core areas for the study include areas covered and influenced by water supply, sewageand solid waste systems of the ZCCM Divisions/Mining Company listed in Section 1.2, e.g.in Kitwe, Mufulira, Chingola, Chililabombwe and Luanshya.

Areas covered by the EA study are in particular those, which are the focus of the urban water,supply and sanitation investments of the Project as well as the solid waste services. Includedare the water intake areas, wastewater discharge locations, and affected water surface waters,and the main catchment which supply them, mine shafts (providing raw water for thesystems), as well as solid waste disposal sites and their surroundings. In part the study areacovers areas developed by the mines and affected by mines' operations. Interfaces withenvironmental impacts of the mines' operations were also clarified. (The precise boundariesof the study area for the assessment are still being defined by the presently ongoing exerciseof transferring assets from ZCCM to the AHC). Environmental assessment of the mines'operations as such is outside the scope of work of this EA.

A map of Copperbelt is included in Figure 1.1 on page 6.

1.5 Structure of the Report

Following this introduction is a review of the policy, legal and administrative framework inZambia, which governs the management of water resources, water supply and sanitation, solidwaste and environmental assessment (Chapter 2), in addition to the AHC. In Chapter 3 is abrief overview of the national and regional environmental and social setting for the MTSProject.

Chapter 4 presents the EA of the water supply and sanitation proposals for the minetownships in the five areas included in the Project - Kitwe, Chingola, Mufulira,Chililabombwe and Luanshya. The Chapter begins with a discussion of issues common to allthe areas, including an assessment of water resources issues of the upper part of the KafueRiver catchment area. Each area program is then considered in turn; the assessmentrecommendations summarised at the end of each area section, for inclusion in the EMP.Possible alternatives were considered for each of the five Divisions, and an assessment isincluded under the respective Section only when there would be realistic alternatives.

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The Team chose to consider the solid waste operations separatelv from water and sanitation.and Chapter 5 presents the assessment of this component of the Project. The same pattern asin Chapter 4 is, however, followed.

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the MTS Project is then presented in Chapter6 of the EA Report.

A set of photographs of the water supply, sanitation and solid waste installations and presentoperations are contained in a separate Volume 11 issued together with the final report.

Seven appendices complete the report. The first (A) is the Terms of Reference for the EAStudy. The second (B) comprises a presentation of the team members and division of tasksamong team members, the work schedule, stakeholders workshop and public display andconsultation. People/organisations consulted are listed in the third appendix (C) and the textsto be used on posters for the public display and consultation are presented in Appendix D.The Plant Status Field Reports are presented in Appendix E, and an overview of sewageponds design is offered in Appendix F. Appendix G offers assessment and recommendationson investment and operational aspects of the Project, indirectly linked to the environmentalaspects.

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Figure 1.1 Map of Copperbelt

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2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 National Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste Polices

In 1994 GRZ adopted a Water Policy document in reference to the Water Sector Reforms. Anew Water Supply and Sanitation Act was enacted in 1997 (MEWD 1997), and the regulatorybody, the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO) is presently being put inplace under the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD). Local Authorities(Councils) are in principle responsible for the provision of urban water and sanitationservices, but other operators may be licensed by NWASCO for the provision of such services.The Councils on the Copperbelt have in reference to the new Act established three jointventure commercial utility water supply and sewerage companies. It is expected that thesecompanies will take over the Councils' urban water supply and sanitation services over thecoming year or so. An inter-ministerial unit, the Water Sector Reform Support Unit (RSU) isvested with the responsibility of supporting the implementation of the water sector reforms.

The national water policy as approved by the Government is based on the following sevenprinciples:

3 Separation of water resources management from water supply and sanitation;* Separation of regulatory and executive functions;* Devolution of authority to local authorities and private enterprises;* Full cost recovery in the long run;* Human resources development leading to more effective institutions;* Technology appropriate to local conditions;* Increased GRZ priority and budget spending to the sector.

With regard to the; principle of full cost recovery on the long run, the GRZ has adopted aprinciple of lifeline tariffs for the poorer segments of the population and intemal crosssubsidies to be built into the tariff systems.

Investment support to water supply and sanitation is channelled through the Ministry of LocalGovernment and Housing (MLGH).

Water resources management is the responsibility of the MEWD and a Water DevelopmentBoard (WDB). With logistical support from the Department of Water Affairs (DWA), theWDB is presently in the process of preparing a Water Resources Action Program (WRAP).An Inception Report is being prepared as basis for donor support from i.a. WB, UNDP andNORAD. WDB intends to use the Kafue River basin as a pilot project in developing a newmodel for water resources management in Zambia. Kafue River and its tributaries is thesource of water for the majority of the population of Zambia, with a number of conflictinginterests attached to its management. Most of the raw water drawn for the schemes underconsideration in the MTS Project is also from Kafue River and its tributaries.

The WRAP process will address seven themes in water resources management; i) legal andinstitutional framework, ii) information, iii) human resources development, iv) waterresources demand, supply and infrastructure, v) economics and financing, vi) water and theenvironment, and vii) international waters. The approach will be a strategic managementprocess leading to a revised institutional and legal framework for water resourcesmanagement. Establishment of a form of river basin authorities under an autonomous WDBmay be one of the outcomes of the WRAP process.

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With regard to sanitation and solid waste policies, a work- group under RSU (previousWSDG) in 1997 produced a document - National Environmental Sanitation Strategy forRural and Peri-Urban Areas in Zambia (RSU 1997). The document was presented at aNational Environmental Sanitation Fair in 1998. It is understood that work is underway i!developing a national policy on basis of the document. The initiative was in line with theGRZ Health Reform's priority on preventive health measures.

The main objectives are to i) improve national access to appropriate, acceptable andaffordable excreta and domestic waste disposal facilities through sustainable approaches thatare demand driven and promote hygiene behavioural changes that bring about health andwell-being of the people, ii) to create an enabling environment with support mechanisms tofacilitate individuals, households and communities to effectively improve their environmentalsanitation conditions and hygiene practices by erecting barriers to prevent the transmission ofdiseases, and iii) a number of specific goals to be reached in a five years horizon.

2.2 Legislation

2.2.1 General

The Pre-appraisal mission set out a series of preliminary jurisdictional issues to be reviewedin order to ensure that the AHC has the necessary capacity and legal basis to enter into amanagement contract. Of particular importance is that AHC will have the full authority, e.g.ownership of the water supply, sanitation and solid waste assets and infrastructure, as well asthe legal right to bill and collect revenue for such services.

Legislation relevant in particular for environmental management and monitoring, and also foroperation of water supply, sanitation and solid waste services is briefly described in thefollowing sections.

2.2.2 Water and sanitation legislation

The Water Pollution Control (Effluent and Waste Water) Regulations. StatutoryInstrument No 72/1993. The Water Pollution Control Regulations were issued in pursuanceof the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act. The regulations establish thatoperators of sewage systems (local authority) require a licence from ECZ. The regulationsoutline the application format. All sewage systems to be taken over by the AHC are thuslicensed by ECZ.

The Inspectorate (ECZ) shall satisfy itself that the applicant has adequate and appropriatefacilities and equipment for pre-treatment and that the effluent will not cause significantdamage to the environment. The licence shall conform to the conditions and standards forchemical and physical parameters as set out in a table of standards for effluent and wastewater, attached to the licence. These standards are set in accordance with internationallyaccepted standards, according to ECZ. However the relevance of the list of parameters is notconsidered in relation to the particular operations being licensed, other discharges pollutingthe same aquatic environment and any natural pollution factors. ECZ is observant of thisambiguity and is in the process of developing holistic environmental management strategies,which may lead to individual standards for each licence.

The licence is normally issued for a period of three years, and may be renewed for a similarperiod. ECZ may limit the validity of the licence when necessary. Similar regulations are

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outlined for withdrawal of water from a water course for the purpose of diluting effluents.(However, the discharge of sludge and backwash water is not licensed). The holder of alicence shall keep records of licensed activities and submit the records everv six months toECZ. Abnormal discharge of effluents shall be reported to ECZ. ECZ has the authoritv toorder the licence holder to install metering devices and take samples for monitoring of -theoperations. Applications shall be gazetted four weeks prior to the issue of licences. CurrentlyECZ lacks capacity to maintain regular monitoring and control of pollution. Occasionalpollution incidents are often not investigated timely or fully because of lack of capacity.

The Water Act (Chapter 198 of the Laws of Zambia) came into force in 1949 and providescontrol, ownership and uses of water, excluding water that is part of international boundaries.The Act established the Water Board (now Water Development Board) which is administeredby a Water Officer (Department of Water Affairs Qf MEWD). Ownership of water is vested inthe President on behalf of the public of Zambia, and therefore all use of water is made inaccordance with the Act. The WDB regulates the use of public water other than for domesticuse, and has a special section dealing with industrial water uses. The Act further establishespolluting public water as an offence. There are detailed regulations in force regardingapplication for water rights, which are issued by the WDB against a fee. The Water Act ispresently being reviewed under the auspices of WRAP, upon recommendations of the NEAP(MENR 1997).

The Water and Sanitation Act No 28/1997 was enacted in November 1997. The Actestablishes the NWASCO and defines its functions, it provides for the establishment of watersupply and sanitation utilities by local authorities and provides for the efficient andsustainable supply of water and sanitation services under the general regulation of NWASCO.The Act also provides for matters connected with or incidental to the issues above. Watersupply and sanitation utilities may be established by local authorities as a company under theCompanies Act, provided that the majority of the shares are held by the local authority. Thelocal authority may alternatively contract another service provider for defined areas. A person(private company) may also be licensed as a service provider in defined areas.

NWASCO will issue licenses to service providers and the Act outlines detailed requirementsto be met by the applicants. These include short and long term plans outlining plans for theprovision of efficient, affordable and sustainable water supply and sanitation services,performance targets and financial and infrastructure improvements. NWASCO will inprinciple act as a watchdog on behalf of the consumers, and will in this regard issueguidelines, in particular with regard to tariff systems, water quality, performance levels etc.

2.2.3 Solid waste legislation

The Waste Management (Licensing of Transporters of Wastes and Waste Disposal Sites(Regulations). Statutory Instrument No 71/1993. The Waste Management Regulations wereissued in pursuance of the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act. Theregulations set out that any person intending to transport wastes or operate a waste disposalsite or plant will require a licence from ECZ. The licence may be issued for any period lessthan 3 years, but not less than six months. The licence will set out a number of standardconditions cited in the regulations both for transport and for disposal of wastes.

The licence for transport shall be issued provided that ECZ is satisfied that the applicant hasadequate and appropriate facilities and equipment for transport, and with the collectionschedule. The licence for operation of waste disposal sites or plants will also require approvalfrom the town and country planning authority on the location of the site. The operator of the

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site is also required to submit a summary of an environmental impact statement. and ECZshall be satisfied that the owner or operator has the abilitv and the appropriate facilities tornanage the site without causing significant damage to the environment. ECZ may order thelicence holder to install metering devices and take samples for monitoring of the issuedregulations.

The environmental authorities have not yet issued particular regulations regarding disposal ofhazardous and toxic waste. However, the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Actinclude provisions for licensing such operations. These provisions would probably apply tothe operations of the Uchi dump site under Nkana Division in Kitwe, since this site is alsoused for industrial and commercial waste dumping. The AHC will take over the responsibilityfor the operations of the dump site and possibly also as owner of the area.

2.2.4 Environmental and other legislation

The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act No 12/1990. This Act establishesthe Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) with an Inspectorate with administrative,monitoring and enforcement authority regarding environmental protection and pollutionprevention in Zambia. The Act is organised in sections/parts for water, air, waste, pesticidesand toxic substances, noise, ionising radiation and natural resources conservation. A generalpart sets out the responsibility of the public to report pollution incidents to thelnspectorate orthe police.

The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control (Environmental Impact Assessment)Regulations. Statutory Instrument No 28/1997 outlines the EIA regulations in force inZambia. The regulations divide projects in two categories, one that require aproject brief tobe prepared by the developer, and one that require an environmental impact (El) statement tobe prepared. Water supply schemes (pipelines with diameter of 0.5 m and above and 10 kmlength outside built up areas, and reservoirs with 50 m2 surface area or more), sewagedisposal works (capacity 15.000 litres or more a day) and solid waste disposal (1.000 tons/dayand above) would require an El statement to be prepared. Although not all components of theMTS Project fall under the last category, for the purpose of this EA study, it is assumed thatthe Project should be subjected to an El statement. It is further assumed that this EA Reporttogether with the ER Report fulfil the requirements of the EIA regulations in this regard.

The EIA Regulations institute a public consultation process during preparation of theToR forthe EA statement. For this particular project, the public consultation process will take placeon the basis of the draft EA Report, starting with a stakeholders workshop. The EA process ofthe Project also differs from the regulations with regard to ECZ involvement, as the ECZ didnot comment on the ToR, although being presented with the ER Report containing the draftToR. ECZ should also in accordance with the regulations approve of the team of experts toprepare the El statement.

Twelve copies of the El statement shall be submitted to ECZ. The regulations outlinesprocedures for public notification in mass media and distribution to stakeholders forcomments. ECZ may also decide to hold a public hearing on the report. ECZ shall make adecision within 30 days after receipt of a report from the public hearing, or within 20 daysfrom receiving the El statement from the developer in case a public hearing is not held.

The developer is obliged to undertake an environmental audit of the project within a period ofnot less than one year and not more than 3 years after completion of the project orcommencement of its operations.

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The Lands Acquisition Act No 2/1970 sets out regulations for compulsory acquisition ofland and property and compensation for such acquisition. The President (his designated andauthorised person) may acquire any property in the interest of the Republic. Notice shall begiven in person not less than two months in advance and shall be gazetted. Compensation foracquired property, losses and damages shall be paid as may be agreed or, finally determinedby the National Assembly in case agreement on compensation is not reached within six weeksafter publication in the Gazette. Any disputes except for disputes related to the amount ofcompensation may be instituted for court proceedings. The Act also opens for compensationto be granted by allocation of new land to the property owner.

The Act instituted a Compensation Advisory Board to advise the Minister (Minister of Lands)in assessment of compensation payable under the Act. The functions of the Board have beendischarged to various committees. Various forms to be used in the proceedings of propertyacquisition are prescribed in SI 60/1970.

The Public Health Act regulates monitoring procedures for potable water quality standards.In the absence of specific standards for Zambia, the Health Authorities have adopted theWHO standards. The Central Board of Health has, however, issued draft guidelines fordrinking water quality and sampling procedures (CBH 1998) and the intention is to issuethese as a Statutory Instrument to the Public Health Act.

2.2.5 International conventions

Zambia is riparian to three intemational watercourse systems; the Zambezi River Basin,which Zambia shares with Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia and Zimbabwe, theTanganyika Basin which Zambia has in common with Burundi, Democratic Republic ofCongo (former Zaire), Rwanda and Tanzania, and finally the Congo River Basin through withthe Luapula River drains via DRC.

Except for the Zamnbezi River Authority set up between Zambia and Zimbabwe formanagement of Kariba dam and the Zambezi River along the common border between thetwo countries, there are no administrative or legal arrangements on how the shared waterresources can be utilised on an equitable basis. Under the WRAP Zambia will, however,consider initiatives related to arrangements such as the Helsinki Convention on the Protectionand Use of Transboundary Water Courses and Intemational Lakes.

Zambia is member of the Southem Africa Development Community (SADC) and has, as adirect result of the Treaty of SADC, signed the SADC Protocol on shared WatercourseSystems. SADC adopted in 1987 the inception of ZACPLAN for Zambezi River Basin basedon environmentally sound management and sustainable development. The plan has, however,no regulatory functions.

Zambia is also a signatory to the SADC Protocol on Health, which opens for sectoralapproaches between countries on environmental health initiatives.

2.3 Institutional Framework

2.3.1 ZCCM and AHC Municipal Services Ltd

Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM) has an established institutional structure forenvironmental management and protection - the ZCCM Group Environmental Services

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(GES) with a Headquarter at 1ie Department for Operational Services in Kalulushi. DivisionalEnvironmental Officers are operating from each of the ZCCM Divisions (as well as RAMC(Z) Plc). The future of the GES is not yet clear. However, it seems that key officers will beretained with the GES under what will remain of the ZCCM after privatisation of the mineassets and operations is completed, namely ZCCM Investment Holding Company. ZCCMwill, according to the conditions of the contracts with the buyers. remain with environmentalliabilities until the new owners have managed (according to obligations of the contract) tobring the operations in line with ECZ environmental standards (MMMD 1999). Most likelythis will go on for as long as the MTS Project will be operational.

On this background the GES may play a role in relation to future monitoring of theimplementation of the EMP for the operations of water supply, sanitation and solid wasteservices to be supported by the Project (see Chapter 6).

Operation of water supply services is presently done by the staff of the EngineeringSuperintendent Sections of the ZCCM divisions. RAMC (Z), Luanshya has organised aseparate Municipal Services entity under the Assistant Engineering SuperintendentWater/Townships. Sanitation operations are monitored by the Chief Health Officer of eachdivision together with the monitoring of solid waste disposal.

With regard to solid waste collection and transport, the Engineering Superintendent ServicesSections (ZCCM 1998) have awarded contract to private contractors. The same ZCCMSections are responsible for preparation and operation of the disposal sites. The ZCCMDivisions' Public Health Departments (Chief Health Officer) are responsible for monitoringand control of the operations.

The AHC Municipal Services Ltd. (AHC) was incorporated under the Companies Act onMarch 29, 1999. AHC is fully owned by ZCCM. At present there is an Acting Manager, aCompany Secretary/Accountant and Head of HRD, who are engaged on the registration andtransfer of the water supply, sanitation and solid waste assets from ZCCM to AHC. Thisprocess was completed on October 1, 1999. The contracts with the private companies whotook over the ZCCM divisions in Luanshya and Kalulushi, stipulate that their obligation tooperate the municipal services comes to an end after two years on that date. The AHCformally took over operations in the two towns on 18 October 1999.

It is assumed that the Chief Executive Officer of AHC will be assisted by a professionalgroup of supervisors covering the following competencies: technical, financial andadministration/consumer affairs (WB 1999b). The WB proposes that an environmentaladvisor should be located in AHC. This issue will be discussed in Chapter 6 - the EMP. It isalso proposed that the AHC should be supported by a substantial TA package under theProject.

AHC will take over the full responsibility as the service provider with regard to water supplyand sanitation services and solid waste management in the other defined areas. The serviceswill be contracted out to a PO, with AHC as the signatory to the contract(s). The managementcontract is planned to come into effect within one year from the take over by AHC, e.g.before the end of October 2000.

Proposed responsibilities of AHC in relation to the EMP are outlined in Chapter 6.

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2.3.2 Private Operator

A Private Operator (PO) will be contracted to perform the technical and commercialoperations of the water supply and sanitation services and solid waste management on behalfof AHC. AHC will pay the PO a management fee and incentive fees for specifiedperformance indicators. The PO will provide regular reports to AHC in accordance with themanagement contract. The reports will include: i) monthly financial and technical reports; ii)quarterly collection and cost summary tables; iii) quarterly unaudited accounts; iv) annualtechnical and financial reports; v) annual strategic business plans; vi) annual budget; and vii)annual audited accounts.

Proposed responsibilities of the PO in relation to the EMP are outlined in Chapter 6.

2.33 MLGH, Municipal Councils and commercial utilities

The Project operational areas are located within five districts on the Copperbelt, namelyKitwe, Chingola, Mufulira, Chililabombwe and Luanshya, with a City Council for Kitwe andMunicipal Councils for the four other districts. The Councils will, or have already taken overcertain services in the mine townships. It is assumed that the Councils have the legal rights tocharge rates on the title deed holders of the townships. Presently rates are also supposed tocover the cost of waste collection and disposal.

The Councils will receive support under the proposed Urban Development Project, which willinclude certain municipal services, as solid waste. Eight Councils on the Copperbelt,including the five in question, have formed three joint venture commercial utility companies,namely Kafubu Water and Sewerage Company (Luanshya, Ndola and Masaiti), Nkana WSC(Kitwe and Kalulushi) and Mulonga WSC (Chingola, Mufulira and Chililabombwe). Thecompanies are incorporated under the Companies Act, professional Boards of Directors havebeen appointed, and they are presently in the process of recruiting key personnel andrehabilitate headquarters offices.

2.3.4 NWASCO and RSU

The National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO) is the regulatory body forwater supply and sanitation in Zambia, created under the Water and Sanitation Act No 28 of1997. It is presently being established with 12 members under the MEWD. The Council'sfunctions, authority and responsibilities are outlined in the Act and include: i) definition ofservice areas (jurisdiction) of a utility, ii) setting and monitoring of performance standards,iii) determining tariff systems to be applied and issue of guidelines (not the setting of tariffs),iv) customer relations (watchdog of the utilities on behalf of the consumers), and v) imposingsanctions for failure to meet agreed performance standards.

NWASCO will issue licences to service providers (utilities) in accordance with regulations ofthe Act. The Act outlines detailed requirements for a licence application, which refer to whatwould be the normal content of a corporate plan. The tariff structure and tariff levels for eachcategory of customers shall be included with a financial analysis of the operations.

The Water Sector Reform Support Unit (RSU) is an inter-ministerial secretariat forsupervision of the implementation of the water sector reform policies and strategies. RSU isassisted by NORAD, GTZ and Irish Aid. In 1998 RSU was transformed from a largerorganisation - the Water Sector Development Group into a support unit. It is assumed thatRSU will be reorganised in 2000 and resume the functions as secretariat for NWASCO. RSU

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has been, and is instrumental in the transformation of local 'authority operated utilities intocommerciallv viable water and sanitation utilities. As mentioned three utility companies havebeen established on the Copperbelt, and the process is underway in Southern, Western. NorthWestern and Luapula Provinces as well, assisted by various donors. The commercialisationprocess in Central Province will be assisted through an ADB financed project.

2.3.5 Water Development Board

The Water Development Board (WDB) under the Ministry of Energy and WaterDevelopment is -the regulatory body with regard to water resources management anddistribution in the country. A Water Resources Action Plan (WRAP) is presently beingprepared and will be implemented under WDB (see Section 2.2.2). Extraction of surfacewater requires a water right. to be issued by the WDB. The new water act will also requirewater rights to be issued for extraction of ground water. It is assumed that ZCCM hasobtained the required water rights, which will have to be transferred to AHC.

2.3.6 Ministry of Health

The Ministry of Health through the Chief Health Officer is responsible for monitoring potablewater quality. The Ministry applies the WHO standards, as separate potable water qualitystandards have not been issued for Zambia. Monitoring of water quality is carried out throughprovincial laboratories by the Public Health Off icers of the District Health ManagementTeams (for ZCCM areas this is done by the ZCCM Public Health Department).

2.3.7 Environmental Council of Zambia

The Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) was established under the EnvironmentalProtection and Pollution Control Act No 12/1990. ECZ is a body corporate with the power ofthe Act to do all acts and things a body corporate may lawfully perform. The Chairmnan, Vice-Chairman and two members are appointed by the Minister of Environment and NaturalResources and a number of ministries, institutions and organisations nominate 24 othermiembers on the Council. The Council has constituted a Standing Technical AdvisoryCommittee of experts of the various fields of environmental protection and pollution control.

The Council has established an Environmental Inspectorate with technical staff and facilitiesrequired to administer, monitor and enforce measures for the protection and the environmentand prevention of pollution. The Inspectorate is known as the ECZ.

The ECZ Inspectorate is the authority enforcing the Statutory Instrument No 28/97 on EIA.This EA Study Report shall thus be scrutinised by ECZ in accordance with the EIAregulations. The procedure is briefly outlined under Section 2.2.4 above.

2.3.8 Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development

On behalf of GRZ, the MMMD is the majority share holder of ZCCM, and ultimatelyresponsible for the sale of the ZCCM assets and operations. The Ministry will maintain amajority ownership the ZCCM Investment Holdings Ltd., which again will be the owner ofAHC.

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3. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

3.1 Biophysical Resource Base

Zambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa, and covers about 752.600 sq.km locatedbetween latitudes 8 and 18 degrees south and longitudes 22 and 33 degrees east. Itsneighbours are Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Angola, Botswana, Zaire andNamibia. A large part is on the central African plateau between 1000 and 1600 m above sealevel (asl). The plateau in Zambia on an altitude of around 1300 m as] is incised by largerivers and the alluvial plains of the Kafue, Zambezi and Chambezi form expansive wetlands.

In tropical Zambia the temperatures are modified by altitude. There are three seasons: the cooldry (April-August), hot dry (August-November) and hot wet (November-April). Averagetemperatures range from a mean monthly minimum of about 10 C in June and July to a meanmonthly maximum of 30 C in October and November. Most of the rainfall is concentratedover the period November - March. In the upper Kafue basin the rain season normally startsin October. However, rainfall varies from 700 mm in the south to 1500 mm in the north withapproximately 1200 - 1300 mm on the Copperbelt.

The Copperbelt is situated in the upper Kafue River catchment or basin. The flow regime ofthe upper Kafue River basin is influenced by human interventions in addition to geophysicalcharacteristics of the basin. A number of water use and management activities have been andare taking place. Several water rights are issued to abstract water from Kafue River and itstributaries for meeting demands from agriculture, domestic and industrial activities includingmining. At the same time, large volumes of water are also pumped from deep mines, aconsiderable portion of which returns to the Kafue River system. In addition wastewatergenerated by the various water use activities that are not related to mining also have returnflows that end in Kafue River.

The upper Kafue catchment area consists of Kundulungu limestones, shales, basementcomplex granite and gneiss. The soils may be described as leached sandvelt. These are sandyto medium textured soils with high level of leaching resulting from high rainfall in the upperparts of the basin.

The natural vegetation in Zambia is savannah woodland dominated by Miombo(brachystegia) woodland, which cover about 50 % of the country. The vegetation on theCopperbelt consists of woodlands and/or bush with a varying density of grasses on dry lands.The common type of woodlands are Miombo and Mutemwa (combratum) mainly consistingof regrowth after previous clearing. There are also forest plantations on a substantial scaledeveloped by GRZ.

The country has abundant wildlife, however with some species like elephants and rhino beingreduced by pouching over the past 20 years (NEAP 1997).

3.2 Environmental Quality

The high population densities, on the Copperbelt, together with the high levels of industrial,mining and commercial activities have had an adverse impact on the environment. Some ofthe adverse effects relate to water and air pollution, large amounts of solid waste generation,deforestation, and overcrowding especially in shanty townships or illegal settlements.However, mine townships make up a relatively small percentage of the total population of the

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Copperbelt. On the other side, in mining towns, the population of miners is high especially inthose towns like Chililabombwe where mining is the dominant economic activity.

Land tenure and land use. One interesting feature of land holding on the Copperbelt is thatmost of the land surrounding the mine towns is owned by ZCCM. and for some, itssuccessors. Consequently, the total amount of land under municipal councils is relativelysmall. After the mining companies, the Forest Department owns 16.64% (521,275 hectares)which is designated as national and local forest areas. Of this, 55,000 hectares comprise forestplantation originally intended to mitigate the mining industry's consumption of timber fromindigenous forests (ZFAP 1998).

Apart from the land owned by the mining companies and the Forest Department, there is stateland where most of the commercial farmers are settled. Most of this land is not far from thetown centres. However, some land in previous Ndola Rural (now 3 districts) has beenconverted to state land in Mpongwe and Mukumpu areas. The rest of the land is undertraditional ownership.

Deforestation. One of the environmental problems on the Copperbelt, especially in the areasnear mine townships is deforestation due to charcoal burning. Many of the people living inthe shanty townships earn their income from charcoal burning and/or the selling of charcoaland firewood (Mudenda and Mwanza 1999). Deforestation has contributed to soil erosion.Pollution. Apart from the water, soil and air pollution due to mine related activities; there ispollution associated with industrial, commercial and municipal waste. Most of this is in theform of sewage and solid waste. The inability of the councils to collect refuse has contributedto increased environmental degradation.

Shanty townships. The growing number of shanty townships is another factor contributing tothe poor state of the environment in most Copperbelt towns. This is bound to increase as morepeople loose their jobs. Most of these illegal settlements are in mine areas and is likely topose a problem with new mining companies who by law can evict illegal settlers. In order tomitigate adverse social impacts, the new mine owners need to work closely with the councilsand other local leadership structures to address this potentially explosive problem. Some ofthe settlements are located on future mining areas while others are in cave-in areas, which arenot suited for human settlement (Njovu 1999).

3.3 Social Environment

Although the Copperbelt Province is the second smallest province after Lusaka Province, witha land area 31,328 km2 it is the most populous province in the country contributing 19% ofthe total population. As such, the province has the highest concentration of people. KitweDistrict has the highest number of people with Ndola as a close second and Chililabombwe isthe least populated district in the Province (CSO 1994).

According to the 1990 census, the population on the Copperbelt was 1,427,545 comprising721,507 males and 706,038 females. The province is highly urbanised with a total of1,221,199 (85.55%) people living in urban areas and the remaining 206,346 (14.45%) peopleliving in rural areas. In addition, the population of the Copperbelt had an above nationalgrowth rate of 4% (1969-80) and 1.3% (1980-90).

The major demographic structures relate to the sex ratios, dependency ratios and ethnicity.Traditionally, the Copperbelt Province has had more male adults than females, which iscontrary to the national sex ratio where there are fewer males per 100 females. The sex ratioin 1980 was 105.5 and fell to 102.2 in the 1990 Censusi The large number of males is largelyINTERCONSULTlnternational AS 15 a2" INTER-November 1999 *_W'-v CONSULT

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due to the migration of males to the Copperbelt seeking emplovment. and the current declineis mainly due to out-migration, which in turn has been caused by the slow down in the miningactivity in the province.

In terms of age composition, the child population (0-14 years) is about 45% of the totalpopulation the adult population (15-65 years) is 54 % and the above 65 years is 1%. As such.the overall dependence ratio is 85.6. However, the woman-child dependence, which is a morerealistic representation of the dependence ratio in most mining townships was 632.4 per 100adult males.

According to the 1990 Census, about 98% of the population is of African origin. The majorindigenous ethnic group on the Copperbelt is Lamba. There has been an influx of severalethnic groups due to mining activities and as a result, Bemba has become the dominantlanguage of communication. There are other 22 languages spoken on the Copperbelt andLamba is only dominant in the rural areas.

3.4 Critical Key Elements of Drinking Water

A number of health problems in Zambia are related to the availability and quality of drinkingwater. The URWSP was for instance incepted as a quick fix program in direct response tocholera outbreaks on the Copperbelt. Reliable data on health related to water are, however,scarce, and results from individual projects in the health sector are not always disseminatedby the Health Authorities for the benefit of the country at large. For later monitoring andevaluation of the Project, health data that may be available through the ZCCM HealthDepartment should be consulted.

The draft guidelines for drinking water quality and sampling procedures (CBH 1998) points ata number of critical key elements related to the supply of drinking water in Zambia, e.g.quantity, quality, continuity, coverage and cost implications. It is suggested a minimumsupply of 11 litres/c/d, and that a zero indicator for faecal coliforms should be strictlyfollowed. In 1995 GRZ established that by 2000, 50 % of the rural children should haveaccess to clean water and 100 % of the urban areas without any disruptions in the supply. It isnot likely that the objectives will be met. The latest data from 1991 indicated that 85 % of theurban population had access to clean water and 27 % of the rural population. These figuresshould have been supplemented with data on water quality and regularity of supply.

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Environmental Assessment of the MTSP on the Copperbelt

Table. Diseases by Total IncidenceCopperbelt, Zambia: 1999 Year to date, Quarter 3

Disease Total Diagnosis and Incidence Outpatient first attendances Inpatient deaths(cases/1000) Inpatient discharges CFR (/1000 adm) l

Under 5 Over 5 Total Under 5 Over 5 Total Under 5 Over 5 TotalMalaria 160,649 168,086 328,735 130,667 142,224 272,891 836 1,069 1,905(2nd quarter data) 627.3 164.1 256.7 29,146 24,493 53,939 27.9 41.3 34.1Diarrhoea: non- 44,921 30,610 75,531 34,795 23,108 57,903 314 383 697bloody 175.4 29.9 59.0 9,812 7,119 16,931 31.0 51,1 39.5

Diarrhoea: bloody 4,394 3,625 8,019 3,739 2,731 6,470 52 26 78(suspected 17.2 3.5 6.3 603 868 1,471 79.4 29.1 50.4dysentery)Bilharzia 284 1,171 1,455 259 1,039 1,298(Schistosomiasis) 1.1 1.1 1.1 25 132 157Diarrhoea with 370 968 1,338 138 278 416 20 37 57severe dehydration 1.4 .9 1.0 212 653 865 86.2 53.6 61.8Typhoid fever 34 64 98 1 18 19 2 3 5

.1 .1 .1 31 43 74 60.6 65.2 63.3Yellow fever 6 3 9 3 3 6

1 .0 .0 .0 3 _ 3 l

Source: Ministry of Health, Lusaka (selected diseases from quarterly statistical data)

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4. ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE SYSTEMS

4.1 Introduction

The assessment of the water supply and sewage systems targeted by the MTS Project isdivided into several sections. First of all, issues common to all divisions are discussed(Section 4.2) and recommendations made which pertain to all the divisions. The Sectionopens with an analysis of runoffs of the Kafue River basin, in particular the upper Kafue. Allwater supply and sanitation systems under the Project either draw raw water from Kafue riveror one of its tributaries and discharge effluents from sewage systems directly or indirectly intothe river. Other general issues discussed are impacts on aquatic life, the socio-economicdimensions, resettlement and some institutional issues. Issues common to water supply andsanitation are discussed in a separate section, as are issues related specifically to water supplyand issues related specifically to sewage and sewerage.

Next, operations of the five divisional systems and proposed investment programs areanalysed separately (Section 4.3 through 4.7). Recommendations are made as they are neededand then summarised for ease of reference. As appropriate, each of the division assessmentsrefers back to the common issues presented earlier and forward to the recommended EMPpresented in Chapter 6.

The EMP is the most vital component of this assessment, and of efforts to achieve anenvironmentally sensitive completion of the MTSP. The recommendations made in Chapter 4are each given an identification code and incorporated in a matrix of mitigating measures andimplementation in the EMP, separately for water supply and sanitation systems (this Chapter)and solid waste management (Chapter 5). Recommendations for implementation, mitigationand monitoring are organised in i) common issues (environmental management andmonitoring and mitigating measures) and specific issues for each division (mitigatingmeasures). Resettlement procedures are discussed separately.

4.2 Issues Common to all Divisions

4.2.1 The Kafue River basin - resource utilisation

For purposes of this environmental assessment, the Kafue basin has been divided into tworegions viz., the upper Kafue and lower Kafue basin. The area upstream of Mpatamatu (25km south-west of Luanshya) is regarded as the upper Kafue while the downstream is thelower. Particular detail is paid to the area upstream of Mpatamatu (hydrological station 4-200)where the MTSP is located. The inclusion of the lower parts of the basin downstream theCopperbelt is mainly in line with the principle of taking the entire basin as a unitary systemwhere activities upstream have a bearing on the quantity and quality of water flowingdownstream.

In the case of the Kafue River it is important to note that the current water rights for powergeneration and large-scale irrigation in the lower part of the basin may be adversely affectedby increased water demands upstream. Thus the assessment of the water resource base in theupper Kafue basin should take cognisance of the other water users not directly related tomining and domestic water supply.

The flow data used in the analysis has been based on records obtained from the Department ofWater Affairs - Hydrological Section who have been operating a network of monitoringstations throughout.the country (MEWD 1995). Of particular relevance to this assessment areINTERCONSULT International AS 18 'g INTER-November 1999 '. , 1_ 7 CONSULT

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stations Kafue River at Ngosha Fann (4-040), at Raglan Farm (4-050). at Kafironda (4-090).at Smith Bridge (4-130), at Wusakile Bridge (4-150) and at Mpatamatu (4-200). Similarly. anumber of meteoroloLical stations operated by ZCCM have been used in the analysis ofrainfall data. Meteorological stations have been in operation since the late 1920s and flowdata are available from about 1960s.

The general layout of the Project area is shown in Figure 1.1 (page 6). From a hydrologicalpoint of view, the Project area is located in the upper Kafue basin. The Kafue River basin liesentirely within the Republic of Zambia to the east of the upper Zambezi catchment. Itsgeneral location is between south latitudes 11°35" and 16°50" and longitude 25°10" and29°10" (MEWD 1971).

Kafue basin. The total Kafue basin encompasses a drainage area of 156,995 kM2, while theupper part upstream of Mpatamatu encompasses a drainage area of 11,520 km2. The riveroriginates from a plateau on the northern portion of the Copperbelt Province of Zambia nearthe border of Democratic Republic of Congo. From its source the river flows in southeasterlydirection along where major mining towns of Chililabombwe, Chingola and Kitwe arelocated. The Kafue then takes a southwesterly direction, till it reaches Iteshi Teshi. Finally theriver flows eastwards till it joins the Zambezi River.

The total length of the Kafue River from its source to its mouth on the Zambezi River is about1,300 km. Its source is at an altitude of 1,483 m above sea level while its infall is at analtitude of about 370 m above sea level. Most of the basin lies at an altitude of some 1000 to1300 m above sea level. In general the terrain ranges from undulating to flat with veryisolated number of hills.

The Kafue is one of the major tributaries of the Zambezi. In turn the major tributaries to theKafue are the Munyonshi, Mwambashi, Kafulafuta (including Kafubu), Lufwanyama,Luswishi, Lunga, Lufupa and Kaleya rivers.

The major characteristic features of the upper Kafue basin are the Lukanga swamps and thepeaty and marsh soils known as dambos which fill with water during the rainy season andgradually and slowly begin to dry out. The physiography of the lower basin is dominated bythe Kafue flats located downstream of the Itechi-Teshi dam. Flow regime of lower Kafue isregulated by the operations of the Itezhi-Teshi and Kafue Gorge dams constructed for powergeneration.

Water availability. The surface water res. urces potential of the Kafue basin amounts tosome 342 m3/s based on average flows monitored for the period 1962 to 1992. Thisrepresents about 13 % of the overall water resources potential of Zambia. On the other handthe water resources potential of the Copperbelt is estimated at some 150 m3/s. This represents44 % of the water resources potential of the Kafue basin. Thus the upper Kafue, whichincludes Copperbelt, generates a large part of the water flowing in the river. The high rainfallaveraging about 1200 mm annually in the upper basin contributes to high level run-off.Estimates indicate that about 21 % of the rainfall is converted to run-off.

On the other hand the groundwater potential of the Copperbelt is estimated and some 2,600mill m3/y. On average terms, it is estimated about 7 % of the rainfall on the Copperbeltcontributes to groundwater recharge and is available as renewable resource on annual basis(NCSR 1984).

A review of the water rights record at the WDB has indicated that the Kafue basin has about700 water rights amounting to abstraction of 5.3 mill m3/d. The Copperbelt has an estimated

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126 water rights with about 0.97 mill m3/d against a potential of 12.9 mill m3/d. Thisindicates that only about 7.5 % of the surface water resources potential on the Copperbelt iscommitted.

There are limited measurements made for the quantities of water added to or abstracted fromthe Kafue River system within the Copperbelt, but the general trend is that more water isadded to the river system than is the abstractions. This is clearly demonstrated in Figure 4.1that shows a marked increase in the available amount of water along the Kafue River betweenChililabombwe and Luanshya.

There is a clear and distinctive influence of human activities on the water regime. Thus theeastem portion of the basin with higher population density, large scale mining activities,urban infrastructure etc. tend to generate more run-off in relation to the westem portion wherethe aforesaid activities are non-existent or marginally developed. The difference in run-offproduction are therefore attributed to land use (human interference) as the rainfall, soils andvegetation characteristics are fairly homogeneous between the westem and eastem portion ofthe basin.

Figure. 4.1: Variation orRunoff with Drainage Area in UpperKafue Basin

lowooo.

100000

10000

1oooo Si Avaia 1 IL2~~~~~~~~

100

100 1000 I10I O 100000

DRANME AREA (SO KM)

Source of data: (NCSR 1984).

Figure 4.1 shows the relationship between drainage area and available water resources within theupper Kafubu basin. Raglan farm is located upstream Chililabombwe town while Mpatamatu is locateddownstream Luanshya town, thus representing the upstream and downstream of the Study area. Inaddition to illustrating the mean yearly runoff, the figure also shows the variation of "decisive waterresources "within the drainage area. Decisive water resources refers to water available at a givenlocation for 90 % of the time in a span ofyears. The general conclusion drawn from the above figure isthat there are abundant surface water resources to meet current and projected water demands in themining towns hips.

Another interesting observation is the decrease in run-off values from the northern part of thecatchment to the southern part. This phenomenon may be attributed to the gradual decline inrainfall from north to south as well as the presence of swamps and dambos that dominate thephysiographic feature of the Kafue basin. The major characteristics of the swamps anddambos are that they are generally shallow with substantial surface area and hold water in

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storage for long periods of time thereby allowing a considerable portion of the water toevaporate. Consequently the amounts of water available for other uses downstream aresignificantly reduced.

Water quality monitoring. On a national basis there is no regular sampling of water toobtain records of quality. The overall responsibility to maintain a network of water qualitymonitoring stations rests with the DWA of MEWD. In the Copperbelt area, however, ZCCMhas maintained regular water quality monitoring stations at about 30 locations. Five of thesestations are located on the main Kafue River. The frequency of sampling varies considerablyfrom daily to monthly depending on the station. Whilst the monitoring network maintained bythe Environmental Services of ZCCM is systematic, it is also selective as it concentrates onheavy metals and products related to the mining industry, e.g. Cu, Co, TDS and TSS. The testdata are therefor only of limited value as baseline data for environmental monitoring of theProject.

A test regime for water quality and sewage effluent monitoring is proposed in Section 6.7.

4.2.2 Impacts on aquatic life

It is assumed that any negative impacts on aquatic life in the Kafue River basin will beminimal from the Project compared to impacts from mining operations and the presentoperations of water supply, sanitation and solid waste management. The EA Study team didnot come across any documentation of the present situation for aquatic life in and aroundstreams and rivers affected by ZCCM water supply, sewage and solid waste services on theCopperbelt. From the scarce data of questionable quality available it seems that the sewageeffluent contributes less than 1.5 % of TSS in Kafue River, and this does not exceed 4 %under maximum conditions (see Fig. 4.2). It may therefor be assumed that any impact onaquatic life from the MTSP will be negligible.

However, this statement may be modified with regard to Luanshya where effluent fromsewage ponds is discharged into Luanshya (Roan STW) and Nkulumashiba (MpatamatuSTW) streams. The Luanshya stream joins the Kafubu River, a tributary to Kafulafuta River,which joins Kafue River 20 km downstream of Luanshya. The Nkulumashiba stream flowsalmost due west and joins the Kafue River about 15 km from Mpatamatu township. Theinfluence of effluent from the two STWs will be very small on the Kafue River, butsignificant in the context of in particular the Nkulumashiba stream.

With regard to Nkulumashiba stream, which probably is not perennial, any flow it might carryduring the dry season in addition to sewage effluent is likely to originate from Mpatamatutownship activities, illegal blockages of sewers and from diversion of water from mine shaft18/28. Especially during the dry season the flow of effluent from the ponds probablycontributes over 50 % of the flow in the stream, if not nearer to all. With these ponds beingheavily overloaded, pollution of the Nkulumashiba stream is therefore inevitable, and thuschanging the ecological systems of the stream. The only way in which this can be alleviatedwill be to expand and re-construct the Mpatamatu ponds, with maturation ponds as well.Because of the high contribution of the effluent to the stream flow, it is also recommendedthat there for these ponds should be set a faecal coliform standard of 100 per 100 ml.

Kafubu River is also polluted from discharge of sewage from Ndola City, as most of thewaste and storm water runoff from the City area drains off to Kafubu dam. Kafubu dam,which represents a major source of water for Ndola, overflows only during the rainy season.This indicates that wastewater from Ndola City is being re-circulated during the dry seasonand partly also during the rainy season. Kafubu WTP was rehabilitated under URWSPINTERCONSULT International AS 21 T1 INTER-November 1999 X-V-v CONSULT

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(supported by WB and NORAD). However, that project was 'not subjected to an independentEA in accordance with WB directives and ECZ regulations.The quality of effluent discharges and monitoring of the same is proposed to be improvedunder the Project (see the EMP in Chapter 6).

4.2.3 Resettlement

The environmental reconnaissance did not identify any apparent needs for involuntaryresettlements arising from the proposed investment program. There were no illegalsettlements reported on trunk mains scheduled for replacement and repair, and both the waterand sewage reticulation networks are laid out in townships originally regulated by ZCCM.

4.2.4 Institutional issues

In the context of the framework of transfer of assets, and eventual operation, firstly fromZCCM to AHC, secondly to a Private Operator (PO), and finally to a commercial utilitycompany, it is an essential pre-requisite that certain fundamental matters are clearly defined inthe contracts.

AHC will have an important role both before (the first operational year) and after devolutionof operational responsibilities to the PO. At the end of the four-year period, the assets areexpected to be transferred to a municipal institution. It is important that the performancestandards laid down by statute (licence from NWASCO) and the standards of the assets beingimproved under the Project are maintained during these periods.

In terms of environmental quality, the importance of this cannot be too strongly emphasised.There has to be an authority of enforcement to bring them back into line. Statutoryauthorities, such as ECZ (and NWASCO when operational), have powers to take actionagainst licensees who breach the terms of their licence.

4.2.5 Issues common to water supply and sanitation

Lack of operator skills and knowledge. In many instances, it was found that routine taskswere being carried out just because of the inherent mine discipline, which demanded that theybe carried out that way, at that time, every day. Whilst this discipline is to be applauded, itdoes infer inflexibility to adapt to changing circumstances. With water sources relying bothon natural water courses and mine sources, the quality on a daily basis will be subject tochanging circumstances. This may mean frequency of de-sludging of a clarifier needs to beincreased, or backwash of filters needs to be more frequent. Similarly, on sewage, a trainedoperator can tell when treatment processes are not functioning, as they should be, or whenweed needs to be cleared.

The skills and knowledge of the operators certainly have a bearing on the impact on theenvironment and possible health hazards of the operations. The MTSP does not include atraining component, as it is assumed that the PO in his own interest will see to that staff istrained to meet the performance obligations of the contract. However, training should start assoon as possible, and this EA Report argues that if a training component is not included in theProject budget, the PO contract should specify training requirements in line with thevocational training system recently adopted for the water and sanitation sector in Zambia, e.g.the Competence Based Modular Training System (CBMT). It is assumed that this also will beone of the conditions in the NWASCO licence. Skills training in the CBMT system foroperators of water supply and sanitation schemes will soon start at Nortect in Ndola.

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Risk of cross contamination of water supplies. Operations appear to be carried out on an adhoc basis, and there is a consequent risk of cross contamination of water supplies. This pointis largely directed at the operations staff. It is understood that certain operators are jobspecific to either water or sewage. But some others, notably fitters and electricians, can beused for either. This carries with it the risk of cross contamination of water supplies, from anoperator coming from a sewage job straight on to a water job, without taking necessaryhygiene precautions.

It is therefore recommended that operations staff be separated into those working with (I)clean and (2) dirty water, and that there should be no cross utilisation of one into the other,without first ensuring proper hygiene procedures are carried out, and protective clothingissued and used It is further recommended that water workers be given regular medicalchecks at six-month intervals to ensure they are not carriers of any water borne diseases.These aspects are covered in the Service appendix of the Management Contract.

Lack of independent laboratory facilities to enable regular quality assurance andenvironmental monitoring testing. The mines' laboratories have provided facilities for testingof water and sewage. However, these laboratories are set up to support the mines' services,and not the municipal services. Furthermore, with the separation of the mines from themunicipal services for operational control, it should be assumed that the mines' laboratorieswould not be available for municipal purposes. Various alternatives may be considered, e.g.to procure the laboratory services on the private market or to make arrangements with the newWater and Sewerage Companies to utilise their laboratories being upgraded under URWSP.

Review of National Statutes. This issue is not part of the EA Study. However, NationalStatutes and how license conditions are formulated and issued will have a bearing on howconditions are being complied with and how environmental monitoring is being carried out.In the following arguments are offered for a review of certain statutes concerning control andstandards. Potable water quality is governed by the Public Health Act, and sewage now comesunder the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act. Certain standards are laiddown under each, which are supposed to be monitored and acted upon if not met. Effluentdischarges from sewage treatment plants are now controlled by ECZ under a licensingsystem, while it seems that none have responsibility for monitoring of WTP sludge andbackwash water discharges.

The standards for potable water supplies are those laid down by the WHO. These are a verycomprehensive set of standards, but in applying them certain points need to be borne in mind.When dealing with source waters from a heavily mineralised background, the backgroundlevels of some of the constituents considered by WHO should be monitored. Without thatbackground knowledge, the quality of the actual water produced cannot be fairly assessed.But this raises the question of who should be responsible for determining that analyses areundertaken. It would possibly be a case for NWASCO in collaboration with Ministry ofHealth.

The Statutory Instrument No 72 of 1993 lays down standards to be applied to effluents. Thereare 58 determinants set down, which any license holder is supposed to meet, in full. Whilstthese are no doubt the ideal to aim for, they are wholly impractical to apply across everysituation. Furthermore, it is no use having standards if they are not, or cannot be enforced, orunderstood. The sheer magnitude of the number of determinants also makes the cost oflaboratory services and data analysis impossible to support. Respect is then lost for thestandards, and for the persons who are supposed to enforce them. The internationallyrecognised standards for effluents usually include BOD5 and suspended solids as core criteria,and then may include COD, TDS, pH, nitrate, and bacteriological standards, particularly

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where pond treatment systems are used. These few are easy for laboratory services, andreadily assimilated for data analysis. The remainder may have value, but should be regardedas being only recommended levels of discharge.

It is recommended that NWASCO should set up a working party to carry out ajoint review ofall standards, licenses, and enforcement procedures for both water supply and sewage.

The above recommendation is not included in the EMP for the MTS Project, but is reiteratedin Appendix H comprising other issues.

Construction and Rehabilitation Works. There appears to be no problems, at present, fromillegal settlements along the alignments of any pipelines, or at the site of any other works.There appears to be no land use conflict, conceming any of the proposed investments.

There will be risk to workers, and especially to nearby residents from construction activities.These are no more so than would be expected from any construction activities. However, theconstruction supervisor should be aware of public liability, and ensure that any contractorminimises the risks as far as possible.

Construction risks will be minimised by proper supervision of construction activities, andfiulconsideration given to appropriate alternative technologies.

With regard to sewerage construction work, it is expected that a program should be workedout so that sewerage construction runs in parallel with water pipe construction in thesame areas to minimise environmental factors and inconvenience to consumers (doesnot apply to Nkana).

4.2.6 Issues related specifically to water supply

WTP sludge and backwash water creates a polluting load to receiving waters. The normaloperation of the WTP creates waste waters from sludge from clarifier tanks, and backwashwater from filters. The general practice at present is to dispose of these wastes to anyadjacent watercourse, without consideration whetber this has sufficient flow to dilute thepolluting effects. In some instances, the streams also carry.mine wastes, which would eitherswamp the pollutant effect of the WTP wastes by their own pollutant effect, or would givequite a high degree of dilution to reduce the pollutant effect. However, some streams areephemeral, and the effect of receiving WTP wastes would have a deleterious effect on theaquatic life of such streams.

The sludge from clarifiers would be expected to be heavily contaminated with aluminiumsalts, and lime residue, together with the particulate matter, which they cause to precipitateout. It may be worth considering the possibility of creating alum recovery plants, especiallyin view of the cost of alum supplies (US$ 12.50 per 50 kg bag, from South Africa). Annualexpenditure on alum purchases amount to around US$ 350,000 across all the five divisions.Even assuming only 30% were recovered, the potential for savings would be of the order ofUS$ 120,000 per annum. On top of that, there would be a saving of environmentaldegradation.

Backwash water is more dilute, but still contains contaminates. Where this cannot bedisposed of to a mine tailings disposal process, this should be returned to the inlet forre-cycling. However, there may be a potential problem of build up of iron and

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manganese salts, and this should be guarded against. The installation of alum recoveryplant(s) should be considered.

Security of source water when mines close and slop pumping from their undergroundsources is a cause for concern. This is a matter for concern both on a local level, and on anational level. On a local level, the problem may be overcome by allowing the mine to fillwith water to its natural standing water level, and then regard the mine shaft as a borehole,and pump from that at a higher level. This may require modification of the Mines Act withrespect to closure procedures of mines, and capping the shaft in particular. Water from such asource may actually be cleaner than at present as the underground workings of the minewould act as a quiescent settling tank.

On a national level, it has been shown in this EA study that mines actually increase the flowof the Kafue River. At times of minimum flow the volume of water reaching the LukangaSwamps is increased by up to 10% above natural flow; this represents about 100 mill. m3/y.The question should therefore be considered, whether such resource is now an establishednecessity for downstream utilisation, or whether the water would be more valuable left in theground to re-charge the groundwater resources of the Copperbelt.

A Water Resource Study to address this issue is included in the project.

4.2.7 Issues related specifically to sewage and sewerage

The presence of water hyacinth (Eichornia Crassipes) on sewage ponds requires comment.Water hyacinth has been observed at Konkola and Mufulira growing on sewage ponds. Insome quarters, the presence of such weed has been a cause for concern, particularly for watersources. It certainly indicates the presence of the necessary nutrients, nitrate and phosphate.Work in South Africa (R.D. Walmsely and M. Butty 1980) has shown that at or above anitrate:phosphate ratio of 5:1, plant production can be excessive. A significant paper byMtonga, et al (Mtonga 1999), has shown that at Konkola incoming sewage has phosphatelevels as high as 11.5 mg/I.

However, it is also a property of water hyacinth that .t uptakes metals. Sinkala, et al (Sinkala1997) reported that copper was found in concentrations far in excess of that required for plantgrowth, and for cobalt it was extremely in excess of the level for plant growth. Whilst thepresence of the weed creates an anaerobic condition in the water below that, of itself, is not abad thing for sewage treatment at a preliminary stage. Mtonga, et al, noted that at Konkolathe nitrate was completely removed through the pond covered by the weed.

Therefore, subject to certain provisions, the presence of water hyacinth need not be such acause for concern, and may actually assist in cleaning up the sewage. The provisos are:

* That adequate area of aerobic ponds follows on from any ponds covered by waterhyacinth.

* That the water hyacinth has to be harvested in the full growth stage.

If left to die off, the weed releases all its nutrients back into the water creating a pollutionhazard. The harvested weed has been found to make a good fertiliser, which could be a homeindustry by-product from such an approach. It is even possible that the mine industry mightfind such an approach useful as a means of recovering copper and cobalt.

Environmental aspects of the fauna in the sewage pond systems. Observations were madethat frogs and fish existed in several of the sewage pond systems. These are welcome signsINTERCONSULT International AS 25 * INTER-November 1999 0-PU CONSULT

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that treatment is taking place and that oxygen is being absorbed into the water. On the macroside, the presence of crocodiles is a further indication of the presence of food, in the form offish and frogs. However, the crocodiles also constitute a grave danger to personnel employedon the maintenance of the ponds. Therein lies the environmental factor. Ponds requiremaintenance to both protect the physical condition of the embankments, and prevent growthof unwanted weed or trees, which could adversely affect the treatment process or endangerthe stability of the embankments. Measures to exclude the animals would be prohibitiveexpensive as a grown up crocodile can easily get over a 2 m high barrier.

After discussing the problem with the Department of National Parks and Wildlife, the EAStudy Team was advised to contact the Crocodiles Farmers Association of Zambia (CFAZ),who are authorised to deal with such animals. They should be contacted whenever crocodilesare observed. Larger animals would be dangerous to try to trap and remove, and the only sureway is to shoot them, which CFAZ is authorised to do. It should be mentioned in this regardthat the population of crocodiles seems to be on the increase in Zambia and people are beingattacked. This is based on own conversations with people in rural areas over the past 15 years.The numbers which would need to be removed in this manner would probably not exceed 25- 30 each year, across all divisions.

Similarly, hippopotamus (hippo) (reported in one pond) is also dangerous to humans,especially when someone gets between the animal and its water. The usual daily cycle ofhippos is that they will stay close to their water (mainly in the water) during the heat of theday, and only come out and graze at night. It is therefor unlikely that actual danger wouldoccur to any personnel as long as they are observant of the presence of hippos in the pondsduring the day. Sewage ponds are unmanned at night.

Sewage effluent standards. The EA Study Team was able to obtain Statutory compliancereports for the period July to December 1998 for the following outlets of effluents fromsewage ponds: Konkola (Golf Course, Konkola and Kamenza STW) Mufulira (KantanshiSection 3, Kantanshi Big Pond, Butondo Big Pond, Kankoyo South and Kankoyo North) andNchanga (Nchanga Main to Nchanga Stream); and for the period January - June 1999 forRAMC (Z) (Mpatamatu). The following tests are supposed to be carried out (some are leftopen in some lab reports): flow rate (m3/d), pH, dissolved solids (mg/I), suspended solids(mg/I) dissolved sulphate (mg/I), total copper, cobalt, iron, manganese (mg/I), BOD5 (mg/I),faecal and total coliform count/I 00 ml.

The current ECZ standards call for effluent to meet a faecal coliform count of 5.000/100 ml.At face value the analysis available would suggest that the present effluent discharges meetthat standard. However, these values may be false indicators. The reason is that the flowsthrough most sewage treatment facilities are being over optimistically stated, and that theresidence times within the ponds are higher than believed, due to blocked and leaking sewerspipes, sewage diverted for irrigation of gardens and non functional pumps. Without propermetering of the flow this can be no more than an educated guess.

Secondly, the effluent standard value of ECZ with regard to faecal coliform is too high forirrigation use of the effluent water. WHO quotes various standards, which are applicable fordifferent types of effluent usage. The highest value quoted by WHO is 1.000/100 ml, and thelowest is 100/100 ml. As the effluent from most of the ponds under the Project wouldnormally be used for irrigation, it is therefor recommended that a standard of 500/100 ml beself imposed on a general level to reduce the likelihood of causing any infection from pollutedwater being used for irrigation. As indicated in Section 4.2.2 it is also recommended that forthe Mpatamatu ponds the coliform standard should be set at 100/100 ml.

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A separate note is attached (Appendix G) showing the principles of design for sewagetreatment ponds. A check has been made on the capacities of the sewage ponds observed atthe divisions, using these principles, and sewage flows derived from conventional sewagereturn contributions. This has shown virtually all the ponds to be returning a satisfactoryhydraulic performance, but not one achieves a satisfactory coliform reduction if the standardsadvocated above are to be maintained. Thus, in every case, four maturation ponds arerequired, each of 5 days retention capacity to achieve that standard of perfonnance.It is therefore recommended to include sufficient funds in the rehabilitation budget forexpansion of the sewage treatment systems where required to meet the recommendedstandards for coliform and other parameters as required by ECZ on a limited samples basisin effluent discharges.

A limited sample basis should include parameters and values as follows (see Table 6.8D inSection 6.7):

pH 6.0 - 9.0BOD 50 mg 02/1COD 90 mg 02/1Total suspended solids (TSS) 100 mg/ITotal dissolved solids (TDS) 300 mg/lAmmonical Nitrogen 10 mg N/lOrganic Nitrogen 5.0 mg/lNitrate Nitrogen 50 mg/i (for lakes 20 mg/l)Phosphorus 6.0 mg/l (for lake cathcment areas 1.0 mg/I)Faecal Coliform counts 500/100 ml (100/100 ml for Mpatamatu)

In considering these recommendations, ECZ should also consult the World Bank Group'sHandbook on Pollution Prevention and Abatement.

Contribution of sewage effluents to the Kafue Basin was considered. An evaluation wasmade of the contribution of sewage effluents to the total load carried by the Kafue River.ZCCM Environmental Services report on samples taken from the River (four parameters).TSS was chosen as the parameter for comparison, taking ZCCM's own analyses from theirSTPs. River flows were taken as average for the year June 1998 to May 1999, and sewageflows were taken as average flows.

Figure 42 MPss balanceofKarfue Rier flow

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From these figures, an analysis was made of the mass balance of solids carried by the river,and contributed bv the effluents. Figure 4.2 shows that on average, the effluent TSScontributed less than 1% of the TSS in the river. This rose to a maximum of 4% downstreamof Konkola during March 1999, but that does not correlate with the othermaxima, which bothoccurred during September 1998.

4.2.8 Summary of recommendations

Recommendations to be incorporated in the EMP are identified with a letter and a number(see Chapter 6). Other recommendations are listed in Appendix H. E stands forEnvironmental Management recommendations and C for mitigating measures common to alldivisions. E I - E 2 concerns overall environmental management and are discussed in Chapter6.

* 01 Water and sewage operators should be given skills training, to give them a greaterunderstanding and awareness of why they carry out certain functions, and why thosefunctions need to be carried out in the first place. This will be carried out by the PO.Additionalfunds are also allocatedfor training under the project.

E 02 Further planning of the Project should include an assessment of the need foroperational and quality assurance laboratory services and an appraisal on how thisneed can best be met as an integral part of the Project.

C 01 Operations staff should be separated into those dealing with clean and dirty waterworkers, and there should be no cross utilisation of one into the other, without firstensuring proper hygiene procedures are carried out, and protective clothing issuedand used It is further recommended that water workers be given regular medicalchecks at six-month intervals to ensure they are not carriers of any water bornediseases.

C 02 Installation of alzum recovery plant(s) should be considered.

C 03 With regard to the presence of water hyacinth there need not be such a cause forconcern. The weed may actually assist in cleaning up the sewage. The provisionsare:



C 04 Sufficient funds should be included in the rehabilitation budget for expansion of thesewage treatment systems where required to in general meet the proposed standardsfor coliform and ECZ standards for parameters on a limited samples basis in effluentdischarges. (Does not apply to Nkana).

C 05 A programme should be worked out so that sewerage construction runs in parallelwith water pipe construction in the same areas to minimise environmentalfactors andinconvenience to consumers. (Does not apply to Nkana).

C 06 Construction risks should be minimised by proper supervision of constructionactivities andfull consideration given to appropriate alternative technologies.

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4.3 Nkana Division - Kitwe

4.3.1 Existing water and sanitation systems

The status of the existing water and sanitation systems is described in Appendix F, PlantStatus Field Reports.

Two points will be noted here that at the request of ZCCM/AHC an inspection was also madeof Kalalushi, which was not part of the original project. This has become of importance asthe mine at Kalalushi probably has only 3 or 4 years productive life left, and is the sole sourceof water for the Kalalushi division. Secondly, Nkana division does not carry out any sewerageor sewage treatment functions. These are taken entirely by Kitwe City Council. As thistherefore did not form part of the rehabilitation programme, it was not studied.

4.3.2 Current Environmental Situation.

The current environmental position concerns the water intake from the Kafue River. At thelocation where it is situated, it is downstream of most of Kitwe City. The city has a largeindustrial base, and the risk of pollution of the Kafue is ever present. Provided a raw waterreservoir is constructed at the intake, the danger to the water supply should be small. But,vigilance should be exercised in monitoring the quality of the river water against any suddenincrease in indicators of pollution.

On a "do-nothing" approach, the greatest environmental danger will be a major pipeline burst.Depending on where that occurs, it could cause loss of life at worst, or damage to property orinfrastructure at best. Based on the evidence of pipelines seen at 1 7 th Avenue pump station, itshould be assumed that such an eventuality will occur, sooner rather than later.

The condition of Concentrator WTP gives rise for concern. It is not specifically included inthe proposed rehabilitation budget, but the ZCCM staff on site seems to be of anotherunderstanding. The Plant Status Field Report (Appendix E) offers 3 possible alternatives incase it is to be closed down (see also Section 4.3.5). The major concern is the Mindolatownship, which today is supplied from the Concentrator WTP.

4.3.3 Project description

Supply and Demand Projections. Total demand has been calculated to 20,700 m3/d, actualproduction is estimated at 65,000 m3/d and the projected demand of 2005 has been calculatedto 25,200 m3/d (see also Appendix H).

Investment Programme. Project investments proposed by the World Bank for Nkanadivision are shown in Table 4.3 in Appendix E. Notes related to environmental issues havebeen added in the light of findings from this study.

Significant Environmental Effects. Within the time horizon to 2005, it is not envisaged thatthere will be any significant negative environmental effects as a result of implementing thisProject. Current water abstraction from the Kafue River is not envisaged to increase,although it may be expected there will be some increase after 2005.

Minor Environmental Effects. Rehabilitation of the water pipework transmission andreticulation systems will have overall positive environmental effects. Minor environmentaleffects may be expected from pipeline construction, construction of pipelines across KafueRiver, other construction work and cleaning out the reservoir after testing.

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4.3.4 Environmental assessment

Raw Water Intake. The existing Kafue Intake will continue to be the sole source of suppiv.As outlined above, it is at risk to pollution slugs coming down the river from Kitwe City.That can be mitigated against by constructing a raw water storage tank at the intake. Theintake structures should be checked against a maximum flood in the river, which mightinundate the pump stations.

Even if the abstraction rate is increased to 100,000 m3/day, that would still represent only 3%of river flow under minimum flow conditions. This is not considered to be a majorenvironmental problem. ZCCM analysis reports indicate that at Ndola Road bridge,approximately 6 km downstream, the river has generally recovered from earlier solidsloading. Provided there is no local pollution, which should in any case be of only shortduration, the water quality is reasonable for a raw water source.

Water Treatment Plant. The Nkana East WTP is in a secluded area, which does not intrudeupon any housing areas. It makes no more noise than one would expect from an operationwhere electric motors have to run. Smell is not a problem. There is adequate room on the siteto double the whole size of the plant, should that need ever arise.

The rehabilitation budget does not indicate what work is to be carried out on Nkana EastWTP. It is, however, assumed that the intention is to bring the plant up to design capacity.This being the case, expansion of treatment capacity will not be required to meet the demandfor 2005.

Backwash waters and sludge are currently discharged back into the Kafue River. At 5% oftreated water flow, they would contribute less than 0.2% of flow back to river at times ofminimum river flow. This would not be expected to have a deleterious environmental effectat that level of dilution, but consideration should be given to installing an alum recoveryplant.

Water Transmission and Reticulation System . The existing pipework is in need ofreplacement, otherwise there could be breakdowns to supply from bursts, with consequentdanger to persons and/or property. Provided the materials for the new pipes are chosencorrectly, they should give at least 30 years service before again becoming a problem.Likewise, that selection would also obviate another potential risk, cross pollution fromsewage into cracked pipes orjoints. It is believed that in any case that risk is small.

Main Water Transmission Booster Pump Stations. 17th Avenue pump station will remainas a major feature of the transmission system. It is presently well maintained, on the oppositeside of a main road across from a high cost housing area. It does not obtrude upon thelandscape, and noise is no more than would be expected from any operation where electricmotors are running more or less continuously.

The reservoirs at 17th Avenue need to be cleaned out, and repairs made to the concreteinternally. That work can be accommodated without too much intrusion upon theenvironment. After return to service, there would be an occasional need to clean out thereservoirs, possibly every five years or so. The environmental risk would be minimal fromsuch an operation.

Sewage Systems, Treatment and Discharge. The Division has no Sewage Treatment plant.It relies on the Kitwe City Council. The Council manages three sewage treatment plants,namely; Nkana East Mechanical Activated Sludge Plant (design capacity 45,700 cubic meters

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per day), Ndeke Sewage Ponds and Mindola Sewage ponds. The plants have lackedmaintenance and this has resulted in failure to achieve acceptable effluent dischargestandards.

Because the Nkana East plant is only partially operational, this has led to partially treatedsewage being directly discharged into the Kafue River. The ponds systems receive little flowconsequently the outflow volume is low, but high in algae suspended solids, residual organicnutrients and bacteria. The systems are over 40 years old. They require rehabilitation,upgrading and replacement of old pipelines. Some broken pipelines are being replaced underthe ICI Consultancy (Nine Towns project).

Since Kitwe City deals with sewerage and sewage treatment from Nkana mine townships, theenvironmental impact of this has not been considered in this report.

4.3.5 Analysis of alternatives

This brings Kalalushi into the picture, together with the potential closure of ConcentratorWTP. In the Plant Status Field Report, three alternatives were put forward. These are:

* Nkana East WTP be upgraded to make good the deficit caused by the closure of bothConcentrator and Kalalushi WTP, or

* That a new WTP be constructed nearer to Mindola Township and Kalalushi continues totake water from the mine shaft, or

* That a new WTP be constructed at a convenient site just to the west of the railway, toaccommodate both Mindola and Kalalushi Townships.

The approximate costs for a new WTP and/or transmission pipelines would be in the region ofUS$ 1.0 million, bearing in mind the overall strategy behind the eventual choice of option.The final option to be chosen will also depend upon how the Nkana Water and SewerageCompany will solve the question of future raw water source for Kalulushi Town.


The following recommendations are incorporated in the EMP (Chapter 6):

Nk 01 A raw water storage reservoir should be constructed at Kafue River intake.

Nk 02 Flood levels need to be established in relation to any risk of flooding of the pumpstations at the intake.

4.4 Nchanga Division - Chingola



4.4.2 Current environmental situation

The main environmental concern is that Nchanga takes its water from the Kafue River. Thepoint of abstraction is to the north east of Chingola town, where the river has turned to flow tothe east. The Chingola/Mushishima streams flow from. the west side of Nchanga/ChingolaINTERCONSULTinternational AS 31 2 I; INTER-November 1999 ._7 .W CONSULT

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collecting a pollutant load, and join the Kafue upstream of the Hippo Pool. and 7-8 kmupstream of the intake. There is therefore a risk of accidental pollution, either from trafficaccidents or industrial pollution, getting into the water intake.

Nchanga STW has now been found to be sitting on top of a copper seam. Mining activitiesmay soon displace that, and rather than spend money on rehabilitating the existing STW foran unknown life, it would be better to develop a new set of sewage ponds on a site nearer theKafue River, downstream of the water intake. It is, however, beyond the scope of this EAStudy to indicate who should finance the construction of a new STW and the termination andclosure of the existing one.

The overall impression one gets of Nchanga/Chingola is the dominance of the miningactivities, against which backdrop the water and sanitation activities seem minimal.


Supply and Demand Projections. The water supply demand for 2005 has bee estimated to33,000 m3/d, including 10,000 m3/d for mines operations. A sewage flow of 10,950 m3/d hasbeen estimated for 2005 (see Appendix H for details).

Investment Program. Project investments proposed by the World Bank for Nchanga divisionare shown in Table 4.4 in Appendix E. Notes with relevance for the environment have beenadded in the light of findings from this study.

Significant Environmental Effects. Within the 2005 time frame there should be nosignificant environmental effects. Current water abstractions are sufficient to meet demand,provided that unaccounted for water receives attention, which it should do with new pipelinesbeing laid.

Minor Environmental Effects. There may be a risk of a burst of the transmission pipelinesfrom the intake, which run above ground for much of the way from the intake to the WTP, butthe potential hazard to people is minimal. There is also a potential minor environmental effectfrom sewerage as the lack of overflow facilities at pump stations creates a hazard at times ofpump stoppages.


Raw Water Intake. The raw water intake is situated approximately 5 km from the nearesthouses, and does not create any nuisance. Apart from the potential pollution problemmentioned above, the main environmental hazard around the intake is crocodiles.

The maximum level of water take (60,000 m3/d) would represent about 7% of river flow atminimum, and that would not be considered to be too great a depletion of the river.

To guard against possible accidental pollution, a raw water storage reservoir should be built atthe intake to hold emergency supplies whilst any pollutant slug passes. This will requirevigilance to be exercised at the intake in monitoring the quality of the river water against anysudden increase in indicators of pollution. However, in a deal recently struck with a buyer ofNchanga Mine it has been agreed that the new owner will provide mine water for domesticsupply over a period of 12 years. In case the raw water source is shifted to only mine water,the present raw water intake would be closed down and the recommendation would not bevalid. Mine shaft water can be expected to ha a high degree of corrosivity, and a decisionshould await the outcome of the corrosivity study recommended in Appendix G.

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Water Treatment Plant. Previous estimates of the WTP capacity have given it a treatmentcapability of 60,000 m'/day, based on filter capacity. No sedimentation is provided. Basedon the figures estimated for Nkana East, the production capacity is probably reasonable, andtherefore capable of meeting requirements to 2005. However, a clarifier would assist inensuring water quality, and extend periods between backwashing of the filters.

Backwash water is at present discharged to an adjacent stream, thence eventually into theChingola Stream. The stream receives water also from the mine operations, and whilstfigures are not available for the relative levels of flow, the WTP contribution is probably lessthen 5%. Any environmental effect from the WTP wastes is minimal compared with the minewastes or, at the very least, receives dilution from the mine waters. Rather than continue thatoption, it would be better for backwash water, and any sludge from a future clarifier, to bedischarge across the road to a mine tailings leach plant settling tank, and be disposed of withthe tailings residue. The quantity would be about 2,000 m3/day, at 5% backwash rate.

Water Transmission and Reticulation Systems. The existing pipework is in need ofreplacement, otherwise there could be breakdowns to supply from bursts, with consequentdanger to persons and/or property. Provided the materials for the new pipes are chosencorrectly, they should give at least 30 years service before again becoming a problem.Likewise, that selection would also obviate another potential risk, cross pollution fromsewage into cracked pipes orjoints. It is believed that in any case that risk is small.

Main Water Transmission Booster Pump Stations. The main booster pump station is at theWTP, and the pumps are obviously in need of rehabilitation. Some rationalisation of thepumping main layout might also be usefully done. There is another booster pump at Elreservoir (Chingola Town Centre). It was not possible to see that pump station as there wasno attendant available. No rehabilitation work is proposed on the booster pump stations.

Sewage Reticulation and Trunk Mains. Sewerage is generally by gravity, with three pumpstations. Effectively, all three are direct feeds to their respective STP. Little evidence wasseen, as elsewhere, of vandalism or blockage of manholes. Rehabilitation work is proposed,but not detailed. Provided normal precautions are taken with proper supervision, theconstruction work should not represent any serious environmental impact (see Section 4.2.6regarding construction work).

Sewage Pumping Stations. Sewage pump stations are of concern from their lack of overflowprovisions in the event of pump stoppage. It would be advisable to provide collector ponds togive at least six hours capacity, but this is not specifically included in the environmentalrecommendations, only in Appendix G for consideration. Overflows from those ponds shouldin case be directed by pipe as far downstream as possible into the nearest water course.

Sewage Treatment Works. Nchanga North STW may be vulnerable to mining incursion. Itwould be better to accept the inevitable, and close the plant now, rather than spend money onrehabilitation and have it wasted, probably within the 2005 time horizon. The alternativewould be to construct a new STW facility comprising facultative and maturation ponds onland downstream of the water intake. 2 No facultative ponds of 120,000 and 80,000 m2 ,followed by 4 No maturation ponds of 5 days retention each would give a flow capacity toabout 2010 and the water would also be of a standard suitable for aqua culture and irrigation.

At Lulamba STP, the existing "bio-reactor" works well enough, but is expensive to run interms of energy costs. It does yield a sludge that is of value to local farmers, but thequantities are insufficient to be marketable to cover the energy costs. There is plenty of landavailable at Lulamba, and conversion to a total sewage pond treatment system will save on

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energy, noise, and any smell risk, as well as yielding an effluent of good quality for irrigationpurposes. It can be replaced with facultative and maturation ponds. The present 2 No pondsare too small, unfortunately, for incorporation into the design, but 2 No facultative ponds of40,000 and 30,000 m' followed by 4 No maturation ponds of 5 days retention each wouldgive flow capacity to about 2010, and the water would also be of a standard suitable for aquaculture and irrigation.

The recommendations above are included in Appendix H.



N 01 A raw water storage tank is required at the intake (in case the source is not shifted tomine shaft water).

N 02 Backwash water and sludge to be discharged to a tailings leach settling tank acrossthe roadfor the WTP.

4.5 Mufulira Division - Mufulira.




The water supply to Mufulira Stream comes from Valley Dam. This was completed around30 years ago, and gives signs that it may be in need of some rehabilitation work. The currentabstraction license is for 40,000 m3/day, but only about 16,000 - 20,000 m3/day is actuallybeing taken. It is possible that live storage could be doubled by raising the spillway crest 4.0m, but that would need to be examined in more detail technically and environmentally.However, if feasible, it would ensure that domestic water supplies could be taken entirelyfrom that source at up to 60,000 m3/day for up to two years at a time with minimal inflow.

The Mufulira Stream Raw Water Intake appears to be at risk from pollution from wash outfrom an adjacent tailings dam and some protection may be required.

The Mufulira WTP is located within the Main Plant security area. The plant has a smelter,and the sulphur dioxide fumes from that exceed international standards by a factor of 70.Similarly, dust emissions are 70 times standards. Whilst the WTP does not show anyapparent signs of acid attack, the proximity of such emissions may be absorbed into either theraw water or treated water, with consequent diminishment of quality.

The Mining Plant at Mufulira sits astride a ridge, and this is reflected by having five STW atdifferent points of the compass. All five are pond treatment systems. Calculations show thatbiologically, two of the ponds are capable of producing an applicable standard effluent.However, Kankoyo North and South, and Butondo Big Pond are all under capacity forbiological treatment. None of the ponds are capable oVf producing an effluent capable ofmeeting a coliformn standard. Both sets of Kankoyo ponds are within 1/2 km of housing, andare used as a play ground by local children. Children also abound at Kantanshi Section 9ponds, and are probably responsible for an act of vandalism there, which broke down the

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channel inter-connecting pond I to pond 2. Water hyacinth was observed at Kankoyo South.Butando Big Pond. and Kantanshi Section 9 ponds Crocodile were reported at Kantanshi BigPond, but not observed, and at Kankoyo North pond, where one was observed.

A point, which needs to be noted, is that Butondo Big Pond had no outflow at the time of thesite visit. Obviously, there has been no outflow from No I pond for some considerable time.It is possible that there may be seepage through the underlying strata, and this needs to bechecked, and if proved sealed off. The risk would be contamination to groundwater fromsuch sewage seepage.

Sewerage is also subject to vandalism, and at least one sewer was observed that had beenbroken. The pipe was an asbestos cement pipe, and it is averred that local children hadbroken it by throwing stones against it. Raw sewage was flowing all over an adjacent openarea, where people passed, and children played.

One point for concern was discovered at 1 7th Street pump station. This pump station has botha water booster pump, and a sewage pump on the same site, within 20 m of each other.Neither has a stand-by. There is obviously a positive risk of cross contamination, even if notdirectly, then through the agency of workmen working first on one pump, then on the other.


Supply and Demand Projections. Present water supply demand is estimated to 34,700m3/d, including 3,000 m3/d for mines operations. For 2005 the demand is estimated to 42,000m3/d, and sewage flow is estimated at 18,250 m3/d (see Appendix H for details).

Investment Programme. Project investments proposed by the World Bank for Mufuliradivision are shown in Table 4.5 in Appendix E. Notes concerning environmental issues havebeen added in the light of findings from this study.

Significant Environmental Effects. Increasing supply demand up to 2005, and the Projectwill not cause any significant impact on the present raw water supply arrangements. Sewagedischarges will increase in the period to 2005. Over load of sewage ponds will cause risks ofsignificant environmental effects if the capacity is not expanded as recommended by thisReport.

Minor Environmental Effects. Minor environmental effects may be expected from potentialtransmission pipelines bursts and from construction works. On sewerage, there is a risk ofminor effects from vandalism with breaking of sewer pipes and lack of overflow capacity atpump stations.


Raw Water Intake. The lake impounded by the Valley dam is already a fact of life of thearea, and has been for nearly 30 years. However, concern is expressed at the condition of thedam, and it is recommended that it be inspected by a registered panel dam engineer. It mayalso be necessary to engage a grouting specialist to advise on sealing the apparent leaks underthe dam. As a part of both exercises, consideration should be given to raising the crest of thespillway by 4.0 m. This would more than double live storage from 16.6 to 35.0 x 106 m3.The engineering feasibility needs to be established as a first stage, and then a separateenvironmental assessment made of that specific proposal. The recommendation is included inAppendix H.

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The intake pump station needs structural attention to the adjacent reservoir. That would givesome protection against pollution in the Mufulira Stream from an adjacent tailings dump. Asa further stage, consideration should be given to stabilising the tailings dump on the facesfacing the Stream. This could be done with re-vegetation, geo-textiles. etc. The pump stationdelivers to the WTP, and is supposed to have capacity up to 20,000 m3/day. It isrecommended that these be upgraded to deliver 30,000 m3/day, to give a greater reliance uponraw water for domestic supplies than mine water. This recommendation is included inAppendix G.

Water Treatment Plant. The capacity for the clarifiers is estimated to be 23,000 m3/day.This is believed to be reasonable, if not an over estimate. Therefore, to cater for 2005 flows,the clarifiers need to be doubled in capacity, on the assumption that all incoming flow firstgoes through the clarifiers. This would be beneficial to the overall treatment process, andpermit easier balancing of flows to the filters.

Sludge and backwash water are currently discharged to a stream, which eventually finds itsway back to the Mufulira Stream, downstream of the water intake. The originating streamprobably also carries mine waste water, and the volume of WTP waste is probably less than5% of that discharged by the mine. The environmental effects of the WTP wastes wouldtherefore be masked or diluted by the mine wastes. The volume, at 5% would rise to about2,000 m3/day by 2005. One option to river discharge would be to construct a tank to receiveall waste flows, and pump this back to the inlet for re-processing with the raw water over 24hours. The only constraint to that is there is a risk of build up of iron and manganese.


Main Water Transmission Booster Pump Stations. The water booster stations should berehabilitated, and in particular 1 7t Street pump station should be separated from the sewagepump station. Likewise, the workers who attend to the water pumps should be kept separatefrom those who attend to the sewage pumps. This is included in the recommendations undercommon issues.

Sewage Reticulation and Trunk Mains. Sewage flows mainly by gravity, but there are 9 Nopump stations, all low lift, to raise the sewage locally to the head of the next adjacent sewer.This is normal practise elsewhere, and creates no nuisance, except when there is a pumpstoppage.

Sewage Pumping Stations. To guard against nuisance created by pump stoppages, duplicatepump sets should be available at every pump station, on a working/stand-by arrangement.Likewise, where land permits, overflow ponds should be constructed to give about 6 hourscapacity against longer stoppages. Piped outlets from such ponds should be fed to the nearestwater course as far downstream as possible. (See also Nchanga, Section 4.4.4).

Sewage Treatment Works. Unless the overload situation receives attention, there will be aserious danger of creating environmental nuisances. One of the first consequences will bethat the ponds will start to smell. Gross solids will float on the surface, and this will lead torat infestations, and fly and mosquito breeding. If the hydraulic overload exceeds the

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capacity of the inter pond arrangements, over spills may also be expected. Based onconventional pond design, the following have been calculated as required:

Katanshi Big Ponds I new primary facultative pond 120,000 m2 ,

4 maturation pondsKankoyo Combined Ponds Primary 60,000 mi, secondary 60,000 mi. tertiary

40,000 mi2 , 4 maturation pondsButondo Big Ponds I new tertiary facultative pond 20,000 m2 ,

4 maturation pondsKantanshi Section 9 1 new primary facultative pond 10,000 m2 ,

4 maturation ponds.

These ponds will then give effluents conforming to the recommended standards in allrespects, and of a quality suitable for aqua culture and irrigation. Attention should also begiven to the ground conditions, and in the event that fissured rock is below any pond, thebottom of the ponds must be sealed to prevent pollution of groundwater.


The following recommendations are reflected in the EMP (Chapter 6):

MO] The tailings dump adjacent to the Mufulira Stream intakes should be protected on theslopes facing the stream,, in case it is found that pollutant matter can enter the waterintake.

M02 The 1 7th Street pump station should be separatedfrom the sewage pump station.M 03 The Kankoyo North and South sewage ponds should be replaced with new combined

sewage ponds. The existing Kankoyo ponds are in any case under capacity for 2005flows.

M 04 The remaining three sewage pond systems all require upgrading to accept 2005flows.

M 05 All the 9 sewage pumping stations should be upgraded.

4.6 Konkola Division - Chililabombwe




Konkola Division derives its water from three sources; Kafue River and mine water,delivering to Chililabombwe WTP, and Mingomba Intake, delivering to Konkola WTP.Konkola Division is near the headwaters of the Kafue River, and the risk of accidentalpollution is very slight. The Mingomba Intake is on a stream of limited catchment, andunknown hydrological perforrnance. It also sits at the top end of the tailings dam. There istherefore a slight risk that at periods of low stream flow the intake is drawing water back fromthe tailings dam.

It should be regarded as a matter for environmental concern that the Kamenza reservoirs standas they do. The now disused reservoir is a danger. It was of prestressed concreteconstruction. Concrete is now spalling off the walls, .exposing the prestress wires, some of

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which have already snapped and broken. If many more fail. the walls will have no structuralstrength, and could easily collapse with potentially fatal results. The new reservoir has beenstanding incomplete for so long its foundations must now be suspect from weathering. Itwould be unwise to continue construction without a thorough ground investigation to provethe soundness of the foundations.

The Konkola mines are the deepest on the Copperbelt, and water drawn from these is almostcertain to be high in carbon dioxide. Corrosivity is therefore a factor, which should beinvestigated further, especially if reliance has to be placed on more water for future expansionof domestic water supplies.

4.63 Project description

Supply and Demand Projections. Total demand for water supply, including Konkolatownship and mines operations is 22,500 m3/d. This will increase to 26,000 m3/d in 2005.Sewage flow is estimated to 9,250 m3/d in 2005 (see Appendix H).

Investment Program. Project investments proposed by the World Bank for Konkola divisionare shown in Table 4.6 in Appendix E. Notes of significance for the environment have beenadded in the light of findings from this study.

Significant Environmental Effects. ZCCM estimate that water is pumped from the KafueRiver at 30,000 ms/day. This represents about 10% of the river flow at minimum flow, andthis could be safely increased by 50%, if needed, without significant environmental impact.To avoid significant environmental impact from the effluent discharge from the sewageponds, the recommendations of this Report should be followed.

Minor Environmental Effects. Minor environmental effects may be expected fromrehabilitation and replacement of transmission and distribution pipelines.

Sewage pump stations should have overflow capacities to avoid environmental impacts frompump stoppages.


Raw Water Intake. The raw water intake is situated well away from any houses. It sits on astretch of the river, upstream from the Golf Course sewage pond effluent, and it is little risk ofpollution from that source. It is thought unlikely to suffer from accidental pollution of theriver, so a raw water reservoir is not necessary here.

Water Treatment Plant. Part of the Chililabombwe WTP is situated in the Township, andnot therefore subject to mine security. The other part, which gives sedimentation treatment tomine water, is within the mining area. Sludge is drawn off twice a year, and pumped to thetailings clarifier, for disposal to the tailings dam. It is recommended that all water shouldreceive settlement at the WTP. This would extend the operation of the filters, and permit a re-organisation of the pipework layouts to give greater flexibility between flows to the twobanks.

There is a water storage reservoir at the bottom of the works. This is supported by externallyapplied stressing rods. This looks as if it was an addition to support the structure, which musthave looked in distress at the time. It is an environmental risk left as it is, as any structuralfailure could result in a sudden release of water with consequent flood damage toneighbouring property. This reservoir should be replaced. with another of adequate design.

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Backwash water at present is discharged to a stream, which eventually finds its way back tothe Kafue River. The stream would probably be ephemeral if it did not carry the WTP wastewater. As it is only backwash water, at present, this would have some mineral impurities in it,but would largely be organic impurities. It is probable that it exerts an oxygen demand onany aquatic life in the stream, and may have caused the death of most forms of life. If aclarifier is constructed, the wastes would then be environmentally unfriendly to that stream.In case a clarifier is installed, a tank should be constructed to receive all waste flows, andpump this back to the inlet for re-processing with the raw water over 24 hours. The onlyconstraint to that is there is a risk of build up of iron and manganese.


Sewage Reticulation and Trunk Mains. Sewage flow arriving at the Golf Course ponds issmaller than would have been expected. It has been observed that the pipe appears to havebeen fractured at the solid waste dump and raw sewage was spilling out at that site, thisshould be repaired as soon as possible.

Sewage Pumping Stations. There may have to be a pumping station to serve Kamenza, if thesewage from that area is diverted to Golf Course ponds. The siting should be chosen to bescreened from housing, and to permit an emergency overflow pond to be sited adjacent toreceive any spills in the event of pump stoppages.

Sewage Treatment Works. Both Golf Course ponds and Konkola ponds are sited well awayfrom any housing. There is no noticeable smell from either, and nothing to create a nuisance.Crocodiles in the Golf Course ponds create a hazard to people working in and around theponds; some seen must have been 3.5 to 4.0 m long, and more than capable of attacking ahuman. A hippopotamus is also believed to use the ponds (see also Section 4.2.8). Theirpresence is encouraging though, as indicating that food, in the form of fishes and frogs, existin the ponds. This supports the calculations that Golf Course ponds do achieve biologicaltreatment, but fail to meet the proposed coliform standard.

It has been suggested by ZCCM that sewage treatment be concentrated at Golf Course andKonkola ponds. This makes a lot of sense, and calculations have confirmed that Golf Coursehas got the capacity, with added maturation ponds, to accept the extra flow. One point ofconcern is the high phosphate level in the incoming sewage to Golf Course ponds. Mtonga, etal (Mtonga 1999), reported levels as high as 11.5 mg/I. This is unusually high for what is justa domestic sewage, and is the cause of the flourishing water hyacinth growth. It is possiblethat one source of the phosphate is solid waste dumpsite adjacent to the access road to GolfCourse ponds, and more or less on top of the trunk sewer; whereby leachate is somehowentering the sewer. Some samples, immediately upstream and downstream of the site wouldconfirm or deny that. There are however, no maps or drawings available to confirm the layoutof the sewer, but in the parallel solid waste study (Chapter 5), it was observed that the sewerdoes appear to be broken at the site of the dump.

Konkola pond effluent gets diverted for irrigation purposes. One hole was observed in thebank of the final pond to let water out to an adjacent field. These ponds are also capable ofgiving biological treatment, but fail to meet the coliform standard.

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Given that there is plentv of room at both sites to construct further ponds. 4 no maturationponds should be constructed at each site to give a coliform conforming effluent. The effluentwould then be suitable for aqua culture and irrigation.



K 01 In case a clarifier is installed a tank should be installed to receive all backwash waterand pump this back to the inlet for re-processing.

K 02 The Kamenza reservoir situation should receive special attention to clear away theold reservoir, and make proper ground investigations on the site of the new one.

K 03 The Golf Course and Konkola sewage ponds have adequate capacity to treat allsewage flows to 2005, provided maturation ponds are added. Kamenza ponds shouldbe closed.

4.7 Roan Antelope Mine Corporation - Luanshya




The current environmental situation at Luanshya is grave, mainly due to lack of funds, but forother reasons as well. No sewage pump station was running, so sewage was passing eitherinto the Luanshya Dam, or into the Luanshya Stream. Sewers were also blocked, to enablethe sewage flow to irrigate adjacent fields.

Raw water is taken from Shaft 18/28, and flows in an open culvert through a low costtownship (Mpatumatu), where it can be easily polluted by township activities. Raw water isalso taken from the Luanshya dam, which probably is being polluted from seepage of sewage.Raw water is pumped into Makoma Dam from Kafubu River, which drains from Ndola City,and could be carrying pollution from that source. One of the transmission pipelines sufferedtwo major bursts during the site visit. Water is only pumped to distribution for certainrestricted hours every day.

Sewage flows basically two ways. The Mpatamatu pond flows discharge into theNkulumashiba Stream, which joins the Kafue River about 15 km downstream. TheMpatamatu ponds are currently over loaded, and producing a sub-standard effluent. This hasa major influence on the aquatic regime of the Nkulumashiba Stream, and it is expected thatthis is dead to most forms of life down to the Kafue (See also Section 4.2.2).

The Roan ponds are within hydraulic loading parameters for producing a biologicallyacceptable effluent, but out with the standards for coliforms. The effluent discharges to theLuanshya Stream, via a farm, which takes some for irrigation. In terms of environmentalimpact, the resulting effluent stream would not be making a significant impact upon thereceiving waters.

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Supply and Demand Projections. Present water supply demand is estimated to 31.300 m3/dincluding mines operations and supply to the municipality. This will increase to 37.800 m3/d.The sewage flow in 2005 is estimated to 18,000 m3/d (see Appendix H).

Investment Program. Project investments proposed by the World Bank for Luanshyadivision are shown in Table 4.7 in Appendix E. Notes related to environmental aspects havebeen added in the light of findings of this study.

Significant Environmental Effects. Provided that the recommendations of the Report isfollowed, there should be no significant environmental effects from the Project with regard tothe water supply and sewage works.

Minor Environmental Effects. The construction of new and rehabilitated pipelines willimpact have some minor environmental effects, and there is a potential risk of pipe bursts.The present situation with some mains going dry at periods will be improved. This alsoapplies to sewage pipes, but there is a need to be aware of clogged sewage pipes on startingup the system after rehabilitation.


Raw Water Intake. None of the three water intakes need uprating to cope with the demandsto 2005. The Kafubu River Intake is the most remote of the three, and least likely to causeany environmental problems. The problem of the Shaft 18/28 water flow through Mpatamatutownship has already been mentioned. The only way to solve that problem would be toenclose the culvert in which the stream runs. Even then, it would be impossible7to excludestreet run-off, as this stream also forms the storm water outlet from the township. Onesolution might be to construct a holding pond before it reaches the main lake. That at leastcould form a detritus trap and alleviate a silting problem in the main dam.

The Luanshya Dam source collects less urban pollution in normal times, but is presentlyheavily polluted from the sewage inflows to the lake. Once that situation is normalised, and arainy season has flushed the lake through, this source could be on a par with the Kafubu interms of pollution.

The Kafubu River intake is situated adjacent to the Municipal Council water intake. To the2005 horizon, it is unlikely that more water would be taken from the Kafubu than the presentabstractions. Likewise, reliance will have to continue of the Shaft 18/28 water, and the waterfrom the Luanshya Dam. These all feed into the Makoma Dam, from which the water isdrawn for treatment. From the visit made, it seems obvious that natural rainfall must alsoplay a part in the water balance of the water supply as, at the end of the dry season, the lakelevel was quite low, and goes lower before the rainy season replenishes the level. If any oneof these three feed sources were to be unavailable for any reason, it could be quite serious forthe Makoma Dam regime, and for the water supply to Luanshya Townships. Backwash waterand sludge from the WTP goes straight back into the Makoma Dam. The dilution in the damwould be more than sufficient to mitigate against the effect of any chemicals, provided thatmixing is taking place within the lake.

Water Treatment Plant. The present WTP would have no capacity to spare after 2005, andthe WTP would then require extensions for the next period. Sludge and backwash waterdisposal has already been mentioned above.

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Water Transmission and Reticulation Svstems. The existing pipework is in need ofreplacement; otherwise there could be breakdowns to supply from bursts, with consequentdanger to persons and/or property. Provided the materials for the new pipes are chosencorrectly, they should give at least 30 years service before again becoming a problem.Likewise, that selection would also obviate another potential risk, cross pollution fromsewage into cracked pipes or joints.

Sewage Reticulation and Trunk Mains. In Mpatamatu township, manholes were observedwith the manhole covers and frames removed, and blocked internally to deliberatelyencourage the sewage to spill over. This was to enable an adjacent field to receive water.Manhole construction and sewer access is a problem also in many other places. The people donot realise is that they are creating an environmental hazard, not just to themselves, but toother people as well. The ultimate solution is long term through education, but in the shortterm, and especially on trunk sewers, which are less prone to blockages, manholes should becompletely sealed off with heavy concrete covers through such areas.

Sewage Pumping Stations. None of the three sewage pump stations was operating at thetime of the visit. However, it was obvious all were in need of urgent rehabilitation, both formechanical plant, and for the building and structural works. The environmental impact oftheir non-operation has been described before. A short-tern measure is proposed in the PlantStatus Field Report, but the long-term solution is to get the pump stations working again.

Sewage Treatment Works. The present status of the two STP is described above.Environmentally, Mpatamatu STP is the cause for greater concern. It takes the sewagedischarges from the greater number of people, and is overloaded. These ponds need to betotally reconstructed. Calculation show that three ponds are necessary, 100,000 m2 followedby two of 80,000 m2 each. 4 no maturation ponds, each of 5 days retention will also berequired to ensure the proposed standard for effluent in all respects. The effluent would thenbe adequate for aqua culture and irrigation, e.g. a coliforn standard of 100 per 100 ml. RoanSTP require 4 no maturation ponds, of 5 days retention each, to give sufficient effluentcoliform standard.


The following recommendations are included in the EMP (Chapter 6):

L 01 The Roan sewage ponds have adequate capacity to treat all sewage flows to 2005,provided maturation ponds are added.

L 02 Mpatamatu sewage ponds need urgent reconstruction to accommodate the 2005flows.

L 03 Rehabilitation of three sewage pump stations is urgently required and should beincluded in the Project investment budget.

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5. ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE

5.1 Introduction

The solid waste management component was introduced into the Project during the Pre-Appraisal Mission in May/June 1999 and consequently the final ER report presented a briefof the mine townships' solid waste management situation. The ToR for the EA Study indicatethat in addition to an environmental assessment, the Report should also come up with aninvestment program required to bring the solid waste management in line with establishedenvironmental regulations and licenses issued by ECZ. In addition a tentative operationalbudget is presented.

The resources allocated to the EA Study did not allow for thorough investigations andfeasibility studies. The assessments and estimates presented are based on reports provided byZCCM (of which some are assumed not to be very reliable), interviews with key personnel,own observations and generally accepted standards and estimates applicable to Africanconditions.

Most issues observed and assessed in this Chapter are common to all the five divisions/areas.These common issues are discussed in Section 5.2. Sections 5.3 through 5.7 deal with issuesparticular for each individual division. Special recommendations for immediate actionspertaining to individual divisions are offered under these Sections. A recommended shortterm Solid Waste Management Project is outlined in Section 5.8 and all recommendationsregarding environmental monitoring are listed in Section 5.9, and included in the EMP(Chapter 6).

5.2 Issues Common to All Divisions

5.2.1 Waste contents and production

Contents of domestic waste

ZCCM reports use the following categories of the contents of domestic refuse: garden andwood products, food stuff, paper products, metal products, leather and textiles, plastics andrubber, and glass and ceramics. ZCCM divisions have for example estimated the content ofgarden and wood products from 66 to 93 % and foodstuff from 2 to 15 % in the six-monthlyreports to ECZ. The contents of these reports do not change from one period to the other.

The following observations were made with regard to type of waste related to type ofhousing.

* Low/medium cost (high density) townships- Refuse bases - bays (concrete slabs with walls on three sides) for each 15 - 25

houses.- Mostly soil and green waste from cleaning of backyards.- Small amounts of kitchen waste, larger amounts of garden refuse during the rain

season (people cutting threes and bushes in their gardens).

* High cost (low density) townships- Metal dustbins with lids (100 - 150 1), mainly for kitchen waste. Many lids were

destroyed and some bins had disappeared without being replaced, or the bins werewithout lids to prevent access by dogs and cats.

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- Small heaps next to the gates for green and backyard waste.* Mines operational areas

- "Industrial waste" - mostly refuse from offices, some garden refuse and smallpieces of scrap metal, debris, bricks, concrete, tins etc.

- Rock waste dumps, tailings dams and slag dumps (not considered in this Report)

* Medical and hazardous waste- Incinerators at the hospitals/clinics - ashes dumped at dumpsites.

Domestic waste production

Three different sources of information have been used in an estimation of the amount of solid(domestic) waste being produced by the mine townships of the five divisions underconsideration. The sources are i) recent oral or written reports from the ZCCM EngineeringSuperintendent Sections, ii) the ZCCM Task Force (TF) report on transfer of municipalservices (ZCCM 1998), and iii) average standard figures for waste production applicable forAfrica, e.g. 0.7 kg/c/d for high cost housing, 0.6 kg/c/d for medium cost housing and 0.4kg/c/d for low cost housing. ZCCM uses the following occupancy rates: high cost - 7 persons,medium cost - 8 and low cost 9 per house. ZCCM keeps fairly accurate records of the numberof houses of the three categories in mine townships receiving municipal services. Controlcalculations were made using the number of bins/bays and estimated average volumes anddensity of the waste.

The following Table 5.2 gives a summary of the total production figures arrived at using theabove three mentioned sources of data. The average cost figures are arrived at using sourceiii) above with the cost figures of(ZCCM 1998).

Table 5.1 Solid waste production and costs - summary all divisions

Item Nkana Nchanga Mufulir Konkola Ramc(Z) TotalNo of houses 10.688 7.761 9.596 4.866 9.519 42.430Total population 99.909 71.674 92.169 45.774 84.962 394.488Waste produced ton/y 17.333 12.816 14.554 7.786 17.225 69.714ZCCM reports ton/y 21.780 28.241 18.937 10.800 23.878 103.636Task Force report ton/y 16.425 17.520 21.170 10.585 20.440 92.740An. cost ZCCM US$ 1,044,577 966,102 235,899 296,610 106,780 2,649,968An. cost TF rep. US$ 492,000 400,000 301,580 280,000 200,000 1,673,580Cost per ton US$ 28,39 31,21 20,72 35,96 11,61 24,01Annual'cost/p US$ 4,92 5,58 3,27 6,12 2,35 4,24Annual cost/house US$ 46,03 51,54 31,43 57,54 21,01 39,44

Tables for waste production and costs for each area are presented in the respective Sections.

5.2.2 Waste collection and transport

The following information was given, and observations made during field visits with regardto common aspects of waste collection and transport in the five areas.

* Contractors with trucks (5 - 1 0 tons) or tractors and trailers on six months contracts.* Contracts with Engineering Superintendent Sections, monitoring of contracts by Public

Health Department (Chief Health Officer).* Collection 2 times a week in a zone rotating system in the townships.

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* The contractors are also responsible for road sweeping and cleaning of ditches and opendrains.

* The crew on a truck/trailer would normally consist of one driver and four workers.In general, most regulations of the ECZ licenses were not complied witi. These includelittering around bays and bins and along roadsides due to insufficient cover of the trucks andtrailers, and health risks for the workers who do not have appropriate protective clothing.

5.2.3 Waste disposal

A general impression from the visits to the dumpsites was the relative low standard ofoperation, control and environmental protection. There were illegal dumpsites along accessroads and scavengers were allowed to operate freely on all sites. No caretakers were observedmonitoring arrival of trucks/trailers and giving instructions on dumping. A set of commonobservations is offered in the following.

* Quarries from roads construction used as dump sites (RAMC (Z), Konkola, Nchanga).* Tailings dams used as dump sites (Mufulira - 3 sites, Nkana - I site).* New site (quarry) recently licensed by ECZ (Konkola).* Disposal method: dumping at the sites, scavengers go through the refuse and collect

metal, plastic, food and other items; most of the rest is then burned by the scavengers.X Occasional bulldozing and compression - left over refuse moved to the sides of the

dumpsite with the bulldozer (except for RAMC (Z) and Nkana).* Only occasional monitoring of number of trucks.3 No monitoring for environmental protection.* Permanent fire in combustible material (Nkana), causing air pollution and danger for

scavengers and operational staff.* Refuse dumped in the bush, not at designated quany (RAMC (Z)).* Little vegetative effects from dumping on tailings dams, as intended (probably due to the

burning of the refuse).* No settlements in nearby areas (except for Nkana).* Long distance (I km or more) to nearest stream/river from dumpsites (except for Nkana).* Dumping sites licensed by ECZ as improved dumps.3 Six-monthly reports by ZCCM, but no monitoring by ECZ.* Most quantity figures given by Engineering Superintendent Sections are probably based

on wrong assumptions regarding number of loads and weight per load.* Collection and dumping may be erratic due to lack of monitoring of the contractors'

operations by the Divisions' Public Health Departments and late payment of thecontractors (some of the contractors have not been paid since October 1998).

Abandoned dumpsites were not properly covered and received no aftercare.

Regardless of the low standards of operation, the general environmental impacts of domesticwaste collection, transport and disposal are only minor (with a possible exemption for Nkana)in comparison with the environmental impacts from the mining operations.

5.2.4 Socio-economic dimensions

The obligation by homeowners to remove solid waste is contained in the Public Health Actand is included in the calculation of the rates paid to the Council by the homeowners. TheRegulations under the Public Health Act include the mine townships as integral parts of theCouncil township areas (Kabimba 1999).

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Unlike the other services, the Councils charge the removal of solid waste together with rates.As such, there should be an arrangement whereby the Private Operator to be contracted byAHC, would charge the homeowner for solid waste disposal while the Council would removethe waste disposal component from the rates. In this way, rates would become a property taxto homeowners in townships serviced by commercial solid waste management. Such rateswould be varied and graduated in accordance to the area of residence.

There is also the issue of scavengers who work the waste dumps. The scavengers earn theirlivelihood from waste dumps. The protection of the dumps through fencing. might close thissource of income to those who work the solid waste dumps. It is not known what levels ofincome are generated from solid waste dumps and the number of people involved in thistrade.

In conducting the study one needs to make allowances for the fact that scavenging is anillegal activity by Zambian law, which may make it difficult to establish the real extent of thepractice.

5.3 Nkana Division - Kitwe

53.1 Present disposal arrangements

The mine townships comprises seven low/medium cost areas and four high cost areas with atotal of 8,412 houses (+ 2,276 so called sub-standard or old houses). Five contractors areengaged on six months contracts to cover the collection and transportation services in all minetownships. The figure given by ZCCM officials for the amount of waste being produced is21.912 tons/y. The annual costs are calculated at US $ 492,000 by the TF on municipalservices (ZCCM 1998) and US $ 1,044,557 by ZCCM officials during the field visit.

Table 5.2 Solid waste production and costs - Nkana division

Item High cost Med cost Low cost TotalNo in household 7 8 9Waste produced kg/c/d 0.7 0.6 0.4No of houses 1587 2192 6909 10.688(low standard houses - included) (2276)Estimated population 11.109 17.536 62.181 90.826Add 10 %variation 1.110 1.754 6.218 9.083Total population 12.219 19.290 68.399 99.909Waste produced kg/d 8.5 54 11.574 27.360 47.487Waste produced ton/year (365 d/y) 3.122 4.225 9.986 17.333ZCCM reports ton/y 21.912Task Force (TF) report ton/y 16.425Annual cost US$, ZCCM 1,044,577Annual cost US$, TF 88,647 119,965 283,388 492,000Cost per ton US$ 28,39Annual cost/person US$ 7,25 6,22 4,14 4,92Annual cost/house US $ 55,86 54,73 41,02 46,03

The refuse is dumped at Uchi dumpsite located on the abandoned tailings dam no 26, 1 kmfrom the main road entering Kitwe from the south. The Kitwe City Council and several othercompanies are also dumping refuse at the site, which stretches along the access road and overa wide area near the eroded part of the tailings dam.

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Collection and transportation observations

The following observations regarding collection and transportation were made duringmeetings and field visits (additional to the common issues):

* Trucks and trailers are not sufficiently covered to prevent littering along roads.* Contract costs (ZCCM officials) are too high in relation to the real amount of waste

collected.

Observations on the Uchi refuse dumpsite

The Uchi refuse dumpsite gives a general impression of lack of proper management andcontrol, and as being run by the scavengers.

* The shelter for the caretakers was demolished.* Refuse is virtually dumped along the I km access road - not only littering.* Potential leakage into the stream trough the tailings dam (tributary to Kafue River) and

potential contamination of ground water from leachate.* Potential health risks for workers and scavengers (and children playing in the area) from

refuse dumped along the access road and over a large area, as well as from smoke fromthe permanent fire in combustible material on the site.

It is recommended that proper management and monitoring procedures for the Uchi dumpsiteare worked out and implemented.

5.4 Nchanga Division, Chingola

5.4.1 Present disposal arrangements

Solid waste collection and transport from 1499 high cost, 1693 medium cost and 4569 lowcost houses (total 7761) is contracted out to two major contractors, using 12 trucks. 3 tractorsand 75 employees. Information given by ZCCM officials during field visits point at anestimated figure of 28.241 tons/y, whilst the figure given by the TF (ZCCM 1998) is 48tons/d or 17,520 tons/y. The refuse is duimped in a previous quarry near the Chingola -Chililabombwe road.



The following observations were made during field visits regarding collection and transportof refuse (additional to common issues).

* Illegal dumping along the access road to the dumpsite* Contract costs seem to be on the high side. The figure for annual production given by

ZCCM officials is probably based on wrong data.

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Table 5.3 Solid waste production and costs - Nchanga division

Item High cost Med cost Low cost TotalNo in household 79 _Waste produced kg/c/d 0.7 0.6 0.4No of houses 1499 1693 4569 7.761(No of houses, TF report) (8065)Estimated population 10.493 13.544 41.121 65.158Add IO %variation 1.049 1.354 4.112 6.516Total population 11.542 14.898 45.233 71.674Waste produced kg/d 8.079 8.939 18.093 35.112Waste produced ton/year (365 d/y) 2.949 3.263 6.604 12.816ZCCM reports ton/y 28.241Task Force (TF) report ton/y 17.520Annual cost US$, 7CCM 966,102Annual cost US$, TF 92,041 101,841 206.118 400,000Cost per ton US$ 31,21Annual cost/person US$ 7,97 6,84 4,56 5,58Annual cost/house US $ 61,40 60,15 45,11 51,54

Observations on the Chililabombwe road refuse dumpsite

The dumpsite for Nchanga division is located along the Chililabombwe road, approximately 3km from the townships. The dumpsite was established in 1992. In addition to domestic waste,the dumpsite also receives scrap wires; wooden planks and debris as well as ash fromincinerated medical waste from the hospitals. The following observations were made duringsite visits.

* Potential contamination of ground water from leachate. There is no monitoring ofleachate at the site. The site is located approximately I km from Mushishima River.

* Lack of material (soil) for cover of compacted refuse.* No operational staff/caretakers observed on the site.* Potential health risks for workers and scavengers.

5.5 Mufulira Division - Mufulira


Three contractors engaged on six months contracts, collect a reported 18,937 tons/y of solidwaste from 9,596 houses, using 10 trucks and 60 employees. The refuse is dumped in threetailings dams outside Mufulira, Nos 8, 10 and 11.

Table 5.4 Solid waste production and costs - Mufulira division

Item High cost Med cost Low cost TotalNo in household 7 8 9Waste produced kg/c/d 0.7 0.6 0.4No of houses 1232 110 8254 9596(No of houses, TF report) _ (9587)Estimated population 8.624 880 74.286 83.790Add 10 % variation 862 80 7.429 8.379

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Total population 9.450 960 81.715 92.169Waste produced kg/d 6.615 576 32.686 39.877Waste produced ton/year 2.414 210 11.930 14.55 4ZCCM reports ton/y 18.937

Task Force (TF) report ton/y 21.170

Annual cost US$. ZCCM 235.899

Annual cost US$, TF 50,023 4.352 247.205 301,580Cost per ton US$ . 20,72

Annual cost/person US5 5.29 4.53 3.03 3,27Annual cost/house US$ 40.60 39,56 29.95 31,43


Collection and trianspoitation observations

The following observations were made during field visits in addition to common issues.

* Trucks and trailers were not sufficiently covered to prevent linering along the roads.* Contract costs given by ZCCM officials are considerably lower than for Nkana and

Nchanga.

Observations on the refuse dumpsites

Only the dumpsite at tailings dam no. 10 was visited, and the following observations weremade. It is assumed that the situation is similar at tailings dams no. 8 and 11.

* No shelter for caretaker/operational staff. No operational staff observed.* The risk of contamination of ground water seemed to be small compared to runoff from

the tailings dam.* Lack of material (soil) for cover, except for tailings.

The amount of refuse being dumped appeared to be relatively small, and it is possible thatmore is dumped at the two other dumpsites. ZCCM officials did however, not confirm this.

It is recommended to concentrate disposal of waste to only one of the three tailings dams forthe duration of the 5 years Project period.

With regard to monitoring of possible leachate from solid waste dumped on a tailings dam,ECZ should be requested to clarify the relevance of establishing bore holes or wells for thispurpose on the chosen site.

5.6 Konkola Division - Chililabombwe


An estimated 29 tons of solid waste (ZCCM 1998) is generated daily from 4,866 houses (+439 in Konkola township). This is collected by five contractors on six months contracts, using7 ton tippers, and dumped in a quarry near the Golf Course road and in Konkola roaddumpsite. Workers equipped with trolleys and barrels clean up litter along the roads, fromditches and drains. According to ZCCM officials, a bulldozer levels and compacts the refuseat the dumpsite once a week.

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Table 5.5 Solid waste production and costs - Konkola division

Item High cost Med cost Low cost TotalNo in household 7 8 9Waste produced kg/c/d 0.7 0.6 0.4No of houses 677 827 3362 4.866Estimated population 4.739 6.616 30.258 41.613Add 10% variation 474 662 3.026 4.161Total population 5.213 7.278 33.284 45.774Waste produced kg/d 3.649 4.367 13.314 21.330Waste produced ton/year 1.332 1.594 4.860 7.786ZCCM reports ton/y 10.800Task Force (TF) report ton/y 10.585Annual cost US$, ZCCM 296,610Annual cost US$, TF 47,902 57,324 174,774 280,000Cost per ton US$ 35,96Annual cost/person US$ 9,19 7,88 5,25 6,12Annual cost/house US$ 70,76 69,32 51,99 57,54

5.62 Current environmental situation


The following observations were made during field visits.

* Littering along the access road to the dumpsite.

Observations on the Golf Course road refuse dumpsite

The Golf Course road dumpsite is full and will be abandoned in the near future for a new sitefurther down the road. The new site has been licensed by ECZ. The following observationswere made.

- The dumpsite was flooded with sewage from a broken sewage mains.* No preparations were made for proper termination of the site.* Potential contamination of ground water from leachate.* Potential health risks for workers and scavengers.

5.7 Roan Antelope Mine Corporation - Luanshya


9,519 houses generate 56 tons of solid waste on a daily basis (ZCCM 1998). Threecontractors collect this on six months contracts. In 1994 six operational dumpsites wereabandoned and a new located in a group of quarries along a 1.5 km stretch of road in theunpopulated area outside Lunashya. However, no access has been opened to the quarries andthe refuse is dumped in the bush next to the quarries along the road.

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Table 5.6 Solid waste production and costs - RAMC(Z), Luanshya

Item High cost Med cost Low cost TotalNo in household 7 8 9Waste produced kg/c/d 0.7 0.6 0.4No of houses 1351 5731 2437 9519(Task Force report) (9457)Estimated population 9.457 45.848 2 1.933 77.238Add I0 %variation 946 4.585 2.193 7.724Total population 10.403 50.433 24.126 84.962Waste produced kg/d 7.282 30.260 9.650 47.192Waste produced ton/y 2.658 11.045 3.522 17.225ZCCM reports ton/y 23.878Task Force (TF) report ton/y 20.440Annual cost US$, ZCCM 106,780Annual cost US$, TF 30,862 128.242 40,896 200,000Cost per ton US$ 11,61Annual cost/person US$ 2,97 2,54 1,70 2,35Annual cost/house US$ 22.84 22,38 16,78 21,01



The following observations were made during the field visits (additional to common issues).

* Trucks and trailers are not sufficiently covered to prevent littering.* Contractors had not been paid lately due to the financial problems of RAMC(Z).

Observations on the Luanshya refuse dumpsite

There is no arrangements for aftercare of the six dumpsites closed in 1994, except for naturalgrowth of vegetation. On the new dumpsite the following observations were made.

* No caretaker/operational staff is engaged on the site, thus no monitoring of the amount ofwaste or number of truckloads.

* Littering along the road and in the bush.* Risk of bush fires from scavengers buming the refuse.* No attempt made to compact and cover ieftover refuse.* No environmental monitoring.

It is recommended that access is opened to the chosen quarry (licensed) and that dumping inthe bush be stopped immediately.

5.8 The Solid Waste Management Project

5.8.1 Description of the proposed project

This Report proposes a short term (5 years horizon) Solid Waste Management Project as acomponent of the MTSP. The proposal incorporate solutions to the environmental concerns ofthe present solid waste management operations, e.g. to meet the requirements of the ECZlicenses. The conditions of the licenses include the following:

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Transport of municipal solid waste

* Collection and transportation shall be conducted in a manner not to cause scattering ofwaste and the vehicles shall be in such a physical state not to emit bad smell.

* Clinical or hospital waste shall not be mixed and transported together with municipalsolid waste.

* The vehicles shall follow approved routes from the point of collection to the licenseddisposal site or plant.

* The personnel shall be provided with: i) protective and safety clothing, ii) safe and securesitting facilities in the vehicles, and iii) adequate and appropriate equipment or facilitiesfor loading and off-loading waste.

* The personnel shall undergo annual medical check-up and records shall be kept.* No person shall transport hazardous waste without the consent in writing of ECZ,

Pollution Control Inspectorate.* Bi-annual reports must be prepared and sent to ECZ.

Operation of disposal site/plant

* The waste disposal site or plant shall be enclosed and secure from scavenging, andhazardous and safety signs shall be displayed at appropriate places.

* The waste disposal site or plant shall be operated in a way that would: i) avoid pollutionof surface and groundwater, ii) avoid emitting of bad smells to levels beyond thatapproved by ECZ, and iii) prevent breeding of rats, mosquitoes or other vermin.

* The waste shall be compacted to a thickness of approximately 3 meters or less for eachday's layer of waste and each layer shall be covered with 30 cm of soil.

* Mean of ventilation shall be approved at the disposal site to remove biogas generated.* Measures to control and prevent scattering of papers and other light materials shall be

installed to improve hygiene and aesthetic value of the disposal facility.* A program shall be set up to detect and control disposal of hazardous waste.D Human waste shall be disposed of at the disposal site after activated sludge or biological

treatment.* Open air burning shall not be permitted at the site.* Enough water monitoring wells shall be installed at appropriate places to accurately

assess the quality of the uppermost aquifer.* The personnel working at the site shall be provided with: i) adequate protective and safe

clothing, ii) adequate water and appropriate equipment or facilities for the operations ofthe disposal site, and iii) first aid facilities and training.

* The personnel shall undergo an annual medical check-up.

Solid Waste Management under MTSP

The proposed Project's short term activities basically include improved management,operation and monitoring procedures, employment of sufficient number of staff, training, andrepair/replacement of bays and bins. The following activities are proposed under the MTSP:

1. Carry out a survey to establish a more correct picture of the contents and amount ofwaste being produced by the mine townships and disposed of at the variousdumpsites, both during the dry and rainy seasons, including realistic estimates ofrequired resources and costs. The study should include an assessment of the need formonitoring bore holes/wells for all dumpsites, the feasibility of investment in abulldozer and/or front loader for Uchi dumpsite (Nkana), and development ofprocedures for management, operation and monitoring, included under EMP.

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2. Upgrading of bins and refuse collection bays:3. Upgrading of trucks and trailers to meet license requirements (responsibility of the

contractors);4. Procurement of improved quality collection and transport services. e.g. review and

upgrade contract specifications (I + 4 years contracts - review specifications once ayear):

S. Minor investments at the dumpsites will include a proper gate to prevent unauthorisedaccess by vehicles (not necessarily fencing, except for Nkana)2 , a shed with washingand toilet facilities for the caretakers/operators, protective clothing, a small first aidkit and necessary tools. Investment in own machinery for Uchi should be considered;

6. Hire compressing and overfill machinery (for Uchi dumpsite see item 6 above);7. Development of procedures for management, operation and monitoring at dump sites

(development of procedures may be incorporated in the study under I. above);8. Engagement of operational and caretaker staff on the dumpsites;

A Feasibility study on future solid waste management on the Copperbelt, including alsoindustrial and hazardous waste should be carried out under the Urban Development Project.This comprehensive study will include scavenger issues.

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5.8.2 Cost estimates and budgets

Investments indicated in the activity plan above have been estimated in the table below. Activities under operations and activities assumed to be contractedout. This will be covered under the cash flow of the AHC/MMS.

Table 5.7 Tentative investment budget

Act no Activity description/investment Nkana Nchanga Mufulira Konkola Luanshya TotalI Survey to establish a more correct picture of the contents and amount 50,000

of waste with realistic cost estimates2 Upgrading of bins and refuse collection bays, 10 % renewal per year, 140.000 122,000 129,000 73,000 1 76,000 640,000

5 years6 Investments at the dumpsites; gate, shed, protective clothing, tools 60,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 100,000

(+ fence for Uchi (Nkana)12 Bore holes/wells for monitoring of leachate at 4 dumpsites - Nkana 6, 12,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 36,000

Nchanga, Konkola, Luanchya 4 eachSubtotal

826,000

Contingencies, 15 % 124,000

Total 950,000

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5.8 Environmental Management and Monitoring

The following environmental management, monitoring and mitigating measures areincorporated in the contract with the PO. The recommendations will, if properly implemented,meet the requirements of the ECZ licenses for solid waste collection and transport (issued tocontractors) and for disposal arrangements (currently issued to ZCCM).

Summary of environmental recommendations

SW 01 Carry out a study on the scavenger problem (under Solid Waste CopperbeltFeasibility Study).

SW 02 Amend specifications in the contracts for collection and transport to accommodaterequirements of the ECZ licenses (ifrequired).

SW 03 Establish bore holes or wells in the vicinity of the dumpsites for Nkana, Nchanga,Konkola and Luanshya RAMC (Z) (Luanshya) in accordance with a plan to bedeveloped in collaboration with ECZ.

SW 04 In collaboration with ECZ, develop a regular monitoring program with parameters,sample procedures, schedules and test regime for ground water samples (and surfacewater downstream of the Uchi dumpsite).

SW 05 Proper management and monitoring procedures for the Uchi dumpsite should beworked out and implemented as a matter of urgency.

SW 06 For Mufulira division, disposal of waste should be concentrated to only one of thethree tailings dams for the duration of the S years Project period.

SW 07 Access to be opened to the chosen quarry (licensed) at Luanshya and the dumping inthe bush should be slopped immediately.

5.9 Analysis of Alternatives

A study has been budgeted for under the project to review a regional approach to Copperbelt

solid waste management needs. The study would look at options to reorganise solid waste

management on the Copperbelt within a provincial framework, incorporating domestic wastefrom councils' and mine townships' areas. The future waste management arrangement on the

Copperbelt should also take industrial and hazardous wastes into consideration. (It is assumed

that the waste problems related to mining operations will be solved separately.) This Report

therefor suggests a feasibility study on solid waste management alternatives on the

Copperbelt to be carried out as a component of the proposed Urban Development Project. The

study should also review the privatisation arrangements presently being tested on the

Copperbelt. A likely outcome of the study will be a proposal for a separate solid waste

management project. Long term solutions for the mine townships have for the same reason

not been considered in this Report.

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6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1 Focus and Status of the EMP

The ToR indicate that the Consultant should prepare a monitoring plan. Although the EAStudy concludes that the sum of all environmental impacts of the MTS Project will bepositive, the recommended amendments of the project and mitigating measures would justifyan environmental management plan to be prepared and implemented. The Consultant thereforrecommends an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the MTS Project, as outlined inthis Chapter.

The Project is described in Chapter I of the Report. Recommendations are presented inrelevant Sections of Chapter 4 (water supply and sanitation) and 5 (solid waste management)and summarised at the end of each Section. Recommendations related to the EMP areidentified with a letter and number as follows:

* Water and Sanitation- Common issues

Environmental management and monitoring E 01 - 02Mitigating measures C 01 -06Operational procedures 0 01 - 13

- Issues specific to each divisionNkana (Kitwe) Nk 01 - 02Nchanga (Chingola) N 01-02Mufulira M 01 -05Konkola (Chililabombwe) K 01 - 03RAMC (Z) (Luanshya) L 01 -03

* Solid Waste Management SW 01 - 07

Annex C of the WB Operational Policies (OD) 4.01 sets out the guiding principles for anEMP (WB I 998a). To prepare the EMP the AHC and the Consultant should a) identify a setof responses to potentially adverse impacts, b) determine requirements for ensuring that thoseresponses are made effectively and in a timely manner, and c) describe the means for meetingthose requirements. The EMP shall according to the GD 4.01 include the following maincomponents: i) Mitigation, ii) Monitoring, iii) Capacity Development and Training, iv)Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates, and v) Integration of EMP with the Project.

It was agreed with AHC that all components of the EMP as relevant for each of the fivedivisions/areas should be contained in one document. This will serve the purpose of better co-ordination and ease the workload of AHC, ECZ and other stakeholders.

Physical aspects of the Project involve operation and maintenance, rehabilitation andupgrading of existing facilities for water supply, sanitation and solid waste services, andpossibly increased discharge of effluents. Due to the present lack of meters and possiblefuture reductions in unaccounted for water (UfW), it is unlikely, but not clear whether theProject will lead to an increase in raw water extraction during the five years Project period.The EA Study focuses both on existing environmental problems that should be mitigatedthrough implementation of the Project and on problems being caused by the implementationof the Project itself. Recommendations of Chapters 4 and 5 of the Study are thus reiterated inthe EMP.

INTERCONSULTlnternational AS 56 42 !M% INTER-November 1999 I CONSULT

Aepumic oj zamDla , ,.,,. . ..

Zambia Consolidated Copper AMines/lWorld Bank Finai ReportMine Township Services Project

The EA Study did not identify any significant, but a number of minor environmental impactsof the proposed project implementation (provided that the Report s recommendations arefollowed up and incorporated in the Project). Priority on mitigation measures should be givento significant impacts identified from the present operations, which mainlv concerns sewagetreatment and disposal in some of the divisions, and solid waste disposal at the Uchi site inKitwe. Resettlement issues should also be given priority in case of actuality.

Preparation and internal clearance of the EMP is one of the conditions set by the Bank forfinal Board presentation. However, the document has also been prepared in reference to theGRZ EIA regulations (ECZ 1997) and expropriation and resettlement procedures (the LandAcquisition Act). Application of the EMP should consequently go beyond the scope of theIDA financed components of MTSP. In accordance with the above mentioned EIAregulations, the EA Report should be presented by AHC to ECZ for review and issue of anenvironmental licence with monitoring procedural guidelines attached.

AHC and the Bank should, in collaboration with ECZ, establish the formal status of the EMPwhen the Bank and AHC approve the Plan. A reference may be made to the EMP in apossible Performance Contract (between AHC and MMMD/MFP) with the authority andresponsibilities of AHC regarding implementation and monitoring of the EMP established inthat Contract. MMMD has, on behalf of GRZ as majority owner of ZCCM, taken over theoverall responsibility for environmental liabilities connected to the ZCCM operations,including municipal services, in reference to EMPs for ZCCM operations. It is proposed thatsuch a performance contract should delegate these responsibilities to AHC with regard towater supply, sewage and solid waste management. In Phase 11, the implementation of theEMP will be vested with the PO under the management contract with AHC.

6.2 Legal, Policy and Institutional Framework

Applicable laws, regulations, policies and institutions with potential roles in environmentalmonitoring and management related to the water supply, sanitation and solid waste sectors ingeneral and the MTSP in particular are described in Chapter 2 of the Report, and will not berepeated here. Institutional responsibilities in relation to the EMP are proposed in the nextSection.

6.3 EMP Institutional Responsibilities

There are three distinctive aspects or roles of institutional responsibilities with regard to theEMP:

* Implementation of the action plan components of the EMP in accordance with theplanned time schedules, e.g. mitigation of environmental impacts, as well asorganisational changes and capacity building;

* Monitoring of the implementation of the EMP and mitigating measures;* Independent environmental review and control of the planned and approved actions

instituted by the EMP and the monitoring data and results.

The roles and responsibilities with regard to the above aspects are outlined below.

INTERCONSUL T International AS 57 * s INTER-November 1999 Vk 7WV CONSULT


6.3.1 AHC Municipal Services Ltd

Given the key role of AHC and its management in implementation and management of theMTS Project, it would be most functional that AHC takes on the overall responsibility forsupervising and monitoring the implementation of the EMP by the PO. By nature of themonitoring and mitigating actions, most of them should be implemented by the PO underinstructions from AHC in reference to the contract, leaving AHC with a monitoring role. TheAHC duties with regard to the EMP include

* AHC to be overall responsible for implementation of the EMP.* After ECZ has ratified the MTSP EMP, AHC should be authorised to instruct the PO to

implement specified actions of the EMP, which naturally would fall under theresponsibility of a water, sanitation and solid waste service provider.

* AHC should be responsible for monitoring the POs compliance with the instructions.

6.3.2 Private Operator

The contracts between the AHC and the PO should adequately cover monitoring, control andmitigating measures related to raw and potable water quality, sewage treatment operationsand quality of effluent, as well as solid waste management and pollution risks.

Chapters 4 and 5 elaborate on a number of recommendations concerning environmentalmanagement and monitoring and other common issues. These are referred to asrecommendations E 01 and E 02 and C 01 - C 06. Part of E I 1 (training) and C 01 - 06 areall relevant for the PO (except C 02 in case the recommended alum recovery plants are notinstalled) and should be incorporated in the instructions from AHC to the PO. The sameapplies to recommendations E 03 - E 09 and 0 01 - 0 13.

Relevant parts of the EMP should be incorporated in the annual Strategic Business Plan(Corporate Plan) to be prepared by the PO, as instructed by AHC. AHC shall review andapprove the plans in accordance with its mandate.

The PO shall include an environmental statement accounting for the measures taken in directreference to the EMP and this will be included in the annual report. This can be madeavailable to DWA, NWASCO/MOH and ECZ respectively, as Tequired. The PO shall alsoprepare 6 monthly reports to ECZ (through AHC) in reference to licences issued by ECZ andto NWASCO, as required.

The PO will have certain responsibilities in case of involuntary resettlement needs. These areoutlined in Appendix I and relevant paragraphs should be referred to in the PO contract.

With regard to particular division related issues, these concern basically contract managementand construction supervision and a general provision on procedures and reportingrequirements should be included in the PO contract.

6.3.3 ZCCM Group Environmental Services

It is assumed that the ZCCM Investment Holdings Company will retain a core staff of thepresent GES to handle the ZCCM EMPs and environmental liabilities retained by ZCCM andGRZ in the sales contracts. Personnel of the GES will as present be stationed at the divisionaloffices. An arrangement may be made with the Company for this personnel to assist the AHCEA Advisor in monitoring implementation of the EMP and other environmental controlfunctions. Special training may be offered for key personnel.

INTERCONSULT International AS 58 a2E lINTER-November 1999 0.1 CONSULT

Republic oJ Zambia LJVjjj1/,Ie,ilul H.<bflIwiJ *)iu,


6.3.4 National Water and Sanitation Council

It is clear that AHC will require a water supply and sanitation license to be issued byNWASCO. As indicated in Section 2.3.4 the Water and Sanitation Act outlines detailedrequirements for licence application. It is, however, not yet.known how NWASCO willestablish monitoring procedures for compliance with licence standards and to what degreeNWASCO will detail performance standards and tariff systems/mechanisms in its guidelines.

6.3.5 Environmental Council of Zambia

ECZ is supposed to issue an environmental licence after scrutiny of this EA Study Report.ECZ issues licences for the following operations of the AHC/PO: i) effluent discharge fromsewage treatment works, ii) collection and transport of solid waste (contractors) and iii)disposal of solid waste. ECZ shall according to its own regulations monitor the compliancewith the licences through 6 monthly reports and control visits.

6.3.6 Ministry of Health

MOH is according to the Public Health Act monitoring potable water quality in the country.This is done through the District Health Management Teams with laboratory servicesprovided by regional laboratories.

6.3.7 Water Development Board/Department of Water Affairs

WDB issue water rights, e.g. rights to extract water from waterways, and collect fees for theserights. It is assumed that ZCCM has obtained the necessary water rights for domestic supplyand that these rights will be transferred to AHC.

DWA has the institutional and legal responsibility for monitoring of the quality of water inthe country's waterways. DWA should therefor receive reports on raw water quality preparedby AHC/PO during the course of the Project.

6.3.8 Municipal Councils

Relevant municipal councils will have some responsibilities in case involuntary resettlementbecomes necessary, see Section 6.4 below. The Councils also issue planning permissions forconstruction works and shall approve of the locations of any new solid waste dumpsites.

6.4 Institutional Capacity Building and Training

Both the GRZ and its donors give high priority to the sectors of water supply and sanitation,and the country intends to invest heavily in these sectors in the coming years. Environmentalissues are equally high on the political agenda. Solid waste has so far not attracted similarattention, but this is likely to change in the coming years. The environmental legislationinstitutes new responsibilities to implementing agencies and companies related toenvironmental assessment, mitigating measures and monitoring. Specially trained and well-qualified personnel will be required, to ensure that environmental aspects are taken care offrom the early planning stage to implementation and operation of a given project.The operations of AHC (including technical assistance), will be supported under the MTSProject. Component iv) mentions the need for environmental expertise to be attached to the

INTERCONSULT International AS 59 a2 I's LNrER-November 1999 '%_ Fw CONSULT

Zambia Consolidated Copper Alines/!World Bank Finai R?eportMine Township Services Project

Company. In relation to this EMP it is recommended that resources for capacitv developmentand training be identified within the project budget, as indicated below.

AHC should have an Environmental Assessment Advisor in an independent position outsidethe line functions of the Company. The EA Advisor will collaborate with other relevantstakeholders. His/her responsibilities and scope of work will consist of three maincomponents:

* Scrutinise all major project terms of references, studies, plans and reports within thescope of AHC operations and advise on environment related issues, EA studies, plans andmonitoring arrangements;

* Advise on, and monitor implementation of this EMP;* Assess requirements for capacity development and training related to environmental

issues and arrange briefings, seminars and workshops.

(a full TOR is attached)

Staff of the future ZCCM Investment Holding Company's Environmental Services may beoffered special training in environmental assessment and monitoring if required. The costs arecovered under the Project.

An appropriate way of introducing this EMP for all stakeholders, including representatives ofthe PO, would be to arrange a workshop in connection with the scrutiny for approval of theplan. A lump sum is indicated in the cost estimate for this purpose.

With regard to other involved institutions, both ECZ and MOH are supported financially andtechnically by donor funded projects, and would therefore not require additional resourcesrelated to the implementation of this EMP.

Eventual requirements for TA/consultants in relation to implementation of the EMP will haveto be assessed by AHC when the executive management is in place. A lump sum is proposedin the budget for this purpose.

Environmental aspects concern all people working in an enterprise. The need for qualifiedand skilled workers with full understanding of their roles and tasks has been underlined in theEA Study Report. It has therefor been recommended in this Report that the Project budgetshould include a sum to be utilised for skills training of water, sewerage and solid wasteoperators. Alternatively the PO contract shonld include the necessary provisions to ensure thatthe operation and maintenance staff meet the competence requirements of the CompetenceBased Modular Training (CBMT) systems adopted for the water and sanitation sector ofZambia. It is assumed that NWASCO will institute such requirements in the water andsanitation licenses.

6.5 Mitigating Measures and Implementation

The following Figures 6.1 to 6.7 contain the EMP in a matrix format, describingEnvironmental Management and Monitoring Actions and Mitigating Measures, withmonitoring parameters, frequency, responsible institution/person and whom to report to.Water quality and sewage effluent parameters are further detailed in Section 6.6.

INTERCONSULT International AS 60 *d INTER-November 1999 " ;Vw CONSULT

Republic of ZambiaZambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank Environmental AssessmentpSrtudMine Township Services Project

Figure 6.1A Environmental Management Plan - Water Supply and Sewage - Common Issues

No ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING Parameters Frequency/Time Responsible Reporting ToE 01 Presentation of the EA Report (12 copies) to ECZ for issue of licence (s) Report presented Nov 1999 AHC ZCCM/WB

for the Project License issued Jan 2000 ECZE 02 Attachment of EMP to performance contract between MMMD and AHC EMP attached and Jan 2000 AHC, MMMD ZCCM/WB

approvedE 03 Approval of potable water quality standards - incorporate in the Standards approved March 2000 AHC/NWASCO AIIC Board

management contract lncorp. in contract June 2000 AHC/POE 04 Approval of water tariff systems, with incentives system for metering Tariff systems March 2000 AlIC/PO AIIC Board

approved End 2000 (PO)E 05 Monitoring and control of treated water quality standards (Section 6.7.2) See Table 6.8B From Nov 1999 AHC/PO/Mol-l MOt/

NWASCOE 06 Monitoring of raw water quality standards (Section 6.7.2) See Table 6.8A From Nov 1999 AIC/PO DWA

E 07 Monitoring of sewage effluent discharge (section 6.7.3) See Tables 6.8C-D From Nov 1999 AHC/PO ECZ

E 08 Incorporate relevant EMP issues in the Corporate Plan of the PO EMP incorporated in June - Dec 2000 AHC/PO AIIC BoardAnnual review of the plan contract

E 09 Incorporate EMP progress in quarterly and annual reports Incorporated in Quarterly/Annual PO/AHC ECZReview of the reports relevant reports

E 10 Environmental audit according to ECZ EIA regulations To be issued by ECZ 2001-2 (second PO PO/AHC/ECZ ECZoperational year)

E 11 Capacity development and training* Workshop on introduction of the EMP Workshop conducted June 2000 AHC AIIC Board* EA Advisor position established and filled Position filled May 2000 AIIC* Training of EA Advisor and GES officers Training conducted Oct 2000 AHC* CBMT skills training included in PO contract or separate budget line Training in progress From Aug 2000 AHC/PO* TA/consultants (as required) WB/AIIC

E 12 Study to be carried out to establish the economic status of the non-miners Study conducted Feb 2000 AHC/WB AI IC Boardliving in mine townships.

E 13 Re-define position and role of AHC. Key functions: i) Water resources AHC roles re-defined March 2000 AHC/WB AHC Boardmanagement (audit controller over quantity and quality of water, ii) Wastewater management (audit controller over quantity and quality of treatedeffluents discharged back to water courses), iii) Equipment controller

INTERCONSULT Iternational AS 61 d' R-h INTER-November 1999 *2MQV CONSU-LT

Republic of Zambia EnvironmentalAssessment Stud)'Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank

Firnat ReportMine Township Services ProjectE 14 Further planning of the Project to include an assessment of the need for Assessment carried March 2000 AHC/WB Al-IC Boardoperational and quality assurance laboratory services and an appraisal on out

how this need can best be met as an integral part of the Project.

No COMMON ISSUES- MITIGATING MEASURES Parameters Frequency/Time Responsible Reporting toC 01 Separation of operational staff of water supply and sewerage. Hygiene Staff separated From Nov 1999 AHC AtIC Boardprocedures to be followed, regular medical checks. Procedures and check From Nov 1999 AHCC 02 Consider installation of alum recovery plant(s) Study carried out March 2000 AHC AlIC Board

C 03 Monitor and regulate the growth of water hyacinths Work carried out acc. Ongoing AHC operational AIIC/POto procedures PO operational managementC 04 Plan for expansion of sewage treatment systems to meet the proposed Plan and investment Before WB AHC/WB pre- AHC/WBstandards for faecal coliforms and other parameters in effluent discharges budget prepared appraisal appraisal mission(see Table 6.8D)_

C 05 Program for rehabilitation of sewage systems to ensure parallel Program prepared June 2000 AHC AHC Boardconstruction work for sewage and water pipes and incl in budgetC 06 Minimise construction risks by proper supervision of works, and consider Supervision Start of PO Al-ICuse of appropriate alternative technologies established construction

Figure 6.IB Water Supply and Sanitation Operational Procedures

No Environmental Management and Monitoring Parameters | Frequency Responsible Reporting To

WATER SUPPLY MONITORING0 01 Raw water quality for indicators of pollution. Rise in value indicates that Turbidity normal. 3 h sampl. periods Operator Div. Waterpollution is present. Weekly reports Engin.(DWE)O 02 Raw water quality for indicators of pollution. Rise in value indicates that Turbidity increasing. Hourly, report to Operator DWEpollution is present. DWE a.s.a.p.0 03 Health Department analyses of potable water Bacteria, E-Coli, etc Weekly Health Authorities AHC/PO

MOB regulations0 04 Accidental spillage of treatment chemicals Chemicals Immediate DWE Operational

Manager (OM)O 05 Accidental over dose of treatment chemicals Chemicals Immediate DWE OM

O 06 Accidental release of sludge or backwash water to unauthorised place of Sludge or dirty water Immediate DWE OMdischarge.0 07 Traffic accident of hazardous chemical vehicle or petrol/diesel tanker, to Hazardous chemicals/ Immediate DWE OMINTERCONSULT International AS 62 .'a , INTER-November 1999 '" CONSULT

.. 0

Republic of Zambia Environmental Assessment StudiZambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World BankMine Township Services Project

| assess risk to environment petrol/diesel

- SEWERAGE & SANITATION MONITORING0 08 Visual inspection of all trunk sewers and manholes Blockages, breaks in pipes, Immediate DWE OM

damaged manholes, etc0 09 Visual inspection of all reticulation sewers and manholes. Blockages, breaks in pipes, Immediate Foreman DWE

damaged manholes, etc.0 10 Pump stations Breakdown, damage to Immediate DWE OM

equipment, overflows, etco II Sewage treatment plant: analytical and flow data Anything which is not Immediate Foreman DWEnormal.

0 12 Sewage treatment plant: visual inspection of inlets/outlets, flow Anything which is not Immediate DWE OMmeasuring devices, embankments, effluent discharge, plant growth normal, including crocodile,clearance, etc. hippo, etc.

0 13 Traffic accident of hazardous chemical vehicle or petrol/diesel Hazardous chemicals/ Immediate DWE OMtanker, to assess risk to environment petrol/diesel

Figure 6.2 EMP - Water Supply and Sewage - Nkana Division - Kitwe

No Mitigating Measures Parameters Frequency/Time Responsible Reporting ToNk 01 Construction of a raw water storage reservoir at Kafue River intake Incl. in budget Before appr mission AHC/WB Board/WB

Reservoir commissioned Acc. to invest planNk 02 Establish flood levels in relation to risk of flooding of the pump Flood levels established Before appr mission AHC Board/WB

I station at the intake

Figure 6.3 EMP - Water Supply and Sewage - Nchanga Division - Chingola

No Mitigating Measures Parameters Frequency/Time Responsible -ReportingTo

N 01 Construction of a raw water storage tank at the intake (in case Incl. in budget Before appr mission AHC/pre- Board/WBsource is not shifted to mine shaft water) Reservoir commissioned Investm. program appraisal missionN 02 Backwash and sludge to be discharged to a tailings leach settling Incl. in budget Before appr mission AHC/pre- Board/WB

tank across the road for the WTP Construction completed End 2000 appraisal mission

INTERCONSUL T International AS 63 * E INTER-November 1999 n-r-` CONSULT

Republic of Zambia Environmental AssessmentoStudZambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank ritial RelortMine Township Services Project

Figure 6.4 EMP - Water Supply and Sewage - Mufulira Division - Mufulira

No Mitigating Measures Parameters Frequency/Time Responsible Reporting ToM 01 Protection of the tailings dam adjacent to Mufulira Stream to Plan approved June 2000 AHC/appraisal Board/WB/

prevent ingress of pollutant matter into the stream (if requred) Protection established End 2000 mission ECZM 04 17 ' Street pump station to be separated from the sewage Pump stations separated June 2000 AHC Al-IC Board

pump station.

M 05 Replace Kankoyo North and South sewage ponds with new Included in budget June 2000 AHC/appraisal Board/WB/combined sewage ponds New ponds commissioned Investm. program mission ECZ

M 04 Upgrade remaining three sewage ponds to accept 2005 flows Included in budget June 2000 AHC/appraisal Board/WB/Upgrading completed lnvestm. program mission ECZ

M 05 Upgrade of 9 sewage pumping stations Included in budget June 2000 AHC/appraisal Board/WB/Upgrading completed lnvestm. program mission ECZ

Figure 6.5 EMP - Water Supply and Sewage - Konkola Division - Chililabombwe

No Mitigating Measures Parameters Frequency/Time Responsible Reporting ToK 01 Install a tank to receive all backwash water as part of the clarifier Included in budget Acc. to investment AHC/WB/PO AIIC Board

proposal, in case this is included Tank commissioned budgetK 02 Old Kamwanza reservoir to be cleared away, ground investigations Included in budget Acc. to investment AHC/WB/PO AHC Board

on the site for the new one. Report produced/considered budgetK 03 Add maturation ponds to the Golf Course and Konkola sewage Included in budget Acc. to investment AHC/WB/PO AI IC 13oard

ponds Ponds commissioned budget ECZ

Figure 6.6 EMP - Water Supply and Sewage - RAMC(Z) - Luanshya

No Mitigating Measures Parameters Frequency/Time Responsible Reporting ToL 01 Maturation ponds to be added to the Roan sewage ponds lncl. in budget Acc. to investment AHC/WB/PO AI IC Board

Ponds commissioned budget ECZL 02 Reconstruct the Mpatamatu sewage ponds to accommodate 2005 Incl. in budget Acc. to investment AHC/WB/PO AIIC Board

flows Ponds commissioned budget ECZ

INTERCONSULT International AS 64 *" E INTER-November 1999 'RI rT CONSULT

Republic of Zambia Environmental Assessment S/iui'Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/lVorld Bank Final ReportMine Township Services ProjectL 03 | Rehabilitation of three sewage pump stations to be includ ic. in budget TAcc. to investment HAHC/WB/PO AHC Board

Project investment budgeL s Pumps commissioned budget C ECZ

Figure 6.7 EMP - Solid Waste Management

No Environmental Management/Monitoring/Mitigating Measures Parameters Frequencyflime Responsible Reporting ToSW 01 Carry out a study on the scavenger problem Study conducted March 2000 AHC/WB WB/ECZ

SW 02 Amend specifications in the contracts for collection and transport to Amendments made acc. to From Nov 1999 AHC/PO AIIC Boardaccommodate requirements of the ECZ licenses (if required) licences

SW 03 Establish bore holes or wells around the dumpsites for Nkana, Bore holes/wells established June 2000 AHC/ECZ ECZNchanga, Konkola and RAMC (Z) (Luanshya) in accordance with a and securedplan developed in collaboration with ECZ

SW 04 Develop a regular monitoring program with parameters, sample Monitoring program June 2000 AHC/ECZ ECZprocedures, schedules and test regime for ground water samples. establishedEstablish laboratory service arrangements Lab services arranged

SW 05 Proper management and monitoring procedures for the Uchi Procedures developed and From Nov 1999 AHC AHIC Boarddumpsite. Impose a fee per truck/trailer load on the Council and implemented acc. to licence ECZothers. Hazardous waste not be allowed on the site. Fee imposed

SW 06 For Mufulira division, disposal of waste to be concentrated to only One tailings dam selected June 2000 AHC AIIC Boardone of the three tailings dams for the duration of the 5 years Project and in operation acc. to ECZperiod lisence

SW 07 Access to be opened to the chosen quarry (licensed) at Luanshya Quarry in operation as Nov 1999 AHIC AIIC Boardand the dumping in the bush should be stopped dumpsite acc. to lisence ECZ

INTERCONSULTInternational AS 65 a ." INTER-November 1999 " CONSU-LT

nvpurvit uj ru,,uiu

Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/W orld Bank Fina, ReportMine Township Services Project

6.6 Water Quality Parameters

6.6.1 Introduction

The test regime and parameters presented below may vary from practices presently supposedto be applied in the Copperbelt. The reason for proposing variations to those practices is toensure that monitoring is carried out, and these proposals are believed to be practical for thepurpose of water quality and sewage effluent monitoring. Water tests shall be carried outseparately from sewage as the two are not compatible. The tests require the existence of alaboratory equipped to carry out the tests to a consistent standard. A single result from alaboratory is of itself only indicative. The only true manner of judging the value of anyparticular result is to have a set of results over a period of time because each laboratorydevelops its own characteristics of doing tasks - one will read to the top of a meniscus,another to the bottom, and so on. The important point with respect to any laboratory isconsistency of results, that way analysis and trend detection become more meaningful.

6.6.2 Water quality parameters

Table 6.8A Raw water supplies

Location Frequency Parameter Remarksl ______________ _ |of Sam pling l l_l_l

Intake Works 3 hours Turbidity If a sudden rise in value, increasefrequency of sampling to hourly, andreport to supervisor.

Intake Works Monthly Extended sample'

Intake Works Yearly Full sample___

1.-List of parameters to be analysed for from an extended sample

Parameter RemarksPH.Turbidity Indicator of suspended solidsConductivity Indicator of dissolved solidsChloride SalinityNitrate Indicators of pollutionAmmoniaHardnessBacteriologicalManaganese Can be troublesome in water, and toxic in large quantities

For raw water samples, there are typically no limiting values, but the values obtained arevaluable in assessing the condition of the source water, and for adjustment to the treatmentprocesses.

2. Parameters to be analysed for from a full sample

A full sample would be taken once every year, and would be analysed in accordance withWHO recommendation. This would analyse for all parameters listed in the current WHOGuidelines. Amongst other matters, this would be a good guide as to whether toxicsubstances from, say agricultural practices (pesticides/fungicides, etc) were finding their wayinto raw water sources and supply. For treated water samples, the limiting value would be thecurrent MOH Guideline for that parameter.INTERCONSULT International AS 66 a' INTER-November 1999 Us_> CONSULT

Republic oj0Zambia LII VIIu/I//h!11U44 .Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/'orld Bank Finai ReportMine Township Services Project

Table 6.8B Treated water

Location Frequency Parameter Remarksof Sampling

Water storage 3 hours Residual chlorine Target for 2.0 mg/l at leaving WTPWater storage Weekly BacteriologicalWater storage Yearly Full sampleIAnywhere in Daily Residual chlorine Target for 0.25 mg/I anywhere in theDistribution distribution systemAnywhere in Weekly Bacteriologicald5istribution

6.6.3 Parameters for sewage monitoring

Table 6.8C Sewage sampling

Location Frequency Parameter Remarksl________________ lof Sampling l l

Inlet to sewage Monthly Limited sampleTreatment ponds

Final outlet from Weekly Permanganate test Indicator of performance efficiencyPondsFinal outlet from Monthly Limited samplePondsFinal outlet from Yearly Full samplePonds L_I_I

Sewage - Permanganate test

This is a simple test which can be .done in the field using kits. It's value is in givingguidelines as the performance of the sewage treatment facility.

Table 6.8D Sewage - limited samples

Parameter Value' RemarksPH 6.0 - 9.0

BOD 50.0 mg/l Filtered sampleCOD 90.0 mg/I Filtered sampleTSS 100 mg/ITDS 300 mg/IAmmoniacal Nitrogen 10.0 mg/IOrganic Nitrogen 5.0 mg/lNitrate Nitrogen 50.0 mg/I For lakes 20 mg/IPhosphorus 6.0 mg/l For lake catchment areas 1.0 mg/IFaecal Coliforms 500/100 ml 100/100 ml forMpatamatu STP

'Applies to final effluent samples onlyINTERCONSULT International AS 67 a2i I NTER-November 1999 C 0 CONSULT

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Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines'lI orld Bank Finai ReportMine Tovnship Services Project

Sewage - Full sample

A full sample for sewage effluents would be to determine every determinant set down by ECZfor compliance.

All of the above results should be analysed for trends, and any trend, which develops over saythree sets of samples should be investigated more closely to determine the cause.

6.6.4 Other management records

At every water supply site, a book should be kept in which are recorded the following dailyparameters, including date and the operator's name

Location Parameter Range RemarksOutlet Flow Records taken every four

hoursOpen air Temperature Maximum &

minimumWater Temperature Every day at same timeOpen air Rainfall Amount - mm Every day at same timeOpen air Wind direction Every day at same timeAnywhere on Any specialThat site Occurrence

At every sewage treatment pond site, a book should be kept in which are recorded the sameparameters as from water sites, with additional data as follows:

Event Yes NoSludge floating anywhere on surface |Bright green patches anywhere on surface _

Black or dark grey patches anywhere on surfaceErosion of embankmentsPresence of crocodilesPresence of other wildlifePresence of birdsPresence of Kariba WeedPresence of other weedsObjectionable odoursOil slicks

6.7 EMP Implementation Cost Estimate

It is assumed that all costs associated with the EMP (Figures 6.1A through 6.7, except asincluded in Table 6.9 below) shall be covered, either under the ordinary operational budget ofAHC/MTSP or under the Investment Program budget, incorporating also the Solid WasteManagement Project investments. Table 6.9 below summarises the additional costs proposedfor implementation of the EMP, including engagement of an EA Advisor, training, TA andstudies to a total of US $ 400,000.

Preliminary cost estimates for investments/mitigating measures recommended to be includedin the ordinary investment budget of the Project are indicated in Table 6. 10. These investment

INTERCONSULT International AS 68 *" -M INTER-November 1999 ."' _' CONSULT

f(epubiuC 0j Lamoia Lrf1 1lUt1hj1,1U1 IlU. .,'

Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/lforld Bank Finai ReportMine Township Services Project

costs are additional to the rehabilitation budget items proposed by the Pre-Appraisal Mission.Subsequent missions reduced these original costs.

Table 6.9 EMIP Implementation Cost EstimateAll costs in '000 US$

_ Component Total1.0 EA Advisor (part-time) 250

TA/Consultants 50

Training -Including workshops, courses, study tours. 100

Total 400

INTERCONSULTInternational AS 69 .27D INTER-November 1999 -_ MICONSULT

Rfepublic oJ Zambia L,JVrUI/leIJU1" Cit Zambia Consolidated Copper Allines"l World Bank Finai ReportMine Township Services Project

Table 6.10 Investments/mitigating measures to be indluded in ordinarv Project costsAll costs in '000 US$

No Investment/mitigating measure Cost TotalNk 01 Construction of a raw water storage reservoir at Kafue River intake 350

Sub total Nkana 350N 01 Construction of a raw water storage at the intake (in case source (350)

is not shifted to mine shaft water)N 02 Backwash and sludge to be discharged to a tailings leach settling 15

tank across the road for the WTPSub total Nchanga 15

M 01 Protection of the tailings dam adjacent to Mufulira Stream to prevent (50)ingress of pollutant matter into the stream, if required .

M 02 17"' Street pump station to be separated from the sewage 75pump station.

M 03 Replace Kankoyo North and South sewage ponds with new 430combined sewage ponds

M 04 Upgrade remaining three sewage ponds to accept 2005 flows (includedabove)

M 05 Upgrade 9 sewer pumping stations 270Sub total Mufulira 775

K 01 Install a tank to receive all backwash water as part of the clarifier (60)proposal, in case this is included in the rehabilitation budget

K 02 Old Kamwanza reservoir to be cleared away, ground investigations 30on the site for the new one. _

K 03 Add maturation ponds to the Golf Course and Konkola sewage 50|_____ |ponds|____ rSub total Konkola 80L 01 Maturation ponds to be added to the Roan sewage ponds (included

below)L 02 Reconstruct the Mpatamatu sewage ponds to accommodate 2005 425

flowsL 03 Rehabilitation of three sewage pump stations to be included in the 250

Project investment budget.Sub total Luanshya 675Sub total _ 1,895Engineering 5 % 95Contingencies 25 % 475Total 2,465(Total including uncertain investments) 1(3,165)

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lAepublJc OJ zamola £* u,,,u, ,Zambia Consolidated Copper Alinesl World Bank Final ReportMine Township Senrices Project

REFERENCES

Burdge, RJ. (1998). A Conceptual Approach to Social Impact Assessment, Social EcologyPress, Middleton. Wisconsin.

Central Board of Health (CBH) (1998): Guidelines for Drinking Water quality and samplingProcedures (draft).

CSO (1994): Census of Population, Housing and Agriculture 1990 Volume 2 CopperbeltProvince, Analytical report, Lusaka.

Diaz, L.F. (undated): Proposed guidelines for siting and designing sanitary landfills indeveloping countries, article in Sanitary Landfilling.

ICI (1996-99): Nine Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project, InceptionReport, Addendum to the Inception Report, CU Implementation Plan, variouscomponent reports and quarterly progress reports.

Kabimba, Wynter (1999): Advocate of the High Court of Zambia and former Town Clerk forLusaka City Council, personal communication.

Kasimona, V et al. (1994): Approaches to Integrated Water resources Management in theKafue Basin.

MENR (1998): Zambia Forest Action Plan, volumes 1, II and III, Lusaka.

Mattson, F.S. (1998): Consultant's Report - World Bank Fact Finding Mission to Zambia,Copperbelt Mining Water & Sewage Systems.

MENR (1990): The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act No 12/1990.

MENR (1993a): The Waste Management (Licensing of Transporters of Wastes and WasteDisposal Sites) Regulations. Statutory Instrument No 71/1993.

MENR (1993b): The Water Pollution Control (Effluent and Waste Water) Regulations.Statutory Instrument No 72/1993.

MENR (1997): The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control (Environmental ImpactAssessment) Regulations. Statutory Instrument No 28/1997.

MEWD (1971): Surface Water Resources of Zambia, G.N. Starmans and S. Salash.

MEWD (1995): Water Resources Master Plan Study for Zambia, volume 1.

MEWD (199?): Water Act.

MLGH (1997): Water and Sanitation Act.

MMMD (1999): Mr. W.R. Sweta, Director of Mines, conversation.

MoL (1970): Land Acquisition Act No 2/1970.

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Republic oJ zam/na L:.. ti-.1i5 .5N1-11. 4. Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/WVorld Bank Final ReportMine Township Services Project

Mtonga, J., Maseka, KK, Banda, L. and Mujubeki, P. (1999?): Rehabilitation of KonkolaDivision Sewage Ponds, The Copperbelt University.

Mudenda and Mwanza (1999). "Project Concern International (PCI), Kitwe". Models of carefor orphans, Study Fund, Lusaka

NCSR (1984): Characteristics of Runoff Processes in Upper Kafue Basin, T.C. Scharma,National Council for Scientific Research.

Njovu, TB. (1999); Industrial Research Bureau, Kitwe, Personal communication on theresettlement study.

Sinkala, T, et al (1997): Control of Aquatic Weeds in the Kafue River, Phase I -Environmental Impact Assessment of the Kafue River Basin between Itezhi-TezhiDam and Kafue Gorge, UNZA for ECZ.

Twort, A.C., Law, F.M and Crowley, F. W. (1985): Water Supply, 3rd Edition, at pages 258 to259, and at page 279 (filter rates).

Walmsley, RD and Butty, M (1980): Guidelines for the Control of Eutrophication in SouthAfrica (1980), National Council for Water research, Council for.Scientific andIndustrial Research.

Waste Management and Research (WMR) 1998: Solid Waste Management in Onitsha,Nigeria.

World Bank (1990): Operational Directive 4.30 Involuntary Resettlement.

World Bank (1997): Environmental Support Program, Staff Appraisal Report No. 16239-ZA,May 7, 1997.

World Bank (1998): Operational Policies 4.01 Environmental Assessment and relatedguidelines and Bank procedures (BP).

World Bank (1999a): Aide Memoire 2 March 1999 (Identification mission).

World Bank (1999b): Draft Aide Memoire May 24 - June 5 1999 (Pre-appraisal mission)with Annexes: Institutional and regulatory arrangements, Five systems rehabilitationbudget, Terms of Reference for the EA study, Proposed management contract, Waterand Water Quality Engineers' reports on technical issues (2 volumes), and SocialAssessment.

World Bank et al. (undated): Solid Waste Landfills, Summary.

ZCCM (1997): Environmental Impact Statement, Appendix H - Water Supply, Sewage andStormwater Management, Steffen Robertson and Kirsten, Johannesburg, SouthAfrica.

ZCCM(1998): Transformation of Municipal Services post ZCCM Privatisation (draft) -ZCCM Task Force.

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Zambia Consolidated Copper Afines/W orld Bank Fino,' !R'eport


ZCCM-AHC (1999): Statistic on People Occupying Ex Mine Houses.

ZFAP (1998): Zambia Forestry Action Plan

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Republic of Zambia Environmental Assessment StudyZambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank Final ReportMine Township Services Project Appendix A

APPENDIX ATERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE EA STUDY

The following presents a proposal for Terms of Reference for an Environmental AssessmentStudy of the Mine Township Services (MTS) Project in Zambia. (The TOR will be reviewed inconnection with finalisation of the aide Memoire from the Pre-Appraisal Mission May 24 - June5, 1999).

1. Introduction

Zambia is under reconstruction and its environmental problems have been identified and solutionsproposed from the Bank's perspective in the National Environmental Action Plan and the SAR(16239-ZA) on the Environmental Support Program (ZM-PA-3253). Within the context of thecurrent negotiations for the sale of the remaining ZCCM assets, private investors have beenunwilling to take responsibility for assets that are not directly linked with mining operations. Theinvestors consider the municipal services traditionally being offered by ZCCM to its workers andtheir families as non-core businesses. These non-core assets include those needed for theprovision of mine township services: water and sanitation, solid waste, storm-water drains, streetlighting, maintenance of township roads, cemeteries, and electricity distribution.

The investors are looking to GRZ to provide mechanisms that will assure the continuation of anadequate and reliable range of vital urban services for company employees, their dependants andother residents of the mine townships. If the investors are not confident that these services willcontinue to be adequately provided, the sale of the mines may be significantly delayed, withnegative economic consequences for the country.

2. Background Information

In connection with the privatisation process of Zamnbia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM), theWorld Bank is considering to support a Mine Township Services (MTS) Project. An'idL.tification mission from the Bank visited Zambia in February/March 1999 and the mentionedPre-Appraisal Mission outlined the proposed MTS Project, including water supply, sewage andsolid waste services in the mine townships of five present and previous divisions of ZCCM. Theother municipal services will probably be taken over by the Councils and ZESCO.

The Project will according to the Aide Memoire of the Pre-Appraisal Mission contain thefollowing components:

US $ mill.i) Management Contract with provisions for performnance bonuses 5.5ii) Operations Maintenance and Repair Fund 10.0iii) Rehabilitation Works 18.5iv) Support to Asset Holding Company 1.0v) Support to Municipal Institutions 2.0

Total 38.0

The Project will be implemented in three Phases:

i) Phase I - up to 12 months. Management by an ZCCM-owned subsidiary Asset HoldingCompany (AHC), with possible EU support (AHC Mining Municipal Services Ltd.).

ii) Phase II - four years contract with a Private Operator (PO).

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iii) Phase III - transfer of assets and operations to permanent providers of services, probablythe commercial utility companies (water and sewerage) and the municipal councils (solidwaste).

The preliminary investment plan or capital works/rehabilitation budget includes the followingitems: i) Water System, ii) Water System Metering, iii) Community Metering and iv) SewageSystems. The budget does not indicate any investments in solid waste collection and disposal.Necessary investments will probably be included in a follow-on Urban Development Project. It isassumed that the ZCCM-owned Asset Holding Company during the transition period, and laterthe Private Operator will be responsible also for the solid waste from the mine townships, the EAstudy shall encompass these services.

The EA study shall also identify potential socio-economic impacts of the Project.

For the purpose of this EA, the Bank in accordance with the WB OP/BP/GP 4.01 has assigned theProject as Category B.

3. Objectives

The Objectives of the EA will be to identify the possible negative environmental impacts of theproject as presently designed and propose the required mitigating measures to be implemented toavoid these negative impacts. The EA will also highlight the positive impacts of the project on thewater and sanitation sector.

At this stage of the screening process, the negative impacts have been identified as mainlycoming from the existing installations and operations, while more positive environmental impactsmay be the result from the physical investments being financed under the Project, notably theinfrastructure, rehabilitation and equipment components for the sewage collection and disposalschemes.

Although involuntary resettlement is not anticipated at this point in the preparation, should itbecome an issue subsequently, a separate resettlement plan will be required.

The Project proposes the enhancement of the performance in urban water supply, sanitation andsolid waste collection and disposal through components incorporating institutional reforms andcapacity building under a concept of commercialisation and privatisation. The EA will assesslikely effects of other proposals under the Project on the enhancement of urban and ruralenvironmental conditions.

These terms of reference have been drafted with the objective that the EA would be over,endorsed by the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and cleared in the Bank (AFTES)before the appraisal mission, scheduled for September 1999:

4. Environmental Assessment Requirements

The EA will seek to ensure that the Project complies with the relevant guidelines andrequirements of the following:

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* World Bank Operational Policies 4.01 "Environmental Assessment" (November 1998) andrelated guidelines such as Bank Procedures 4.01 (November 1998) and OD 4.30"Involuntary Resettlement" (June 1990) (OP/BP 4.12?);

* The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook:* National laws and/or regulations on pollution control, environmental reviews and impact

assessments, in particular the Statutory Instruments No 72 of 1993 and No 28 of 1997;* Environmental assessment regulations of any other financing organisations involved in the

project; and* The Zambia National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP).

5. Study Area

The core areas for the study include areas covered and influenced by water supply, sewage andsolid waste systems of the following ZCCM Divisions/Mining Companies:

* Roan Antelope Mine Corporation (RAMC (Z) Plc), Luanshya* Nkana Division, Kitwe* Mufulira Division, Mufulira* Nchanga Division, Chingola* Konkola Division, Chililabombwe

Areas to be covered by the study are in particular those which are the focus of the urban watersupply and sanitation investments of the Project as well as the solid waste services, their waterintake areas, wastewater discharge locations, and affected water surface waters, and the maincatchment and/or groundwater systems (including their recharge areas) which supply them, aswell as solid waste disposal sites and their surroundings. The study area will in part cover areasdeveloped by the mines and affected by mines' operations. Interfaces with environmental impactsof the mines' operations will be clarified and the precise boundaries of the study area for theassessment will be decided upon during the initial exercise of the EA. Environmental assessmentof the mines' operations as such is outside the scope of work of this EA.

6. Scope of Work

Some of the technical and economic/financial as well as institutional information on the project isstill being refined. The consultants will take stock of all relevant existing information at the timeof starting EA preparation.

7. Task 1: Description of the Proposed Project

The Project is described in the attached Aide Memoire of May 24 - June 5 1999 with details ofthe proposed repairs and rehabilitation program from its Annex 2. This task will take stock of theproject components as they stand now and will break them down according to the type of worksin order to ease the identification of their likely environmental impacts. A convenient way to doso is to break down each activity into the following phases: present operations, construction,maintenance, development of activities permitted by the works (e.g. design of the water supplysystems, land clearing and acquisition work, laying out the pipes etc.).

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8. Task 2: Description of the environment

The consultants will assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on the relevant environmentalcharacteristics of the study area. These will include information on any changes anticipatedbefore the project commences, in reference to the reconnaissance of the likely environmentalimpacts of the project. Within the areas likely to be impacted the following environmentalimpacts will be collated when relevant:

a) Physical environment: geology; topography; soils; climate and meteorology; ambient airquality; surface and ground-water hydrology; existing sources of air emissions; existingwater and soil pollution discharges; and receiving water quality.

b) Biological environment (especially in rural areas): flora; fauna; rare or endangeredspecies; sensitive habitats, including parks or preserves, significant natural sites, etc.;species of commercial importance, and species with potential to become nuisances,vectors or dangerous.

c) Socio-economic environment: land use (including current crops and cropping patterns);land tenure and land titling; human settlements, human health indicators, family economyand ability to pay for the proposed services, present water supply and water uses(including current distribution of water resources if irrigation systems already exist inarea); control over allocation of resource use rights.

The consultants will make use of relevant environmental data available, in particular datacollected in the Environmental Impact Statement Report (applicable Appendixes H) (ZCCM1997), the ZCCM Group Environmental Services, the RAMC (Z) PLC Environmental Services,the Ministries of Environment and Natural Resources and Energy and Water Development.

9. Task 3: Legislative and regulatory considerations

The consultants shall ascertain and summarise the pertinent regulations and standards governingenvironmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangeredspecies, siting, land use control, etc., at international, national, regional and local levels. Anassessment of the present handling of the EA requirements and procedures, as well as of the

GRZ's capacity to handle these in the future should be included in this EA. The NEAP and theEnvironmental Support Program should be made use of as part of this exercise.

10. Task 4: Determination of the potential impacts of and impacts on the proposedproject

Potential impacts to be assessed include, but are not limited to the environmental reconnaissancewhich identified likely impacts that should be investigated.

a) Project Location: possible resettlement of people; loss of forest land; loss of agriculturalland (cropping and grazing); impact on flora and fauna; impact on history and culturalsites; effects on water resources outside and inside command area.

b) Project Design: disruption of hydrology; drainage problems; design of constructions andother structures; crossings for people and animals.

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c) Construction Works: soil erosion; noise. traffic safetv issues, construction spoils(disposal of); sanitary conditions and health risks associated with construction camp andworkers coming into area; social and cultural conflicts between imported workers andlocal people.

d) Project Operation: pollution by chemicals; impacts on soils (water logging, salinisation,etc.); changes in ground water levels and quality inside and outside command area;changes in surface water quality and risks of eutrophication; incidence of excreta andwater-related diseases, sanitary risks from sewage treatment operations.

In general potential environmental risks may be connected with the following stages in the watersupply and sewage disposal processes:

a) Raw Water Intake* Extraction quantities in relation to minimum flow requirement or aquifer potential* Quality of raw water

b) Water Treatment Works* Backwash water and sludge discharges - recipient purification capacity and chemical

contamination

c) Water Transmission and Reticulation Systems* Leakage - contamination through cracks by sewage and other polluted water during

zero pressure periods

d) Sewage Reticulation and Transmission Systems* Cracked or clogged pipes - sewage may contaminate ground water or seep out on the

surface and into trenches and streams* Pipes cracked by nearby residents to provide irrigation water - pollution and health

risks

e) Sewage Pumping Stations* -Overflow during pump breakdowns - health risk for workers and contamination of

surrounding area

j) Sewage Treatment Plants and Ponds* Access by the public - health risks* Disposal of coarse screenings, grit and sludge - soil/water pollution and health risks

for workers, nearby community and domestic animals* Discharge water not thoroughly processed - pollution of recipient (length of

river/stream affected by the discharge and magnitude of changes in water qualityparameters), and/or health risks related to overflow water used for irrigation

* Water weed on the pond - consequences for the purification processes in the ponds* Crocodiles in the ponds - consequences for operation and maintenance* Seepage from ponds into groundwater and nearby waterways* Health risks for workers* Need for system capacity upgrading due to increased volumes from rehabilitated

reticulation systems

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g) Construction and Rehabilitation Works* Involuntary resettlement requirements* Land use conflictsa Risk of accidents for workers and nearby residents - example: open water filled

trenches left unguarded without proper physical protection

With regard to solid waste collection, transport and disposal, the following operations mayconstitute environmental risks:

a) Household disposal* Health risks, particularly for children if proper containers are not used

b) Collection and tran.bport* Health risks for local population and pollution from open waste slabs* Health risks for collection workers

c) Disposal landfills (to be elaborated)* Location - general nuisance for nearby residents* Dump/landfill disposal and treatment methods* Soil and water and air pollution from leachate and gas emission (and smoke in case

of burning refuse)* Health risks for workers, scavengers and nearby residents.

The EA Study should, in addition to requirements of the WB OP 4.01, include the followingissues related to solid waste:

- a survey of the operations carried out by the contractors, including the type and amountof waste produced by the various categories of customers,

- preliminary designs and operational guidelines for improved dumps (eventual sanitaryI landfills if required by ECZ),

- estimate of investments, operational and environmental monitoring costs (for examplebore holes to monitor eventual leachate contamination of ground water) needed to meetthe requirements of the respective ECZ licenses,

- recommendation on organisation of the solid waste component under the AHC MiningMunicipality Services Ltd.

Implementation of the Project is linked to the privatisation process of the mining industry inZambia. This process has, and will have in the future, significant socio-economic consequencesfor the involved employees and their families, in particular the miners living in the minetownships. The EA study should identify potential socio-economic impacts directly or indirectlyconnected to the Project and in case these may be assumed to be significant and negative,recommend appropriate further studies and/or mitigating measures.

The EA shall cover, but not be limited to the above mentioned issues, and will also consider thewater cycle as a whole and make recommendations in this connection. Projected quantitative andqualitative changes in beneficial uses, and anticipated sanitation and public health benefits shouldalso be assessed.

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11. Task 5: Analysis of alternatives to the proposed project

Describe alternatives that were examined in the course of developing the proposed project andidentify other alternatives, which would achieve the same objectives. The concept of alternativesextends to siting, design, technology selection, construction techniques and phasing. andoperating and maintenance procedures. Compare alternatives in terms of potential environmentalimpacts; capital and operating costs; suitability under local conditions; and institutional, training,and monitoring requirements. When describing the impacts, indicate which are irreversible orunavoidable and which can be mitigated. To the extent possible, quantify the costs and benefits ofeach alternative, incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigating measures. Includethe altemative of not implementing the project, in order to demonstrate environmental conditionswithout it.

12. Task 6: Identification of institutional needs to implement environmental assessmentrecommendations

This duty component is subject to a justified need of more monitoring plans and institutionalbuilding than those which will be implemented as part of the proposed Project.

Review the authority and capability of institutions at local, provincialregional, and nationallevels and recommend steps to strengthen or expand them so that the (management and)monitoring plans in the EA can be implemented. The recommendations may extend to new lawsand regulations, new agencies or agency functions, inter-sectoral arrangements, managementprocedures and training, staffing, operation and maintenance training, budgeting and financialsupport.

13. Task 7: Development of an Environmental Monitoring Plan

A comprehensive environmental management plan will only be executed if the EA has identifiedsignificant harmful impacts of the proposed Project. If not, the plan shall be limited to descriptionof mitigating measures, and an outline of monitoring procedures and responsibilities.

The consultants shall prepare a plan for monitoring of the implementation of mitigating measuresand monitoring of the impacts of the project during construction and operation. The monitoringefforts should not only cover biophysical elements, but also inhabitants and their sanitaryconditions.

The EA Study Report shall recommend feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or reducesignificant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Estimate the impacts and costs of thesemeasures, and of the institutional and training requirements to implement them.

Consider compensation to affected parties for impacts, which cannot be mitigated. Prepare a planincluding budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements, and other necessarysupport services to implement the mitigating measures. The plan shall include an outline ofinstitutional responsibilities for implementation of the plan.

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14. Task 8: Assist in inter-agency co-ordination and public/NGO participation

AHC Mining Municipal Services Ltd. With assistance form ZCCM Environmental Services willlead co-ordination with governmental agencies, donors, and other affected groups. During thestay in Zambia the consultants will assist in this, including the keeping of records of meetings andother activities, communications, and comments and putting these at their disposals. TheConsultant shall prepare posters for public display and consultation, as related to findings andrecommendations of the EA Study Report.

15. Report

The Environmental Assessment Report should be concise and concentrate on significantenvironmental issues. The main text should focus on findings, conclusions and recommendedactions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any reference used ininterpreting these data. Detailed or un-interpreted data are not appropriate in the main text andshould be presented in appendices or a separate volume. Unpublished documents used in theassessment may not be readily available and should also be assembled in an appendix. The EAreport should be organised according to the outline below.

Executive Summary, Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework, Description of the ProposedProject, Baseline Data, Significant Environmental Impact, Analysis of Alternatives,Environmental Management and Training, Environmental Monitoring Plan. Appendices: List ofReferences and Record of Interagency/ Forum/Consultation Meetings

16. Consulting Team and Time Budget

Members of the team should consist of people with the following specialisation:

- EA study team leader with general expertise in EA- Environment economics and social science* Water and sanitation engineering (oxidisation ponds specialist)* Solid waste engineering* Hydrology* Other specialists (if required)

The tentative time budget for each team member is as follows:

Team member No. work days No work weeksTeam Leader/EA expert 40 8Environmental economics & social science 10 2Water and sanitation engineering 20 4Solid waste engineering 15 3Hydrology 10 2Other specialists *) 10 2Total 105 21

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*) It is envisaged that there mav be a need for short-term inputs by other specialists, such ashydrologist, legal advisor, biologist and chemist.

The use of local/regional consultants is highly recommended.

17. Schedule

The EA preparation is scheduled to take place as follows:

Tasks/Month Month 1 Month 2 Month 3MobilisationKick off meetingData collection and field visits _

Impact & analysis of alternativesFindings and recommendationsStakeholder workshop_ __ _First draft report= _,_ ,_ = = _Public consultation __.__ Draft Final EA reporttReview: GRZIZCCM/AFrES | | 1 l l = Final EA report | r _ _ __ .18. Other Information

It is important that this EA takes into consideration all relevant information on environmentalissues in Zambia, as well as the specific planning and implementation activities dealing withenvironmental aspects of this Project. Hence, the consultants' attention should be directed to i.a.the following data sources, project background reports and studies, relevant publications, andother items:

* Environmental reconnaissance of the MTS Project, World bank 1999 (InterconsultInternational AS)

* Environmental assessment and the World bank, CD-ROM version 1.0.* Environmental Assessment Sourcebook and all related regulatory texts published by the

World Bank group* World Bank: The Evolution of Environmental Assessment in the World Bank: from

"Approval" to Results, Environmental Department Papers, 1999.* World Bank/AFTES ((Environmental Assessment and Review in Sub-Saharan Africa)>, 1995* World Bank/AFTES ((Managing the Environment Locally in Sub-Saharan Africa

(MELISSA)>, 1995* Zambian National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)* Environmental Support Program, WB SAR 16239-ZA, 1997* MENR (1990): Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act.* MENR (1993): Zambia Effluent Discharge Standards. Statutory Instrument No 72/1993.* MENR (1993): Zambia Effluent discharge Standards. Statutory Instrument No 72/1993.* MENR (1997): Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations. Statutory Instrument

No 28/1997.* MEWD (199?): Water Act.

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* MEWD (1997): Water and Sanitation Act.* MoL (1970): Land Acquisition Act.* Other relevant GRZ laws and regulations (Statutory Instruments).* ZCCM(1996): Nkana Division Environmental Management Plan SRK Report 229803

September 1996.* ZCCM (1997): Environmental Impact Statement, Appendix H - Water Supply, Sewage and

Stormwater Management, Steffen Robertson and Kirsten, Johannesburg, South Africa.* ZCCM (1998): Transformnation of Municipal Services Post ZCCM Privatisation (draft) -

ZCCM Task Force.

Some relevant project specific plans, descriptions and Terms of Reference, including the UrbanRestructuring and Water Supply Project and the Environmental Support Project, should berconsulted.

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APPENDIx B

1. The EA Team Members and Distribution of Tasks

Arne Dahlen AD Team Leader/Environmental Assessment SpecialistTony Alien TA Water and Sanitation EngineerGilbert Mudenda GM Social ScientistHarald Damhaug HD Solid Waste SpecialistVictor N. Kasimona VK Hydrologist

The eight specified tasks of the Scope of Work of the TOR were in general distributed among theteam members as follows. However, all members participated in team meetings where the TOR;general layout of the Report and particular issues were discussed. AD had also a number ofdiscussions with the other team members on an individual basis.

Task 1: Description of the proposed Project AD and TATask 2: Description of the environment GM and VKTask 3: legislative and regulatory considerations ADTask 4: Determination of potential impacts of and impacts on the

Proposed Project TA, HD, GM and ADTask 5: Analysis of alternatives to the proposed Project TA and HDTask 6: Identification of institutional needs to implement assessment

recommendations ADTask 7: Development of an Environmental Monitoring Plan AD and TATask 8: Inter-agency co-ordination and public/NGO participation AD

Various chapters and appendices of the Report were drafted by the team members in accordancewith the distribution of tasks as outlined above. The final writing and editing of the report wasdone by the Team Leader.

2. EA Study Work Schedule 1999

August 19 Mobilisation and commission of workSocio-economic assessment, data collection

August 25 Water and sanitation, solid waste assessmentAugust 27 Kick off meeting, Kalulushi, data collection and field workSeptember 06 Impact analysis

Findings and recommendations, draft report preparationSeptember 14 Stakeholders workshop (postponed)

Report preparation and editSeptember 27 First draft for comments by WB, continue edit of draft report

Preparation of posters for public displayOctober 22 Dispatch of 2" draft report to WB for environmental clearance

Comments from AHC, ZCCM GES, ECZOctober 26 Project Appraisal Mission - 2 weeksOctober 28 Stakeholders workshopNovember onwards Public display and consultations (AHC and GES)November 15 Dispatch of final draft report to WB, AHC,

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ZCCM, ECZ

3. Stakeholders Workshop and Public Consultation

A workshop for key stakeholders was conducted in Kitwe (Mutondo House) on 28 October 1999.Invitations were originally sent out for a workshop on 14 September, but this had to bepostponed, because that day was declared a day of mourning for the late Hon. Minister forMLGH.

The following persons participated in the workshop:

Mr. F.M Mwendabai Chairman ZCCM Municipal Task ForceMr. T.C. Chanda Acting Manager AHC Municipal Services Ltd.Mr. J. Makumba Head ZCCM Group Environmental ServicesMr. D. Meleki Manager HRD ZCCMMr. K. Kachasa Eng. Superintendent ZCCMDr. Simukonde Chief Medical Advisor ZCCM Health DepartmentMr. C. Siluwe Medical Officer ZCCM Health DepartmentMs. Liz Public Rel. Officer ZCCMMr. W. Nyirenda Head HRD AHC Municipal Services Ltd.Mr. M. Maimbolwa Director MLGH Special ProjectsMr. M. Phiri Inspector Environmental Council of ZambiaMr. S.T. Chisanga Chief Publ. Health Off. Ministry of HealthMr. A. McPhail Senior Economist World Bank, WashingtonMr. Soko Managing Director Kafubu W&S Company Ltd.Dr. Mtonga Professor School of Built Environment, CBUDr. I.A. Nyambe Research Coordinator School of Mines, UNZA

Facilitators and presenters:

Mr. Ame Dahlen Team Leader EA Study Team, ICIMr. Tony Allen W&S SpecialistDr. Gilbert Mudenda Socio-economist <

The facilitators gave a brief presentation of the EA Study Report with its findings andrecommendations, following the outline of the Report. There were a number of useful commentsand a few corrections (on technical issues), which are worked into the Final Report. It wasappreciated that research institutions were invited to the workshop, and it was expressed thatthese institutions should be given a role in monitoring impacts of the Project. The participantsappreciated that training issues were highlighted in the Report. The Environmental Council ofZambia will scrutinise the Report against the regulations of thelnspectorate, and it is anticipatedthat an environmental license will be issued.

The participants gave their consent to that the public display and consultation to be arranged byAHC should be incorporated in public meetings in the townships where AHC and ZCCM willpresent the MTS Project and the privatisation process of the mines. Posters have been prepared bythe Consultant (Appendix D of the Final Report).

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APPENDIX C

PEOPLE/ORGANISATIONS CONSULTED AND PLANTS VISITED

Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ)

Mr. J. Phiri DirectorMr. Shadreck Nsongela Senior EIA Officer, EIA UnitMs. Mavis Chisha Environmnetal Impact Assessment Officer, EIA UnitMr. K. W. Mulemwa Senior Inspector, Waste Management UnitMr. Jacob Chirwa Head of Water Pollution Control Unit (WPCU)Mr. Douglas Ngolonganya Senior Technical Officer, WPCU

AHC Municipal Services Company Ltd.

Mr. T.C. Chanda Acting Managing DirectorMr. Evans Mutangama Company Secretary/Chief Accountant

Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM)

Mr. Fred Mwendabai Chairman Municipal Services Task ForceMr. C. Lukeke Group Environmental Services OfficerMr. J. Kabwe

ZCCM Nkana Division - Kitwe

Mr. A. Mpishi Divisional Environmental Services OfficerMr. C. Chanda Environmnetal Services OfficerMr. J. Banda Assistant Engineering SuperintendentMr. F. Milunda Section EngineerMr. C, Chishimba Chief Health OfficerMr. B. Mumba Head Community ServicesMr. B. Bamba Contracts ControllerMr. S. Mupeni Manager, J.K. EnterprisesMr. F.C. Kasusu F.C. Kasusu CongractorsMr.L. Mutendele ML Electrical Contractors

ZCCM Nchanga Division - Chingola

Ms. S.A.B.N. Chitah Divisional Environmnetal Services OfficerMr. Y. Phiri Divisional Environmental services OfficerMs. S. Elawad Assistant Engineering superintendent - MechanicalMr. K. Mushany Section Engineer - Water Services and SewageMr. F. Jipupa Mpelembe Properties Chingola Ltd.Dr. S. Mulenga

ZCCM Mufulira Division - Mufulira

Mr. K.E. Kachasa Engineering SuperintendentMr. Y. Mukanga Assistant Engineering Superintendent - MechanicalMr. R.M. Phiri Assistant Engineering Superintendent - ElectricalMr. V.K. Chalwe Divisional Environmental Services OfficerMr. 0. Muhenga Section Chemist - Analytical Services

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Mr. E. Banda Sivil EngineerDr. R. Simukonde Chief Medical OfficerMr. P. Mukuka Chief Health OfficerMr. K.A.S. Manda Chairman, Kondwani Ltd.Mr. E.K. Zozi Works Manager, Kondwani Ltd.Mr. M. Malalama Site Foreman, D.M. Monta Ltd.Mr. G. Mushinke Projects Manager, A.M.C. Ltd.Ms. H. Byrdziak KGHM Polska Miedz SAMr. A. Baldyga KGHM Polska Miedz SA

ZCCM Konkola Division - Chililabombwe

Mr. M. Matindo Divisional Environmnetal Services OfficerMr. T. Nzima Assistan Engineering Superintendent - MechanicalMr. C. Chimbanga Section Engineer - ServicesMr. H. Nekhuwah Chief SurveyorMr. P. Banda Chief Health OfficerMr. P. Musonda AccountantMr. P. Mwenda Senior Personnel OfficerMr. M. Muchambwe Accluntant MPCL Contractor

RAMC(Z) - Luanshya

Mr. N. S. Phiri Head Environmental Services RAMC(Z)Mr. L. Kasato Environmental Services OfficerMr. T. Kapalasha Senior Environmental Services OfficerMr. C. Simukoko Chief Health OfficerMs. Agness Musebo Supervisor, F.C. Kasusu Contractors

Metorex - Kalulushi

Mr. C. Nondo Section Engineer - MechanicalMr. B. Sewale Head EngineerMr. E. Mwenya Foreman

Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development

Mr. W.R. Sweta Director of Mines

Ministry of Health and Social Services

Mr S.T.Chisamga Chief Public Health Officer

Water Development Board

Mr. A. MondokaMr. C. Nundwe Water Officer

World Bank Resident Mission

Ms.Bwalya M. Mumba Procurement AnalystMs. Jane Walker Task Manager, WB, Washington

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European Union Resident Mission

Mr. Guy Rijcken Councillor (Engineering)Ms. Chantal Symoens Councellor

Department of National Parks & Wildlife

Dr Lewis Saiwana Deputy Director

Crocodile Farmers Association

Mr. Keith Usherwood Chairman

Meteorological Service Department

Mr. Zululan Daka Hydrometeorologist

University of Zambia

Dr. T.Sinkala Professor, School of Mines

University of Copperbelt

Dr. Mtonga Professor, School of Built Environment

Industrial Research Bureau, Kitwe

Mr. T. B. Njovu Research Fellow

National Council for Scientific Research (NCSR)

Mr. N. Mwansa

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flepubli oj zamota 1. asZambia Consolidated Copper AMines/World Bank Final ZReportMine Township Services Project Appendix C

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APPENDIX DPOSTERS FOR PUBLIC DISPLAI AND CONSULTATION

The Mine Township Services (MTS) Project

is supported by the World Bank, other donors and the Government of Zambia, and consists offive components:

i) Performance Based Management Contract (US$ 5.5 mill)

* An Assets Holding Company (AHC) will enter into a management contract with a privateoperator (PO)

* PO will be a local company or consortium in collaboration with a reputable internationalutility operational company. Contract will cover Phase II, estimated to last for at leastfour years.

ii) Operations Maintenance and Repair Fund (USS 10.0 mill)

* Provide funding for operations, maintenance and repair of systems during Phase 11 of theproject, including the solid waste management.

Hii) Rehabilitation Works (USS 18.5 mill)

O Only a part (US$ 10.0 mill) to be covered by the Bank loan. Rest may be covered byother donors

Preliminary investment plan (Thousands US S) under iii) rehabilitation works:

i) Water Systems 10,783 58 %ii) Water System Metering 379 2 %iii) Community Metering 323 2 %iv) Sewage Systems 2,734 14%

Engineering/contingencies 4,426 24 %Total 18,590 100 %

iv) Support to the Asset Holding Company (USS 1.0 mill)

* Support for operational costs and Technical Assistance the first years of operation.* Support from EU (not yet clear)

Areas of Project Operations - Mine Townships:

* Nkana Division, Kitwe* Mufulira Division, Mufulira* Nchanga Division, Chingola* Konkola Division, Chililabombwe* Roan Antelope Mine Corporation (RAMC (Z) Plc), Luanshya

v) Support to Municipal Institutions (USS 2.0 mill)

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* MTSP will be used as a demonstration project for the use of private sector contracting inthe provision of municipal services

* Support the establishment of commercial utilities (CU) in a regional context on theCopperbelt - including studies and Technical Assistance

* Preparation of the proposed Urban Development Project (UDP) - solid waste to beincluded among other municipal services.

The Project will be implemented in three Phases, starting from June 2000:

i) Phase I - up to 12 months. Management by AHCii) Phase 11 - minimum four years contract with a Private Operator (PO)iii) Phase 111 - transfer of assets and operations to permanent providers of services - CU

companies (water and sewerage), municipal councils (solid waste).

Next steps in the project preparation procedure (tentative schedule):

* Appraisal Mission Oct/Nov 1999* Issue Request for Proposals (RFP)

for Management Contract March 2000* WB Board approval March 2000* Bid Award May 2000* WB Loan effective May 2000* Start of Phase I June 2000

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT STUDY

The EA Study was carried out by a team of specialists from the Norwegian ConsultantCompany Interconsult International AS during August - October 1999. The legal and policyframework for the EA Study consisted of:

i) World Bank documents:

* Aide Memoire - June 1999 with appendices (Pre-appraisal mission)* Environmental Reconnaissance Report with draft Terms of Reference* WB Operational Policies 4.01 EA and related guidelines and Bank procedures* WB Operational Directive 4.30 Involuntary Resettlement

ii) GRZ environmental legislation

* The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act No 12/1990* The Waste Management (Licensing of Transporters of Wastes and Waste Disposal Sites)

Regulations. Statutory Instrument No 71/1993* The Water Pollution Control (Effluent and Waste Water) Regulations. Statutory

Instrument No 72/1993* The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control (Environmental Impact Assessment)

Regulations. Statutory Instrument No 28/1997* The Water Act of 1949* The Water and Sanitation Act of 1997

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* The Land Acquisition Act No 2/1970 - Regulations regarding resettlement andcompensation

iii) GRZ National Policies

* Water policies* Sanitation and solid waste policies

Institutional Framework

The following Institutions are regarded as stakeholders in relation to the Project and the EAStudy and were consulted by the EA Study Team:

* ZCCM Investment Holdings Ltd.- Group Environmental Services- Owner of AHC

* AHC Municipal Services Ltd.* Private Operator (not yet in place)* Municipal Councils/MLGH* NWASCO and RSU* Water Development Board* Ministry of HealthD Environmental Council of Zambia* Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development

Conclusions of the EA Study:

* The main focus of the Project is rehabilitation and new management of water supply,sanitation and solid waste services.

* Environmental aspects of the Project are by default directly linked to the investment planand operation and maintenance of the installations.

* With sufficient investment in rehabilitation and some new installations, and propermanagement, operation and maintenance procedures being followed by well trained staff,the Project would impose only minor environmental impacts.

* Consequently the focus of the EA Study is on the investment and training required tobring the management, operations and maintenance up on an appropriate level to meet theenvironmental and other requirements set down by the Authorities of Zambia and theWB's Operational Policies and Directives.

Assessment of Water Supply and Sanitation Services

A thorough investigation and analysis was done on the present installations and operations ofwater supply and sewage, as well as of the proposed rehabilitation program.

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

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Recommendations Common to All Divisions

Recommendations are incorporated in the Environmental Management Plan and are identifiedwith a letter and a number. E stands for Environmental Management recommendations and Cfor mitigating measures common to all divisions.

E 01 Water and sewage operators should be given skills training, to give them a greaterunderstanding and awareness of why they carry out certain functions, and why thosefunctions need to be carried out in the first place.

E 02 Further planning of the Project should include an assessment of the need foroperational and quality assurance laboratory services and an appraisal on how thisneed can best be met as an integral part of the Project.

C 01 Operations staff should be separated into those workers dealing with clean and dirtywater, and there should be no cross utilisation of one into the other, without firstensuring proper hygiene procedures are carried out, and protective clothing issuedand used. Water workers should be given regular medical checks at six-monthintervals to ensure they are not carriers of any water borne diseases.

C 02 Installation of alum recovery plant(s) should be considered.

C 03 With regard to the presence of water hyacinth there need not be such a cause forconcern. The weed may actually assist in cleaning up the sewage. The provisions are:



C 04 Sufficient funds should be included in the rehabilitation budget for expansion of thesewage treatment systems where required to in general meet the proposed standardsfor coliform and ECZ standards for parameters on a limited samples basis in effluentdischarges. (Does not apply to Nkana).

C 05 A programme should be worked out so that sewerage construction runs in parallelwith water pipe construction in the same areas to minimise environmental factors andinconvenience to consumers. (Does not apply to Nkana).

C 06 Construction risks should be minimised by proper supervision of constructionactivities and full consideration given to appropriate alternative technologies.

Recommendations Specific to Individual Divisions

Nkana - Kitwe

Nk 01 A raw water storage reservoir should be constructed at Kafue River intake.

Nk 02 Flood levels need to be established in relation to any risk of flooding of the pumpstations at the intake.

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Nchanga - Chingola

N 01 A raw water storage tank is required at the intake (in case the source is not shifted tomine shaft water).

N 02 Backwash water and sludge to be discharged to a tailings leach settling tank acrossthe road for the WTP.

Mufulira

M 01 The tailings dump adjacent to the Mufulira Stream intakes should be protected on theslopes facing the stream,, in case it is found that pollutant matter can enter the waterintake.

M 02 The 17th Street pump station should be separated from the sewage pump station.

M 03 The Kankoyo North and South sewage ponds should be replaced with new combinedsewage ponds. The existing Kankoyo ponds are in any case under capacity for 2005flows.

M 04 The remaining three sewage pond systems all require upgrading to accept 2005flows.

M 05 All the 9 sewage pumping stations should be rehabilitated.

Konkola - Chililabombwe

K 01 In case a clarifier is installed a tank should be installed to receive all backwash waterand pump this back to the inlet for re-processing.

K 02 The Kamenza reservoir situation should receive special attention to clear away theold reservoir, and make proper ground investigations on the site of the new one.

K 03 The Golf Course and Konkola sewage ponds have adequate capacity to treat allsewage flows to 2005, provided maturation ponds are added. Kamenza ponds shouldbe closed.

Lunashya

L 01 The Roan sewage ponds have adequate capacity to treat all sewage flows to 2005,provided maturation ponds are added.

L 02 Mpatamatu sewage ponds need urgent reconstruction to accommodate the 2005flows.

L 03 Rehabilitation of three sewage pump stations is urgently required and should beincluded in the Project investment budget.

The additional investments recommended under individual divisions amount toapproximately 2.5 mill US $

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Assessment of Solid Waste Services

The study considered waste production and contents, waste collection and transport andfinally waste disposal practices were considered:

The following practices were observed:

* Quarries from roads construction were used as dumpsites - RAMC (Z), Konkola,Nchanga) or tailings dams - Mufulira - 3 sites, Nkana - I site

* Disposal method: dumping at the sites, scavengers go through the refuse and collect metaland other items, most of the rest is then burned by the scavengers

* Occasional bulldozing and compression - left over refuse moved to the sides of thedumpsite with the bulldozer (except for RAMC (Z) and Nkana)

* No visible guard or caretaker at sites, no monitoring of number and loads of trucks* Refuse dumped in bush, not designated quarry - RAMC (Z)* Little vegetative effects from dumping on tailings dams, as intended (probably due to the

burning of the refuse)* No settlements in nearby areas (except for Nkana)* Long distance (I km or more) to nearest stream/river from dumpsites (except for Nkana)* Dumping sites licensed by ECZ as improved dumps - non compliance with license

regulations* 6 monthly reports by ZCCM, but not scrutinised and monitoring by ECZ* Erratic collection and dumping - lack of monitoring of the contractors' operations by the

Divisions' Public Health Departments and late payment of the contractors

Waste Management is licensed by the ECZ

* Transport of wastes and operation of disposal sites is licensed under the StatutoryInstrument No 71/93

- It was observed that the following conditions of the licenses were not complied with:- Protective clothing etc.- Scattering of waste along transport routes- Annual medical checks up of personnel?- No monitoring of amount of waste at disposal site- No disposal sites enclosed and secure from scavenging- No signboards at disposal sites (except for one)- Compacting and soil coverage not adequate- No arrangement for ventilation- No monitoring of leachate into groundwater- No prevention of scattering of papers etc. at the sites- No program to detect illegal disposal of hazardous wastes- Open air burning at all sites

The EA Study also considered the socio-economic dimensions related to Solid WasteManagement, among other issues:

* Solid waste tariffs - relation to Council rates* The scavenger problem

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The Solid Waste Management of Nkana Division - Kitwe represents a particular problem,observing tle following:

Refuse is dumped at Uchi dumpsite in an abandoned tailings dam (no 26). 1 km from themain road entering Kitwe from the south. The City Council and several other companies arealso dumping refuse at the site, which stretches along the access road and over a wide areanear the eroded part of the tailings dam.

* Hazardous waste disposed at the site without monitoring* Potential leakage into the stream trough the tailings dam (tributary to Kafue River)* Potential contamination of ground water* Potential biogas generation at site* No compacting and covering with soil observed* Potential health risks for workers and scavengers (and children playing in the area) from

refuse dumped along the I km from the main road to the dump site, and refuse dumpedover a large area

* Smoke from burning refuse (lit by the scavengers) may drift over to housing areas.

SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TO SOLID WASTE

SW 01 Carry out a study on the scavenger problem (covered under Solid WasteMaster Plan for Copperbelt)

SW 02 Amend specifications in the contracts for collection and transport toaccommodate requirements of the ECZ licenses (if required).

SW 03 Establish bore holes or wells in the vicinity of the dumpsites for Nkana,Nchanga, Konkola and Luanshya RAMC (Z) (Luanshya) in accordance witha plan to be developed in collaboration with ECZ.

SW 04 In collaboration with ECZ, develop a regular monitoring program withparameters, sample procedures, schedules and test regime for ground watersamples (and surface water downstream of the Uchi dumpsite).

SW 05 Proper management and monitoring procedures for the Uchi dumpsite shouldbe worked out and implemented as a matter of urgency.

SW 06 For Mufulira division, disposal of waste should be concentrated to only oneof the three tailings dams for the duration of the 5 years Project period.

SW 07 Access to be opened to the chosen quarry (licensed) at Luanshya and thedumping in the bush should be stopped immediately.

The E4 Report Recommends that a Component for Solid Waste Management is includedunder the MTSP as part of the Solid Waste Master Planning study:

Firstly to carry out a survey:* to establish a more correct picture of the contents and amount of waste being produced by

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* to assess the feasibility of investment in a bulldozer and/or front loader for Uchi dumpsite* to work out procedures for management, operation and monitoring

The proposed component includes a number of activities, which are considered necessary toenable the AHC (and the PO) to meet the license conditions of ECZ.

An Investment Budget is offered in the EA Report.

The EA Study also recommends that a feasibility study should be carried out on the futuresolid waste management arrangements on the Copperbelt, as part of the new UrbanDevelopment Project, incorporating both Council and Mine Township operations.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

EMP Institutional Responsibilities

There are three distinctive aspects or roles of institutional responsibilities with regard to theEMP:

* Implementation of the action plan component of the EMP in accordance with the plannedtime schedules, e.g. mitigation of environmental impacts, as well as organisationalchanges and capacity building

* Monitoring of the implementation of the EMP and mitigating measures* Independent environmental review and control of the planned and approved actions

instituted by the EMP and the monitoring data and results

The following institutions will have roles and responsibilities with regard to the EMP:

* AHC Municipal Services Ltd.* Private Operator- ZCCM Group Environmental Services* National Water and Sanitation Council* Environmental Council of Zambia* Ministry of Health* Water Development Board, Department of Water Affairs* Municipal Councils/MLGH

The Environmental Management Plan indicates actions to be taken, the parameters formonitoring the actions, frequency or implementation schedule, responsibleperson/institutions and who to report to. The EMP is comprised of thefollowing elements:

* Environmental Management and Monitoring* Common Mitigating Measures* Water Supply and Sanitation Operational Procedures - common for all divisions* Mitigating Measures specific for each Division* EMP for Solid Waste management

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APPENDIX E

NAMIE OF DIVISION NKANADATE OF VISIT 1_' SEPTEMBFR 1999

FACILITY CAPACITY COMMENTSWATER SOURCESKAFUE RIVER INTAKE Domestic water is only taken from the Kafue River.Concrete channel and screen on river bank. The winch and opening apparatus is seized, and a crane had to be used toControl weir immediately downstream. Winch on raise the screen.operating deck to raise/lower the screen.3 Low lift pumps deliver to Nkana East WTP. Upgraded in 1996.3 High lift pumps deliver to Concentrator WTP. 6,500 m3/day per pump. All pumps are located in sumps which are below flood level of the river.

The whole site is protected by an earth bund wall.

Underground water is used only for industrial use, The rehabilitation budget provides a sum of ZK 816 million (=US$ 340,000)and was not examined. for the intake, low lift pumps, and the transmission pipelines to both Nkaka

East WTP and Concentrator WTP. In view of the recent (1996) upgrade onthe low lift pumps, their inclusion seems questionable, particularly as thehigh lift pumps also need some attention. However, if the future ofConcentrator WTP, and Kalalushi WTP are also called into question, thenthe capital expenditure figures need to be re-examined in the light ofwhatever options are adopted.

WATER TREATMENT PLANTCONCENTRATOR WTP.Reception reservoir receives water from the Kafue 4,500 m3 There was no provision for work to this WTP in the rehabilitation budget. Inintake. the Notes at the end of this Report, it is recommended anyway that this WTP

be closed, and four options are given for replacements.

AIS04 and lime dosing. Alum dosed at 300 Recent chemical costs are, Alum @ ZK 30,000 per bag, from Southl Africa,kg/day, lime at 75 kg/day. and Lime @ ZK 4,000 per bag, from Ndola.Settling arrangement, 2 settling tanks 30m x 1Om x 10,080 m3/d. Internal submerged baffles to extend flow path. No sctim boards, and scuin6 m deep. observed.INTERCONSULT International AS PLANTSTATUS FIELD REPOR7T S

'i 'a INTER-November 1999 'OSE TCONSULT

,,.p,

Republic of Zambia Erironmental Assessment Stud;'Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank rinal ReportMine Township Services Project Appendix £Rapid gravity sand filters; 6 x 6m x 3m. 11,880 m'ld. Considerable deterioration of paint, boards missing, and rusting pipes.Clear water sump, chlorine added. Stones removed from bottom of bed showed irregular grading.Then pumped to distribution. 17,000 m3/d. Some pumped to Mindola Township, some to plant for domestic use.Sludge and backwash water discharge to streams 3 No 200 kg drums of AT-191 polyelctrolyte were in the pump buildinig forwhich eventually find their way back to the Kafue trials.River. 6 No Foster Cambridge flow recorders used to work on the control panel.

NKANA EAST WTP.Lime plus AISO4 added to incoming river water. A polyelectrolyte was tried. Whilst it solved theturbidity problem in the wetDosing rate is. 600 kg of lime per day. Alum is season it caused the filters to clog. When Alum was also added, the cloggingdosed at 1,200 kg/day dry season, And 2,500 problem was solved.kg/day wet season.Gravity settlement in vertical flow tanks 648 m2 (8 10,900 m3/d.No x 9m x 9m x 7m deep).Rapid gravity sand filters - 2 No banks of 5 fil;ters 35,000 m3/d. The rapid gravity sand filters are insufficient, particularly if Nkana [Easteach 7m x 6m. WTP is to become a future supplier in lieu of Concentrator WTP andWater to clear water sump, and chlorine added. Kalalushi WTP.Chlorine dosing rate unkown, but target for 2.0mg/l residual. There is a control room at this WTP, which has a computer mimic of theSludge and backwash water is discharged back plant, and facility to change dosing rates, etc. Other instruments inciltidedinto the Kafue River downstream of the intake. flow recorders, a residual chlorine meter, none of which was working, and aThe treated water is then pumped to distribution. 54,000 m3/d. pH meter, which appeared to be working and showed about 6.7 to 6.8.Throughput is stated to be ZCCM 21,900 m3 /d+ Non ZCCM 32,100 m3/d, including a bulk ZCCM borrowed a portable flow meter for 20 days in August 1997. Figuiressupply to Nkana East. from that were given to Mattson, but the SKR figures for 1996 were based on

rated pumping rates. It is estimated that pumps give a life of about 2 yearsfor impellers before they have to be replaced. The exception is a set ofHarland pumps, where the impellers have never been chaniged.

The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 921 million (=US$ 384,000) forNkana East WTP. It is recommended that before committinig this money,further consideration be given to the overall picture for Nkana Division watersupply, including Kalalushi. Whilst this might delay commencemenit of

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work, the condition of the Nkana East WTP is not critical, althoughi workobviously needs to be done. The eventual solution from such a study wouldthen require the budget to be modified.

RESERVOIRS2 concrete clear water reservoirs at the Nkana East 3,875 m3 each.WTP.

Community reservoirs at:Club tanks, domestic water. 1,818 m3. From Concentrator WTP. Steel, poor condition, requiring replacement.17th Avenue, domestic water. 9,092 mi. From Nkana East WTP, 2 No tanks, concrete underground. Poor interilal

condition, concrete spalling.Mindola, domestic water. 4,546 m3. Not seen.Ndeke, domestic water. 6,8.19 m3. Not seen.Wusakile/Chamboli, domestic water. 4,546 m'. Not seen.

The rehabilitation budget provides US$ 220,000 for works at four reservoirs.This is considered to be a serious under provision. 17"' Aveniute reservoirsand pumping station (budget US$ 65,000) will on their own require abotitUS$ 200,000. It is therefore recommended that budgetary provisions forreservoirs and pump stations be increased to US$ 500,000.

PUMP STATIONS17th AVENUEBooster pump station. Takes water from Nkana The reservoirs were built 1954.East WTP, and delivers to ZCCM Townships at The Municipal supplies were given meters under the 9 Towns WS & SNdeke, Wusakile and Chamboli, and also to programme.Municipal supplies for Nkana East.

SEWAGE FACILITIES. All sewerage and sewage treatment for ZCCM hotising in NkanalKitwc iscarried out by the Municipal authority.

As a consequence of the above comment, the budget provisions for seweragehave not been examined.

INTERCONSUL T International AS PLANTSTATUS FIELD REPORMS 3AA. -% I NT ER-e 99 CONSULTNovember 1999

Republic of Zambia Environmental AssessniLent Siti(itZambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank Fititil ReportMine Township Services Project Appendix EOTHER.1. Concentrator WTP shows signs of acid attack from the smelter gases at the plant. Its presence in the middle of a heavy industrial plat area is in any case

undesirable from the aspect of producing reliable potable qtiality water. It is recommended that-Concentrator WTP be closed, anld> Nkana East WTP be upgraded to make good the deficit caused by the closure of both Concentrator and Kalalushi WTP, or> That a new WTP be constructed nearer to Mindola Township and Kalalushi continues to take water from the mine shaft, or> That anew WTP be constructed at aconvenient site just to the west of the railway, to accommodate both Mindola anidKalaltushiiTownlships.

The'approximate costs for a new WTP and/or transmission pipelines would be in the region of US$ 1.0 million, bearing in mind the overall strategy belindthe eventual choice of option.

NAME OF DIVISION KALALUSIIIDATE OF VISIT I' SEPTEMBER 1999

FACILITY CAPACITY COMMENTSWATER SOURCESWater for domestic use is pumped from 668 Water used to be taken from the Wambashi Stream, but that had inadequatemetres underground. It is received at an elevated capacity to meet demand.aerator, comprising two trays cascading water- to areception chamber where lime is added in a flashmixer.Lime addition is at a rate of 50 kg/hr.

WATER TREATMENT PLANT3 No clarifiers - 2 concrete 850 m3 , and one steel950 m3.

Sludge comprises the lime, plus some solids from The matter of sludge discharges is of overall conceri tlhrotigliout allthe underground water. Sludge is discharged to an divisions, and separate comment is made in the report.adjacent stream, thence into the WambashiStream.Water passes to a raw water tank, then into 2 Nohorizontal flow pressure filters, each 2.0 mdiameter, 110 m3 .Filters are backwashed for 45 minutes everyafternoon, and the backwash water discharges to

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Republic of Zambia Environmenial,4ssevsniientE .S8td)Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank Finail ReportMine Township Services Projec Appendix Ethe same stream as the sludge.Water passes into the clear water sump, wherechlorine gas is added. Chlorine dosing rate isabout 1.0 gm/second.Water is then pumped to distribution.3 No pumps are provided; nonnally only one is 650 m3fhr per pump. Normally, pumping rate is about 600 m3/hr, for 17 hours pumping per day.used.

RESERVOIRSTwo pumping mains, one 16" and one 12" deliverto a concrete 1 1,400 m3 reservoir at the top end ofKalalushi Township.

OTHER.This works was seen at the request of AHC as the mine only has 3 or 4 years productive life left. Options available for water supply after then would be:1. To continue using the shaft, as a borehole. from water after it reaches its rest level, probably less than 100 m down.2. To commission an adjacent extant borehole.3. To use water from the new surface open pit mine, about 10 to 12 km away.4. To investigate using the Wambashi stream, augmented by any of the above.5. To combine with a replacement WTP for Concentrator WTP.6. To reinstate the formner Kitwe - Kalalushi pipeline.The costs to include for Kalalushi are included in the figure of US$ 1.0 million quoted elsewhere for the Concentrator WTP options. A study obviously needsto be commissioned as a matter of urgency to examine these various options.

NAME OF DIVISION NCIIANCADATE OF VISIT 3KEJ SEPTEMBER 1999

FACILITY CAPACITY COMMENTSWATER SOURCESKAFUE RIVER INTAKE.Inlet channel and screen to 4 No pumps in 2 No One pump was under repair at the time of the visit. The casing and impellercircular concrete dry wells. were inspected. Both showed signs of weld build repairs in the bast, and theRaft, with 2 No Flygt submersible pumps casing also showed pitting. On the impeller, the welds have beei

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delivering to a 5"' delivery pump, installed in an imperfectly ground down, and would have reduced the efficiency, and madeoutside shed in the 1980's. the impeller unbalanced.

If all 5 No pumps are on-line at the same time, and 60,000/80,000 m3/d There is no budget provision for work on the intake or pumilp sets. l'his is aat 100% efficiency, the rated output is 80,000 most serious omission, especially in view of the age and conditioni of them3/day. 60,000/80,000 m3/d pumps, which must be considered to be time expired. Pump sets for the ditty

required at this intake will probably cost in the region of US$ 50,000 each, 4No will be required as the fifth pump could then be de-commissioned, hut afifth pump set should be purchased for replacement purposes, wheni any ofthe others are down for repair. Thus, a budget provision of US$ 350,000should be allowed for.There was a leak at a flexible coupling on the maii delivery pipeline just onleaving the Kafue Intake.

Water is also drawn from underground supplies,from B.Bank. Water from both sources goes to ablending reception reservoir of about 450 m3, theninto a holding reservoir of 3,875 m3. Thes,. arephysically located near Engineering Services, inthe Main Plant.

There is also a direct 15" pump main, whichdelivers another underground water source directlyto the WTP.

WATER TREATMENT PLANT (1952)There are no settling clarifiers, but lime is added tounderground water.

Rapid Gravity Sand Filters- 13 No. 60,000 m3/d Sand from Kapiri Glass Works, grading about 0.95 mm. A local source wastried, but the sand was found not to be stable.

3 No Horizontal pressure filters, de-commissioned.

Water then passes to the clear water reservoir, The works operator is provided with a swimming pool type kit to check

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Republic of Zambia Environmental Assessnentitudj'Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank Final ReportMine Township Services Project Aendix ewhere chlorine gas is added. Dosing rate is about chlorine residual, which he is supposed to do every two to three hours. Th1is48 kg/day, and the object is to achieve about 0.4 to is satisfactory for an on-site operator level check.0.6 mg/l residual.

Filters are backwashed once per day, using about2,000 m3/day, about 5% of production. If the It is recommended that backwash water be pumped to the tailings leacih plantwater from any source is muddy, the frequency of settling tank, which is just over the road from the WTP.backwash is increased. Backwash water goes to adrain, and eventually into the Chingola Stream.

Water production is estimated at 45,000 m3/day. 45,000 m3/day. The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 1,831 million (=US$ 763,000) for tileWTP. This is probably an adequate budget for the level of work, whicih isnecessary to be carried out.

Water is pumped to distribution. 10 No pumps areprovided, of which 8 No work daily. Thesedeliver to 7 No pumping mains - Red, Yellow,Green, Lulamba, New Blue, Common Manifold,and K Booster.

There are also two concrete ground level 3,875 m3

reservoirs on site. 1,935 m3

Water is generally only delivered to ZCCMTownships, but provision exists to feed the There is a rehabilitation budget provision of ZK 208 million (=US$ 87,000)Municipal supply, or vice versa, in the event of for raw water to clubs. This is not a potable water supply issue, and it isbreakdowns. questionable as to why it is in the budget.

RESERVOIRSEl Reservoir, Chingola town centre. 1,750 in3. Small water tower also, and booster pump station. No one in attendalice.Al Reservoir. 1,750 in3. Vertical cracks in structure. Empty.A2 Reservoir. 3,875 m3. Empty. Concrete circular tank.A3 Reservoir. 875 rn3. Overhead steel tank. Empty.Ki Reservoir. 875 m3. Not seen.INTERCONSUL T Inlernaiional AS PLANTSTATUSFIELDREPORTS 7

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Lulamba Reservoir. 875 m'. Concrete structure. Municipal reservoir about 0.5 km distant.

No provision in the rehabilitation budget for work at any reservoirs. Withthe exception of the A I reservoir, most are in reasonable structural condition,but need valves and other fittings to be refurbished and/or replaced. Abudget provision of US$ 100,000 should therefore be allowed for.

PUMP STATIONSEl Reservoir. No attendant present.Kabundi Booster. Not seen.

There is likewise no provision in the rehabilitation budget for work oni anybooster pump stations. This should be allowed for, and a provision of US$60,000 should be allowed for.

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTNCHANGA STP.Inlet works, screen, and grit removal channels. This works has been found to sit on top of a rich copper ore bearing seam. InSettling- 10 No Imhoff cones. view of the proximity to Nchanga Open Pit, and the uncertainity this createsCircular Filters - 2 primary, for the future as to timing, when mining operations want to take the copper,

2 secondary. it would be better to abandon this works now, and construct a new works2 Maturation ponds 300m x 50m x 1.0m. further down the valley, nearer to the Kafue River. Based oni the use of3 Stabilisation ponds as additional by-pass oxidation ponds, it is estimated that the cost of a new STP, with trtinkcapacity I 00m x 300m x I .2m. sewers, would be in the region of US$ 1.0 million.

Crocodiles in the ponds.3 Anaerobic digestors.Earth drying beds.

Flow through is estimated to be about 465 I/s. 40,000 m3/d.

LULAMBA STP.Coarse screens + grit removal.Activated sludge "bio-reactor" - single cell in The "bio-reactor" should be taken out service, as it has a heavy electricityprefab steel tank 14.0 m dia, approx 3,000 m3 . consumption, which would be uneconomic for a future operator to runl. It

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1,500 m7/d. should be replaced with facultative ponds, and with extra maturation ponds."Bio-Reactor" is de-sludged once per week. Operator cannot see the sludge when operating the outlet valve. Sludge isSludge is passed to 8 No earth lined drying beds. taken by farmers.

2 No Maturation ponds - 3,600 m3 ; second pond Good wave action, freeboard about 0.75 mopened last year.

Final effluent is supposed to flow to Chiwemupala Effluent "diverted" for irrigation purposes; crops include cabbages,Stream, thence.to Chingola Stream. tomatoes, and sugar cane.

The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 186 million (=US$ 77,500) for thisSTP. That will probably be an under estimate, and US$ 200,000 should beallowed for.

PUMP STATIONSNchanga North. Flow to Nchanga STP.East Mill. Flow to Nchanga STP.Lulamba. Flow to Lulamba STP.

The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 1,466 million (=US$ 611,000) forsewage pumping station. It is not specific as to which station thlis refers to,but if it includes all three, then the budget seems adequate.

OTHER:

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NAME OF DIVISION MUFULIRADATE OF VISIT 2""' SEPTEMBFER 1999

FACILITY CAPACITY COMMENTSWATER SOURCESVALLEY DAMValley Dam is an earth embankment dam across Abstraction from the dam is licensed for 40,000 m3/day, but actual waterthe Mufulira Stream, approximately 6 km from the take is presently about 16,000 m3/day. Live storage at present is about 16.6 xmine. The dam is about 35/40 m high. An intake 106 m3 . However, it is thought the spillway crest could be raised 4.0 in,tower passes water into a bottom outlet under the which would increase live storage to about 35 x 106 m3. The present livedam embankment, which discharges immediately storage would just about supply the licence amount for one year (14.6 x 106downstream of the dam wall, thereby resuming the mi3/day).Mufulira Stream. The spillway is on the right Water level at the time of the visit was about 10 m below the crest of thebank, and discharges from about January/February dam.to 3 months after the rain season every year. The . The dam was constructed about 1950. Seepage is taking place utider thespillway discharges into the Butondo Dam. This embankment, and both seepage collection channels run continuitously,was a tailings dam, and is now used for the boat estimated at about 5 - 10 I/sec.club. It could be used as a back up for Valley It is recommended that the dam should be examined by a registered panelDam, by pumping water back in at times of low dam engineer, particularly with reference to raising the spillway crest, and toflow. the seepage, especially if the spillway crest is raised. This should be

considered to be a separate project, and a budget provided for it, as it wouldprovide a secure permanent source of good quality water for domestic use irit is feasible.

The Mufulira Stream flows for about 2 km to During the rainy season, water can be impounded behinid the cmbankment.where 2 No concrete intake structures are placed There is cause for possible concern at contamination from run-off from anon a low embankment across the alignment of the adjacent tailings dumpStream. Each intake has a screen across the face. The pipeline, after combining, has no back up in the event of a pipe burst.Each intake discharges into a 24" pipeline, whichcombines somewhere before the pump station.

The Mufulira Stream Pumping Station is an old 16,000 m3/day This pumping station has suffered from thefl and vandalism. In one recentstructure, housing three pumpsets. Water from the incident, a mains electric cable was stolen, whilst "live" from a transformer.

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Republic of Zambia Environmental Assessment Situld;'Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank

Final ReportMine Township Services Project Appendix Eintakes is drawn straight into the pumps for This stopped the pumps, but a non-return valve blocked, and the back flowdelivery to the Water Treatment Plant. There used flooded the pump station. Fortunately, the pumps were able to work again,to be a reception storage reservoir, but this must after being dried out.have been emptied sometime at a time of high

ground water level, and one bank was destroyed The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 55 million (=US$ 23,000) for theby back water pressure. This could easily be river water pump house. This is considered to be serious under estimate.restored, with pressure relief valves built in. Replacement pump sets will, alone, cost in the region of US$ 90,000, andStorage capacity would have been about 2,500 m3. civil and building works will probably require another US$ 150,000,especially if the storage tank is restored. Therefore, the budget provisionThere are also two underground sources: should be in the region of US$ 240,000.> Fissure, or raw domestic water.

> Industrial water.The industrial water is used in the plant forindustrial processes, without treatment.The domestic underground water goes to the WTP.Approximately 20,000 m3/day is drawn from eachsource

WATER TREATMENT PLANT(1941)AISO4 is added to incoming Mufulira Stream Alum dosing rate varies from 50 kg/day in the dry season, to 75 kg/day in thewater: This then passes to two bank of 2 No wet season. At present, there is only one operating mixing tank and dosingsettling tanks. These are Degremont sludge pump. Pre-chlorination used to be practised, but is no longer used.blanket clarifier type, with launder collectors. There appears to be some confusion in some extant reports about two

apparent WTP, a "Left" bank and "Right" bank works. In fact, there is onlyone WTP, and the confusion may have arisen over the clarifier tanks, as theywere built in two banks.From the clarifiers, water flows to the indoor bank There are various reasons why the filters are stopped, including leakingof filters, of Degremont design. Of the 16 No gates, and damaged bottom drains.filters, 14 No were broken down at the time of the Sand for the filters comes from the Kapiri Glass Works. This seems thevisit. common source of supply to all works inspected.Underground domestic water is received straight

into an outdoor bank of 6 No rapid gravity sandfilters.

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The filtrates then combine in a clear water tank, There is at present only one chlorinator, two should be provided.where chlorine gas is added at a rate of 1.5 kg/hr.Pumping to distribution is then continuous, but at The by-passing operation sometimes means that domestic users lose theirni ht, the flows are passed directly to 2 No 4,000 water from about 22.00 to 05.00 the next morning.m reservoirs, on site, which are used as balancingtanks during the say. In the pump station, thereare 12 pump sets, of which a maximum of 10 arein use at any one time, and minimum of 3.

Sludge from the clarifiers and backwash water is It is reported that backwash water used is approximately 10,000 ml/day.discharged to a stream, which finds its way back to That represents approximately 33% of daily throughptit, and is about 6-7the Mufulira Stream. times the expected usage.

Treated water is reported as being hard, 380 mg/l That level of CaCO3 should give a pH, of about 6.9. This should give aas CaCO3 has been quoted, and pH of treated - negative Langelier Index = -0.7; this would give a Ryznar Stability Iidex of7.6, which is reported to give an expected approximately 9.0, and classification as being a heavily corrosive water.Langelier Index = 1.0. This, at the very least, demonstrates the need for good data on this important

matter, and a special corrosivity report should be commissioned.The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 473 million (=US$ 197,000) for theWTP. This is probably an under-estimate, and based on similar work carriedrecently for the 9 Towns WS&S Project, a contingency of 25% should beallowed for.

RESERVOIRS5Nox lOO m3 elevated distribution reservoirs. . The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 306 million (=US$ 127,000) for

reservoirs. In view of what appears to be a serious under provision ofdistribution reservoir capacity, the budget would seem to be somewhatdeficient. At least 2 No 5,000 m3 reservoirs are needed immediately, andprovision should be made for a budget of US$ 750,000 for these and otherreservoir works.

PUMP STATIONSBooster pump at 17 th Street. . The rehabilitation budget provides ZK I I I million (=US$ 46,000) for both

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Booster pump at Butondo. of these pump stations. This clearly is an under estimate. The 17"' StreetBooster needs to be re-constructed on a totally separate site to avoid thepossibility of cross contamination. New pumps for both boosters will needabout US$ 80,000 (including stand-by sets, of which there are none atpresent). Therefore, the budget should provide for US$ 120,000.

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTKANTANSHI BIG PONDS:86,000 86,000 86,000 m2 No I pond stopped for cleaning. Good wave action on No 3 pond, about

10/15 cm waves, giving good oxygenation. Crocodile reported, but not seeii.KANKOYO NORTH PONDS:35,000 12,000 13,000 m2 A very good stepped weir arrangement on the final outlet, giving good re-

aeration. Water hyacinth were on these ponds until about 1996, wilen theywere removed. One crocodile observed.

KANKOYO SOUTH PONDS:39,000 12,000 8,000 M2 A small inlet works, badly vandalised. 3 No emergency ponds provided.

Water hyacinth on Nos I and 2 ponds.

BUTANDO BIG POND: Inflow to first pond, but no outflow; this suggests seepage somewhere. First49,000 31,000 m2. pond completely covered by water hyacinth.

KANTANSHI SECTION 3 PONDS: Not working at present. Vandalism to a channel connecting the top to7,000 7,000 m2 . bottom pond is being repaired with a steel pipe.

The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 410 million (=US$ 171,000) for allfive STP. In view of the extensive work required at each, especially toprovide maturation ponds, this budget is too low. A budget provision of US$600,000 should be allowed for.

PUMP STATIONSMUMPAMBE. Channel and screen inlet. Only one pump at present; motor was stolen from

the other pump.i 7THI STREET. The sewage pump is a single submersible unit operating in a manhole sump.

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This pump occupies the same site as 17"' Street water booster, and there is arisk of cross contamination, in the event of bursts, or workers transferriligfrom one operation to the other.

GOLF CLUB. A single submersible pump, with no stand-by.SECTION 9. Screen, grit channel, and a diversion to an emergency overflow pond. One

pump only.TRUST SCHOOL. Not seen.PLANT AREA. Not seen.14 SHAFT. Not seen.BUTANDO (GRIFFIN PLANT). Not seen.MALCOLM WATSON HOSPITAL. Not seen.

The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 77 million (=US$ 32,000) for work on4 of these pump stations. In view of the condition of the stations seen, andtheir lack of a stand-by pump in most cases, this is a serious under estimate.A more likely figure would be US$ 300,000 for all nine pump stations.

OTHER.1. It is reported that pump impellers last about 10,000 hours, say 1 l/2 years, and bearings last only 6 months.

NAME OF DIVISION KONKOLADATE OF SITE VISIT 30i" AUGUST 1999

FACILITY CAPACITY COMMENTSWATER SOURCES:KAFUE RIVER INTAKE:Inlet channel + screen in series. Pumps direct to Chililambombwe WTP. This intake and putilp station forms3 low lift submersible pumps. a component of the rehabilitation budget at ZK 235 million (= US$ 98,000).

This may be insufficient, especially as no separate provision seems to havebeen made for additional money for the Mingomba Intake. Probably, aprovision of about US$ 150,000 should be provided for upgrading all thewater intakes.

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Republic of ZambiaZambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank Environmental Assessment Siicd),Mine Township Services Project Final Report. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Appendixr E

UNDERGROUND WATER:Pumped to settlement basin 3,600 m3 (55m x I Sm Pumped at 250 I/sec = Pumps to Chililabombwe WTP; one pump on duty, one on stand-by.x 2 modules); AISO4 added at 5 kg/day. Clarifier about 21,600 m3/day.was new in 1995. Auto dosing plant to start 1999,subject to pipes being delivered. Clarifierdesludged twice per year; sludge is pumped toTailings Settling tank.

MINGOMBA INTAKE:This takes water from a stream, which flows into The water is pumped to Konkola Township WTP. One pump has beenthe top end of the tailings dam. The intake is right removed from raft due to its power cable being stolen. This is scheduled toat the top of the dam impoundment. The intake be replaced. There is little risk of pollution from the tailings. The streaincomprises a floating raft with 2 submersible rises in an area of dambo near the border with DRC, and the hydrology ofpumps rated @ 92 I/sec. The water is pumped to About 7,900 m3/day. this stream, and its adequacy for supply to Konkola Township needs to bean intermediate booster pump station, examined in greater detail than could be achieved under this visit.approximately 0.5 km from the intake.

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:CHILILABOMBWE:River water to 6 rapid gravity sand filters, manual Capacity 54,600 m3/day. Damage to structure of filter building, possibly caused by water hanimerPatterson Candy. Normal operation at from pumping main entering structure too close to corner.Underground water to 6 rapid gravity sand filters, 26,800 m3/day.fully automatic Patterson Candy.Backwash water flows to storm drain adjacent to Backwash waters, and sludge discharges are generally a matter for concernWTP, and thence eventually to the Lubengele in all divisions, and comment is made in the main report on this.Stream and into the Kafue River.All water then flows to clear water sump, gas Chlorine added by vacuum created by one of the pumps.chlorine added @ 10.0 kg/day, claimed to giveresidual 0.2 mg/I, target 2.0 mg/I.Water from the clear water reservoir is either 2 pumping mains go to Chililabombwe, 2 go to Kamwenga.INTERCONSUL T International AS PLANTSTATUS FIELD REPORTS 15

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Republic of ZambiaZambia Consolidated Copper Mines/World Bank InvromeFinal Rep orS

Mine Township Services Project ap edrawn by the pumps for distribution, or passes to a The reservoir structure is supported by external stressing cables and jacks. If3,875 m3 reservoir, which acts as a balancing construction is similar to the Kamenga reservoir, this is a later addition toreservoir for the pumps. support an ailing structure. The reservoir should be considered to be

unsound structurally, and replaced.

KONKOLA WTP:3 pressure sand filters 1.0 m dia. There is little provision for cover against breakdowns.Then chlorine added; dosage unknown. The rehabilitation budget provides for capital works to both ChililabonibweBackwash from filters allowed to pass down and Konkola WTP, in total ZK 642 million (= US$ 267,000). Beforeadjacent storm drain, thence it finds its way into 276 m3/h. committing that level of expenditure, a financial appraisal should be miadethe Lubengele Stream. whether it would be better to discontinue the Konkola WTP, and tipgrade tileThe treated water is pumped to Konkola Chililabombwe WTP, with additional pumps and pumping main to supplyTownship. Konkola. In terns of water availability, there would be greater security for

raw water supply for this option, than to continue with the Mingomba Intake.

RESERVOIRSKAMWENGAExisting ground tank, totally out of service due to 3,875 m3 Tank should be demolished as hazard. Prestressing wires exposed, and somestructural condition. have failed. Concrete spalled off in many sections.New ground tank, construction stopped. 3,875 n,3 Construction stopped before floor slab poured. Wall steel partly fixed, but

now fallen over. Wall shutters believed to be at Sliaft 3. New constructionishould not be started until ground investigation carried out to prevent similarfailure in future. New construction will, in any case, probably remove allpresent blinding and reinforcement. A sum of ZK 1,000 million (= US$416,000) is provided in the budget for this construction, and this shotild becommitted as a matter of urgency.

Golf course reservoir.Chililabombwe.Konkola Township- elevated reservoir. 960 mi3.

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTGOLF COURSE (ALSO REFERRED TO AS Receives sewage from medium and low cost housing at present, but schemeMUSHILI STABILIZATION PONDS): being considered to connect high cost housing, and thereby discontinue

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3 ponds in series: 297,200 m'. 17,850 m'/d Kamenza STP. The rehabilitation budget provides for ZK 1,004 millionFinal effluent flows to Kafue river about 200 m (=US$ 418,000) for both Golf Course and Kamenza ponds. This should bedownstream of Kafue water intake. sufficient to encompass the proposed closure of Kamenza STP.

Surface of primary pond completely blinded by presence of water hyacinth(Kariba weed). Some hyacinth on secondary pond, but none on final pond.8 crocodiles seen on visit, but it is claimed that 30 have been seen. Hippoalso resident, but not on day of visit.Some water pumped out by farmer for irrigation.

KAMENZA:3 ponds in series: 14,850 m2 . Receives sewage from high cost housing area.Final effluent flows to Kakosa stream, then to No hyacinth, but 2 crocodiles seen.Kafue river downstream of Golf Course STP. 890 m3/d. Possible illegal use of effluent in shambas below the STP.

KONKOLA:3 ponds in series: 22,410 M2 . Receives sewage from low cost housing area.Final effluent flows to Mutondo stream, which is No hyacinth, or crocodiles.about 5 km distant. Stream eventually joins Kafue 1,350 m3/d. Weir plate on final pond removed to permit lower water level for illegal use.river about 10 km upstream of Kafue intake. Hole in bank of final pond permits water through to channel feeding an

adjacent shamba.The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 58 million (=US$ 24,000). This isprobably insufficient for the works required, and a provision of US$ 50,000should be made.

OTHER:No meters anywhere. Flows measured by rated output of pumps for water, and floats timed in channels for sewage.

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NAME OF DIVISION LUANSHVA - RAMC (Z) CODATE OF VISIT _ 31 ' AUGUST 1999

FACILITY CAPACITY COMMENTSWATER SOURCESKAFUBU RIVER INTAKEChannel + screens to pump house. Pumps to 18,200 ml/d Situated on outside of a bend in the river, but protected by concrete btuid onMakoma Dam. upstream side.

SHAFT 14.Underground water, flows to Luanshya Stream, Can also be pumped back to Luanshya Dam.by-passes Makoma Dam.

SHAFT 18 & 28.Settling tank at Shaft 18, currently blocked. Water 13,000 m3/d Possibility of pollution from Township activities whilst runinling as a surfaceflows to a culvert, which flows through culvert through Mpatamatu Township. Oil slick seen on day of visit. Also,Mpatamatu Township to Fur Stream, then into flow can be diverted to Nkulumushba Stream. There seems little poillt in

Makoma Dam. rehabilitating the settling tank at Shaft 18. Consideration should be given tomaking the open culvert into a closed pipe culvert throughi the T ownisilip.

LUANSHYA DAMDraw off goes to Luanshya Stream, and by-passes 10,400 m3/d Luanshya Dam is now heavily polluted from sewage discharges, fromMakoma Dam. Alternatively, draw off can be sewage spills at East and "T" Avenue sewage pumping stations.diverted, to Fur Stream, then to Makoma Dam.Water also taken for industrial use, and fordistribution in township for garden use.

MAKOMA DAM INTAKE.Floating raft housing 2 vertical centrifugal pumps, Water level in dam was very low, indicating that whiilst the pumped flowplus 2 submersible pumps. Delivers into 2 x 450 from Kafubu, and the flows from Shaft 18/28 and Luanshya Dam are

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Republic of Zambia Environmental Assessment Stud1'/Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/Wiorld Bank Final Repo'rtMine Township Services Project Appendix Emm diameter mains to water treatment plant. sufficient for water supply purposes, they do not maintain the dam level.

That relies on natural run-off during the rainy season. In period Septemberto November it can go lower, and a JCB excavator has to go down alongsidethe pontoon, and dig out around the suction intakes. There is also a gauginigstation to measure level of the lake, but that was high and dry, and probablynot working.

WATER BALANCE:In: 8,614,000 m3/yr. The rehabilitation budget provides a sum of ZK 2,038 millioti (=US$Kafubu R: 3,503,000 m3/yr. 849,000) for raw water intakes, pumping stations and transmission pipelines.Underground ex shafts 18 & 28 2,293,000.m3/yr. It is recommended that the whole picture at Luanshya be re-examined inLuanshya Dam, via tunnel and pump. 733,000 m3/vr. greater detail both from the point of view of ensuring continuity of supply inChonga dam 15,143,000 mi/yr. the event of mine closure, and from the point of view of reducing the risk ofTOTAL grossly polluted waters being used for raw water supply. The level of

expenditure is probably sufficient for immediate short term measures, butTo: money should also be found to fund a project for such a study as outliniedMine area and townships: 14,300,000 m3/yr. above.Luanshya, Roan, Mpatamatu, surface plant, shafts14, 18&28.Non-mine areas; 683,000 m3/yr.Kaminrenda township, at no cost, 160,000 m3/vr.Municipality, which is charged. 15,143,000 m3/yr.TOTALWATER TREATMENT PLANTAISO4 + lime added to pumped water. Alumdosing rate at 450 kg/day/clarifier.2 No circular concrete sludge blanket clarifier 26,700 m3/d.tanks 1,1 13 m2. These de-sludge every rotation. Operator controls the de-sludging operation from the control room, aildSludge returns to the dam. therefore cannot see the sludge.Rapid Gravity Sand Filters - 7 x Degremont 28,175 m3/d.design 350 m . These are backwashed twice per The rehabilitation budget provides for ZK 573 million (=US$ 238,000). Thisday, for about 20 minutes, each. Backwash water is probably insufficient to provide an upgrade, both of hydraulic andreturns to the dam. treatment capacity. Replacement pumps alone will probably cost aroutidFiltered water to clear water sump. Chlorine US$ 200,000. It is therefore recommended that the budget should beINTERCONSULT International AS PLANTSTATUS FIELD REPOR7S 19

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added at 5.8kg/hr. .increased to US$ 500,000, and to include for upgrading the electricitysupply, which at present is a spur feed, and should be on a ring maini to

There are also 3 experimental 7m x 5m sand ensure against breakdown.filters. These were built in 1994, but never 9,000 m3/dcommissioned.

4 pumps then pump the water to distribution: At the time of the visit, one of the transmission pipelines had two bursts2 to Luanshya Township. within about 40 m of each other, approximately I .0 km from the WTP.2 to Roan and Mapatamatu Townships.

RESERVOIRSLUANSHYA TOWNSHIPCentral Park.I ground level reservoir, 2,995 in3 Steel plates, riveted together.I elevated steel tank, for domestic water, 363 m3 Not used.I elevated steel tank, for industrial water. 363 m3 Not used.2 booster pump stations, one to genNeraldistribution - 2 pumps, and one for GeneralManager.

ROAN TOWNSHIP. The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 502 million (=US$ 209,000) forI ground level reservoir. 2,275 m3 Township reservoir complexes. This was not specifically broken down, and1 elevated steel tank, for Section 10. 227 m3 it is not possible to comment on whether it is an adequate sum or not.I elevated steel tank. 137 m3

MPATAMATU TOWNSHIPI Concrete ground level reservoir. 3,875 m3

I Concrete ground level reservoir. 387 m-lI Concrete ground level reservoir. 40 m3

SEWAGE TPs, LUANSHYA:3 ponds; rated for 13,245 population. Luanshya ponds are no longer in use, and not likely to be re-commissioned.100x50x2; 100x50x2; 100x50x2.INTERCONSUL T International AS PLANTSTATUSFIELLREPOR 20

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Discharge to Luanshya stream.ROAN A:3 ponds; rated incl Roan B, for 26,375 population One pond out of service for cleaning.from Luanshya + Roan.290 x 140 x 2; 250 x 80 x 2; 170 x 85 x 2. There is a possibility that in the event of a breach of any pond embankment

that sewage could flow into the Makoma Dam. The recommended solutionROAN B: would be to dig a cut-off drain between the ponds and the WTP to divert3 ponds. such spillage to the Luanshya Stream, and whilst not ideal, it would provide290 x 140 x 2; 210 x 90 x 2; 125 x 125 x 2. protection against pollution of the water source.Both Roan A & B discharge to Luanshya stream,and by-pass the Makoma Dam. The Roan STP effluent is believed to be taken for irrigation purposes to an

adjacent farm, which keeps dairy cattle. With the current quality of effluelt,this is a cause for concem. The immediate solution is to stop the irrigation,but that may cause other problems for the farmer. The better solition is toconstruct maturation ponds to improve the quality of the effluent, wvhichi arein any case needed irrespective of whether the effluent was being used forthat purpose or not.

MPATAMATU:Bar screen + grit channels. Outlet structure vandalised, and effluent being diverted to shambas for3 ponds, rated for 23,755 population. irrigation.160x40x2;80x90x2; 80x36x2.Concrete channel takes effluent for discharge to The rehabilitation budget provides ZK 92 million (=US$ 38,000) for bothiNkulumushiba Stream. Roan and Mpatamatu STP. It is believed this is a serious under allowance

for the scale of work, which needs to be carried out. A more realistic rigurewould be in the region of US$ 450,000 for both STP.

SEWAGE PUMP STATIONS None of the sewage pump stations was working, partly due to financialEast avenue: 2 pumps. 150 m3/hr constraints, partly due to breakdowns both of pumps and electric supplies.T. Avenue: 2 pumps. 324 m3/hr Both East and "T" Avenue pump stations have ponds adjacent to receiveMain Plant: 2 pumps. Bar screens on inflow. 324 m3/hr. emergency overflows, but it was never envisaged these would have to caterAlso, disused Farrer vertical comb automatic for what has become a more or less semi-permanent arrangement. Luansliyascreen, and two Jones & Attwood "Pista Grit Dam is immediately adjacent to "T" Ave pumping station, and both East andTraps", also disused. "T" Avenue pumping stations are now discharging crude sewage to

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Luanshya Dam. Nothing seems to be happening to ameliorate this situationi,and it obviously should not be permitted to continue. If the condition of thepumps or the electricity supply are the cause of the problem, then tankerinigshould be introduced straight away to remove the spills from the earth damsat both pump stations. If the problem is lack of finance to run the operation,then that becomes a cause for greater concern, as mentioned in the Report.Main Plant pumping station at present overflows straight into the l1uanisliyaStream in the event of breakdowkn or stoppage, as is currently happeninig.Land is available adjacent to the pump station to construct retentioln ponds ofconsiderable size, but that should only be regarded as a temiporaryarrangement, and tankering should be used for more permanent shiutt dowins.

No money has been provided in the rehabilitation budget for sewerage ptiuilpstations. That is clearly an oversight in view of what was founid, and aprovision of US$ 250,000 should be allowed for.

OTHER:1. Health testing of water workers is not doiie.2. Water is being rationed, and supplies restricted due to cost of chemicals.3. There is a workshop for water services, but heavy repairs (bearings changed, motors re-wound, etc) carried out by Power Plant Workshop.4. In Mpatamatu Township, Section 25/26, a manhole on the trunk line had no cover or frame, and was blocked. Water was taken for irrigation.5. In Roan Township, a blocked manhole was observed, flowing sewage all over the road verge.On the Friday after this visit, 3rd September, bailiffs seized plant vehicles, and telephones were cut off.

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APPENDIx F

OVERVIEW OF SEWAGE POND DESIGN - AS AFFECTING EFFLUENT QUALITY

1. Introduction

This overview sets down some of the principles of sewage pond design as they affect the qualityof the effluents flowing from ponds in the Copperbelt Mine Townships. In general, it seems thatdesign has been carried out more with a view to accommodating a pond of a certain size, thanwith a view to the treatment capability of that pond.

Sewage treatment ponds may be simple to construct and operate, but the reactions that occur haveonly properly been understood within the last 30 years or so, more or less the time period withinwhich the Mine Township ponds have been constructed. On a historical footnote, some of theearly research on the dynamic performance of ponds was carried out in Zambia. The principlesthat have been established are:

* Sewage ponds have an inherent capability to produce effluents of a satisfactory standard.

* Sewage ponds are capable of absorbing "shock" loadings.

- The performance of sewage ponds in terms of biological pollutant reduction is temperaturedependent.

e The perfornance of sewage ponds in terms of coliform and bacteria reduction is solarradiation dependent.

Sewage treatment ponds have been and continue to be 'used for a variety of community sizesthroughout Africa, and the rest of the world. In Kenya, the city of Nairobi treats its sewage byponds with a surface area of several hundred hectares. The ponds under consideration in thisstudy are not of such size, but could be capable of producing high quality effluents with somemodifications and improvements.

2. Breakdown of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODs)

Little data has been made available on the strength of raw sewage. Obviously, as a pre-requisitefor designing a treatment facility, the quality of the raw product needs to be known. In terms ofBOD various approaches could be made, including:

* Adopting an aerial loading factor. Normally, the figure used is 60 gm BOD per head per day.It is a convenient approximation, particularly, as in this case, there are no industrial effluentsto be considered.

* Adopting a strength loading figure. Research carried out in Nairobi some years agodemonstrated that strengths varied from income group to income group. The results gavestrengths as

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- High income 320 mg/I- Medium income 400 mg/I- Low income 720 mg/I.

These figures may seem somewhat surprising at first glance, but they also relate to the waterreturned as sewage. Taking both sets of figures together, they would give sewage contributionsper day as:

High income 187.5 litres per headMedium income 150.0 litres per headLow income 83.3 litres per head.

These sewage return figures conform to those quoted in standard texts, and demonstrate, interalia, the point made in Appendix E, that sewage flows presently quoted are too high.

Taking as the datum point a strength of 60 gm/hd/day, that can be equated to the area offacultative pond required. Using a loading rate of 130 kg/hectare/day, the area of pond requiredper 1000 head of population would be 4,615 m2 .

Facultative ponds work on the principle that the sludge which drops out is digestedanaerobically,and the products of the anaerobic process together with surface oxygen absorption break downthe BOD. Thus, to ensure an anaerobic condition at the bottom of the pond a water depth of 1.8metres is commonly used. This would give a pond capacity of 8,300 m3 per 1000 population.Even for a high income group, with the highest rate of sewage return, this would give a retentionperiod of about 44 days, and that would be regarded as being satisfactory.

Because the processes which operate in sewage ponds are kinetic, this primary or facultativestage may be broken down into multi-sequential stages. The usual is two, but in the instance ofthe ponds seen in the Copperbelt, three ponds have usually been constructed. These should all beregarded as being facultative because of the depths of water retained; that point will be explainedlater.

3. Bacteriological Reduction of Pathogenic Organisms

Sewage, by its nature contains pathogenic organisms, which have the potential to cause healthhazards to man and animals who may come into contact with such contaminated water. Contactmay be made through drinking the water, and also by eating certain plants that take up not onlythe water, but also the contaminants contained in it.

It is well known that sunlight and oxygen are good disinfectants for the removal of suchpathogenic organisms, and exposure to both will ensure a high degree of removal. In sewagetreatment ponds this is usually carried out in maturation ponds. Facultative, or indeed anaerobicponds will assist, but by their nature where the dissolved oxygen levels are low, the degree oftreatment will be small in comparison to maturation ponds. To achieve the purification required,the ponds should not exceed 1.2 m in depth to permit maximum sunlight penetration.Algea willalso grow, and are one of the indicators of proper operation, that oxygen generation within thebody of the water is taking place.

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Pathogen removal again follows kinetic first order principles, and several ponds will give betterreduction in pathogen counts than one big pond. Thus, typically, maturation ponds tend to have ahydraulic capacity of approximately 4.5 to 6.0 days retention, and there are usually at least threein series, four being normal.

With the correct design, pathogen removal rates in excess of 99.975 % can and should beachieved.

4. Practical Points Related to Pond Design

4.1 Short circuiting

Short circuiting is the process whereby flow entering a pond establishes a flow path directly to theoutlet. Thus, the sewage is retained for insufficient time for the biological processes to haveeffect.

The best way to prevent this happening is to force the water into a circuitous flow path, either byconstructing intermediate embankments, which prevent a direct path between inlet and outlet, orby constructing a baffle wall immediately opposite the inlet, which will cause the water flow todeflect either side into the main body of the pond water.

4.2 Scum prevention

Scum is one of the things to avoid with ponds, as it prevents oxygen from the atmospherereaching the surface of the water. Fortunately, it only usually affects the primary pond, and can becontrolled fairly easily.

It is recommended that one way of controlling sum is to construct a control area around the inletto the primary pond. This should be about 10 - 15 % of the pond area, and should comprise awalkway, wide enough for an operator and a wheel barrow, and scum baffles which penetrate atleast 30 cm below the surface. The scum will be wind blown against the baffle boards, and theoperator can lift the debris with a rake or fork or other suitable implement into his barrow andremove it for burial as the safest means of disposal.

4.3 Weed and bush growth

Weeds and bushes should not be allowed to grow, either within the body of the water or along theembankment of the ponds Within the body of the water they will cause surface area to be lost,and prevent efficient mixing of the flow through the ponds. Along the embankments, the rootswill cause a hazard to the stability of the embankment, with the eventual danger that the bankscould collapse. (Clearing of water hyacinths is explained in the Report proper).

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APPENDIX G

TECHNICAL ISSUES OF THE WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE SYSTEMS

1. Issues common to water supply and sanitation

Lack of any operating meters. This has caused concern regarding the quality of data. In manyinstances, it has been found that quantity data for both water and sanitation has not been supplied frommetered readings. For water, this has often been based on the rated capacity outputs of pumps. and forsewage, on a timed flQat passing down a channel. These do not, and cannot give scientifically reliabledata upon which to base a major capital programme. The reasons for this are discussed briefly in thefield reports (Appendix E).

It is therefore recommended that meters should be regarded as being essential, and should be installe'dand monitored as soon as possible. This bears not only upon the capacity of treatment plants, but alsoupon unaccountedfor water (UfW).

Lack of accurate up-dated drawings. This makes system analysis impossible, or even the simpletasks of locating sources of leaks, or sewage blockages. Drawings were examined at all divisions foradequacy of hand over to an independent operator. In general, it was found that plan layouts of waterand sewerage reticulation was kept in the Surveyors Department, but after making enquiry in theEngineering Sections, it was also found that engineering drawings of, for instance, water intake plant,water treatment plant, longitudinal section drawings of sewers or water mains were not there. Thisplaces any future independent operator at a grave disadvantage.

It is therefore recommended as follows:

1: That all existing drawings are found, whether in Survey or Engineering Departments, thatthey be catalogued, filed and then kept separate from all mine operations drawings.

2. Immediately after Task I is completed, that consultants be appointed to make surveys offacilities for which no drawings exist, and to verify, as far as possible, the accuracy of theextant drawings.

3. That all drawings be then scanned and digital images created, or created new in digitalformat, which can then be usedfor analysis, or CADD drafting.

Replacement of plants. The mechanical and electrical plant has generally outlived its reasonableeconomic age. In the water industry, mechanical and electrical plant generally is reckoned to have aneconomic life of 10 to 15 years, depending upon its duty. On this basis, virtually all of the plants seenfor both water and sanitation have long passed their economic life. This includes pumps, motors,screens, control panels, valves and penstocks. In many instances, this is evidenced by the leaksobserved associated with such plant. Not only is this wasteful, but is also dangerous for safety to theoperators, and potentially dangerous to the consumer through contamination or loss of service.

It is therefore recommended that within the future financial limits:

1. A rolling program is prepared division by division, for replacement work to be prioritised, andto be done in phases.

2. That in the instances where plants are subject to design reviews, such as required pumpoutputs, they be deferred until the completion of such review.

3. That new plants should be purchased on the basis of simplicity of operation and robustness ofconstruction.

4. That electric motors should be industry standard machines, and at least one of each powerrating should be kept as a spare by each division.

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Repair and maintenance. Maintenance tasks which would otherwise have been previously carriedout in ZCCM workshops will now have to be carried out on a commercial basis. It is very evident inevery division visited that ZCCM workshops have kept the water and sewage plant going, sometimeswith "make-do-and-mend" repairs, but at least it was good enough to ensure speedy return to service.That facility was given, effectively, free of charge as part of the general plant overheads, and thequality of the work was usually very good.

Two categories of repairs need to be considered. Firstly, and this is the preferred management option,is to take plant out of service at regular time periods for routine servicing. This system of managementreduces the incidence of breakdowns, and the interference to service can be planned for to minimiseinconvenience to the customer. Secondly, inevitably there will still be breakdowns, and these willrequire urgent attention to reduce the inconvenience element and risk to the environment. A properlyequipped workshop facility is therefore absolutely necessary to both hold spare parts and make'thenecessary repairs.

It is therefore recommended that one of three options be adopted, or a combination thereof:

1. That a commercial arrangement be made with each mine to continue repairs as before.2. That a central workshop be established to service all divisions3. That repairs be sent out to the private sector.

Properly conducted site investigations should be done at the site of any major works beforecommencing work. It is a matter of some concern that evidence exists of possible insufficient groundinvestigations before certain works were carried out. The two specific instances are the Kamenzareservoir at Cililabombwe, Konkola, and the Butondo Big Bond sewage treatment ponds at Mufulira.In the first case, it appears a catastrophic tilting and over stressing of the structure occurred after thereservoir over spilled and the ground collapsed. In the second, it seems that seepage through thebottom of the ponds is occurring.

Both, and other like, instances could have been preventable with a proper appreciation of the groundconditions, and the proper preventative measures taken. The geology of the Copperbelt in the regionof the five divisions under study generally comprises granites, schists and gneiss. The granites ofSouthern Africa are particularly notorious as being structurally unreliable. They can have a carapacestructure, with soft weathered material under, which seems to have been the case at Kamenza reservoirwhere it is sited on the top of a kopje. They can be subject to massive block fracturing, which permitsthe passage of water easily. Schists and gneiss also are subject to considerable fracturing andweathering, and this possibly accounts for the seepage at Butondo Big Ponds.

It is therefore recommended that before any new capital works are started on any structure, thereshould be a full and properly conducted site investigation. This should include the new incompletereservoir at Kamenza before construction resumes.

Security is a matter for major concern, with virtually every division reporting thefts of cables, pumpmotors, or other similar vital operating equipment. The incidence of thefts and vandalism werenumerous amongst the divisions visited. Because of the risk to life associated with some of the thefts,suspicion must inevitably fall upon those who work daily in such conditions. However, the only wayto deal with the problem of theft is prevention and detection. Even then, it must be accepted that thiswill not be foolproof, but if the incidence of theft can be reduced by say 75%, that much cost saving isachieved towards other projects, that much less inconvenience is suffered by the customer, and there isless environmental risk.

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It is therefore recommended that a securitv consultant be en,gaged to advise each division on the nmostappropriate measures, which could be applied Then, those measures should be applied.

2. Issues related specifically to water supply

Corrosivity of the source waters is a matter for concern in terms of the life expectancy of the fixedassets such as pipework, structures, etc. It is very evident from the condition of much of the plants thatcorrosivity is prevalent in the water sources. This would be expected to be so in water pumped out ofthe mines, when carbon dioxide content can be very high. However, the chemistry of corrosivity isquite complex and, as shown in the Plant Status Field Reports for Mufulira, there is insufficient data atpresent to support any firm conclusions as the causes of relative severity of the corrosivity.

It is therefore recommended that a specialist corrosion expert be engaged to carry out a sampling

program, and make recommendations appropriate to the situation as discovered

Transmission and distribution replacement pipelines have been included in the rehabilitationbudget, representing 42.5% of the total. The divisions were unable to provide breakdowns of how thismoney was to be spent, and why. In some instances, as in the case of Luanshya, the obvious presenceof a burst indicated a pipeline in distress. At Nkana, some of the pipelines at 1 7th Avenue pumpstation showed weeping through of water. A priority list of replacements will have to be made.Likewise, in terms of construction techniques and materials, there are certain points to be made fromthe environmental aspect.

Steel was used for much of the pipeline construction, obviously because it was a convenient materialfor the mines to obtain and use. However, without protective linings, and with corrosive waters, manyof the pipelines will need attention. Likewise, some water may be lost through an unknown crossconnection being left open. The only way the true position can be absolutely ascertained will bethrough metering supplies, and leak detection measures. Bulk metering will indicate zones takingmore than their share of water, and night flow meters will home in on the actual areas where leakage isworst. The only way to tackle such a task is by a methodical zone by zone approach. Nothing shouldtherefore be undertaken until metering has been installed and monitored to establish the true positionin each zone in each division.

On the matter of environmental concern, the construction of any pipeline always causes disturbance inthe area where it is carried out. There are dangers from open trenches, especially if they collectrainwater, which can then become a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Likewise, the spoil from trenchexcavations can cause a nuisance, especially across agricultural or horticultural land. These problemscan be mitigated by adopting other techniques, which can also reduce the overall period ofinconvenienice, especially when considering the transmission pipelines. Also, on the question of opentrenches, this will depend upon the construction supervisor specifying the permitted open lengths oftrench, at any one time, and then strictly applying the specifications, and ensuring that open trenchesare adequately protected and guarded to prevent children especially from gaining access, particularlyduring the rainy season, when trenches may be flooded.

Consideration should be given to using alternative construction techniques, which would notnecessarily require long lengths of open trench. This would include bored pipelines, polythene linings,in situ spun concrete linings, or any similar form of construction, which does not replace the existingpipeline, but uses it for a former to support the new construction. Likewise, where pipelines have tobe replaced or strengthened by additional pipeline, consideration should be given to using materialsother than steel, both for durability and speed of construction.

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It is therefore recommended that pipeline construction be deferred until data is available fronm themetering program. Likewise, construction ofpipelines should be carefullv reviewed to ensure the mostappropriate solution is used

The question of unaccounted for water needs to be addressed. Several of the previous reports notedthe wastage of water, which takes place through broken plumbing fittings, illegal connections, etc.Time did not permit more than a cursory examination of the problem during this EA study, but itundoubtedly exists. Several solutions are presented for consideration, and are recommended foraction.

* The water operator could offer a washer or other minor plumbing fitting replacement service atcost. Procedures for reduction of waste on private property have been produced by the NineTowns Project (URWSP), and these should be consulted.

* The water operator should institute an inspection service to houses. This should be mademandatory in the case of new house construction, or house alterations, and advisory in the case ofexisting houses. Such a duty could be delegated to licensed plumbers. The purpose of such aninspection would be to determine that plumbing has been carried out properly, that there is no riskof back feeding into the mains, and that the system is free of leaks.

* Private plumbers should be licensed by the water operator. Firstly, this will create an elite, whocan carry the title of licensed plumber. Secondly, it will create a register of licensed plumbers,which can be made available to the public. Thirdly, only licensed plumbers should be allowed towork on plumbing installations on new or modified house construction. Fourthly, any licensedplumber found making an unauthorised or illegal connection should be immediately removedfromthe register, and be open to prosecution for any future illegal like acts.

* The legal provisions for punishment for anyone to tamper with water mains, fittings, or otherappurtenances, which are the property of the water operator, or to take water from the samewithout the authority of the water operator, should be enforced

Reservoir capacity is genemily insufficient. Reservoirs have three functions to fulfil. Firstly, theyprovide a secure source of potable treated water in the event of breakdown of any supply facility.Secondly, they provide a balancing function in the distribution system. Thirdly, they also provide aresource readily available for fire fighting purposes.

Water can obviously be pumped from the WTP to meet the peak demands of supply, but to do so isuneconomic in terms of pump capacity and pipeline sizes, which would be required. The diurnalvariations between peak and average demands vary depending upon the size and nature of thecommunity being served. Based upon data available from the UK, and bearing in mind that thecommunities being served have very little or no industry, the expected peak factors to be applied forthe five divisions would be 2.05 (Mufulira and Luanshya), 2.1 (Nkana), 2.2 (Nchanga) and 2.25(Konkola).

This shows that pumps and pipelines to meet that demand would need to be rated for twice the dailyaverage flow. However, that peak only extends over quite a short period of the day, probably for lessthan six out of the twenty four hours. Thus, a balancing calculation should be carried out to determinethe size of reservoirs required to offset the peaks, against the average daily volume of water, whichneeds to be pumped.

However, the greater volume requirement for storage is the security against disruption of supplies, e.g.contingency storage. Taking all the factors together, to meet the contingencies of variations of

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demand, trunk main bursts, or source works plant breakdowns, or electricity disruptions, the normalstorage necessary is 24 hours capacity. An assessment of required storage capacities for the fivedivisions is available.

It should also be noted that there is no provision for dealing with pollution slugs at any of the riverintakes. With traffic volumes increasing, and mine activities in the same watershed, there is always arisk of pollution occurring. One oil tanker overtuming and discharging its load constitutes a majorpollution problem. One slimes dam partially collapsing will create a pollution problem.It is therefore recommended

1. That additional distribution reservoir capacity should be included in the rehabilitation budget.At the present, it is believed that insufficient funds have been made available.

2. That a raw water storage reservoir be constructed at Nchanga (Chingola), Nkana, andLuanshya, with 12 hours capacity against the eventuality of pollution coming down the river.

3. Issues related specifically to sewage and sewerage

Fish farming. Sewage ponds are capable of supporting an aqua culture valuable to the community. Inmany parts of the world, aqua culture is practised using sewage treatment ponds as the medium forgrowth. This particularly relates to fish fanning, and Tilapia (Sarotherodon mossambica) especiallyare a good species for this practise; they are algae grazers, and make good eating, after cleaning andcooking. This practise also creates an industry, which has an interest in maintaining the environmentin which it works.

It is therefore recommended that consideration be given to privatising sewage pond maintenance tofish farmers upon a quid pro quo basis.

The use of effluent for irrigation purposes should be encouraged. Provided that the effluents meetthe ECZ standards, and especially for faecal colifor:s, the effluent water can be used for irrigationpurposes. Vegetables, and other produce should be cooked before being eaten as a precaution. Thus,if fish farming is carried out in the ponds and the effluents used for irrigation, the community as wholebenefits twice over from sewage discharges.

4. Summary of common recommendations

1. Meters should be regarded as being essential, and should be installed and monitored as soonas possible. This bears not only upon the capacity of treatment plants, but also upon UfW.

2. Alternative construction techniques should be considered, especially for transmissionpipelines, to minimise environmental disturbance and inconvenience to consumers.

3. Regarding drawings it is recommended as follows:

* That all existing drawings are found, whether in Survey or Engineering Departments, thatthey be catalogued, filed and then kept separate from all mine operations drawings.

* Immediately after the task above is completed, that consultants be appointed to makesurveys of facilities for which no drawings exist, and to verify, as far as possible, theaccuracy of the extant drawings.

* That all drawings be then scanned and digital images created, or created new in digitalformat, which can them be usedfor analysis, or CADD drafting.

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4. Pipeline construction should be deferred until data is available from the metering program.Likewise, construction of pipelines should be carefully reviewed to ensure the mostappropriate solution is used.

5. NWASCO should set up a working party to carry out a joint review of all standards, licenses,and enforcement procedures for both water supply and sewage.

6. Regarding replacements it is recommended that within the future financial limits:

* A rolling program is prepared division by division, for replacement work to be prior:itised,and to be done in phases.

* That in the instances where plants are subject to design reviews, such as required pumpoutputs, they be deferred until the completion of such review.

* That new plants should be purchased on the basis of simplicity of operation androbustness of construction.

* That electric motors should be industry standard machines, and at least one of each powerrating should be kept as a spare by each division.

7. With regard to workshops services it is therefore recommended that one of three options belowis adopted, or a combination thereof:

* That a commercial arrangement be made with each mine to continue repairs as before, orthat a central workshop be established to service all divisions, or that repairs be sent outto the private sector.

8. Before any new capital works are started on any structure, there should be a full and properlyconducted site investigation. This should include the new incomplete reservoir atKamenzabefore construction resumes.

9. A security consultant should be engaged to advise each division on the most appropriatemeasures to prevent thefts and vandalism. Then, those measures should be applied

10. A specialist corrosion expert should be engaged to carry out a sampling program, and makerecommendations appropriate to the situation as discovered.

11. Regarding distribution reservoir capacit) it is recommended

* That additional distribution reservoir capacity should be included in the rehabilitationbudget. At the present, it is believed that insufficient funds have been made available.

* That a raw water storage reservoir be constructed at Nchanga (Chingola), Nkana, andLuanshya, with 12 hours capacity against the eventuality of pollution coming down theriver.

12. Consideration should be given to privatising sewage pond maintenance to fish farmers upon aquid pro quo basis.

13. New transmission and reticulation pipelines are required, but a programme for replacementshould await installation and monitoring of meters, especially for leak detection, to establishprioritisation.

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5. Nkana Division, Kitwe

Supply and demand projections. The situation at Nkana is somewhat obscured by ZCCM supplyingwater to Kitwe City Council. However, based on the fact that actual measurements were made in1997, and that this data was given to Mattson (Mattson 1998), the position may be summarised asfollows, with a 4% pa growth allowance to 2005: Total calculated demand 20,700 m3/d, actual waterproduction 65,000 m3 and projected demand 2005 25,200 m3/d.

Mattson estimated the present water demand at 16,000 m3/day, and the present estimate shown abovewas derived on a similar basis of unit demands used elsewhere. It is suspected that the majordivergence may arise from use of more recent figures for house counts, which gave a separation, byincome groups including medium cost. These have been assumed to use water at a demandsomewhere between high and low income housing. Based on Mattson's figures for water production,32,000 m3/day is transferred to Kitwe city and the Mines. This leaves a balance of 33,000 m3/dayavailable to mine townships, which leaves a balance of 12,300 m3/day unaccounted for. This is 37%of the daily water transferred to mine townships, and would be typical of the losses that would be dueto leakage from a system of this age.

On the basis that water leaks will be reduced by 40% by replacement of pipework systems within thefive year horizon to 2005, it means that during this period there is no need for expansion to meet the2005 demand for mine townships alone.

Recommendations based on technical assessments:

* Concentrator WTP should be closed- Design alternatives will have to be considered and analysedfor replacement of Concentrator and

Kalalushi WTP. Nkana East Intake has capacity to accommodate increased water abstraction, toinclude for the above.

* Nkana East WTP can be expanded without problems, but the immediate need is for additionalclarifier capacity.

* 1 7h Avenue pump station and reservoirs should be rehabilitated.* Additional reservoir capacity is required in the distribution zones.

6. Nchanga Division, Chingola

Supply and demand projections: Nchanga is one of the divisions, which do not have any operatingmeters. Water production is estimated from rated pump outputs. On that basis, water production wasestimated to be 57,000 m3/day. Likewise, sewage was estimated by the float technique, and estimatedat 48,000 m3/day. Both have been criticised before for their lack of precision.

Using the same estimating procedures as before the mine townships water demand will be 17,470m3/day. Mattson states that 10,000 m3/day is supplied to the mine. Added to this estimate, and addingon 5% for backwash water, gives a total water production requirement of 29,000 m3/day. There is thusa gap of 28,000 m3/day unaccounted for between ZCCM estimate and this estimate, or 96% ofrequired water production. That suggests either an over estimate of water production by ZCCM, orlosses, which are unacceptably high. Based on 4% per annum growth rate, the 2005 water demandwill be 21,250 m3/day. Adding on the ZCCM 10,000 m3/day, and allowing 5% for backwash, gives atotal requirement for production of 33,000 m3/day.

The sewage collection was estimated by the same procedure, using data used elsewhere, and that gavean estimated sewage flow of 9,000 m3/day. Allowing the same 4% growth rate, gives a 2005 sewageflow of 10,950 m3/day.

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* Nchanga North STP should be replaced with a new sewage pond installation. to avoid the miningoperation.

* Lulamba STP "Bio-Reactor" should be replaced with sewage ponds to reduce energy costs.* Collector ponds should be provided at the sewage pump stations* Nchanga Water Intake requires rehabilitating.* The WTP has adequate capacity to meet demand to 2005, but the addition of a clarifier would

ensure satisfactory performance from the quality aspect.* The booster pumps need rehabilitating.* Additional distribution reservoir capacity is needed.

7. Mufulira Division, Mufulira

Supply and demand projections: Mufulira has no operating flow meters, and flows are estimatedfrom rated pump outputs. Estimated water output is 42,000 m /day. For sewage flows, a measurementwas made by timing a float down a channel of known cross section, and water depth. Both methodsare obviously prone to error, as outlined elsewhere. Recourse has therefore been made to calculationsbased on typical water consumption from elsewhere.

Mufulira mine townships have an estimated water demand of 30,200 m3 /day. Mattson states that3,000 m 3 /day is taken by the mine. Allowing 5% water taken for backwash, this would give about34,700 m 3 /day, or 82% of Mufulira's estimated output, based on pump ratings. It is probably safe tosay that the actual output is around 36,000 m3 /day, which allows for 1,200 m 3/day, plus an allowancebuilt into the calculations of another 17,000 m 3 /day unaccounted for. Mufulira estimates about 10,000m3 /day going into backwash, which represents about 35% of water production, as compared to thenorm of 2 - 5%. Either backwash is being conducted wastefully, or the flow estimates are grossly inerror.

Adopting a 4% per annum growth rate, this would give a 2005 water demand of 36,750 m3 /day for themine townships. Assuming the mine still takes 3,000 m3 /day, and making an allowance for backwash,this would give a total water treatment capacity requirement of around 42,000 m3 /day.

Sewage flows are estimated at present at I 5,000 m3 /day. Assuming the same 4% growth rate, sewageflows at 2005 will be about 18,250 m3 /day.


* Valley dam requires inspection from a registered panel dam engineer, and specialist groutingexpert.

* Should raising the spillway prove to be a feasible technical option, the next step would be toproceed to an environmental assessment.

* The raw water pump station should be refurbished and upgraded to 30, 000 m3/day capacity.* The WTP should pass all incoming waters through the clarifiers.* The clarifiers should be doubled in capacity, and a proportionalflow splitter put in to divide the

flow between the filters.* Booster pumps should be rehabilitated* Additional distribution storage reservoir capacity is required

8. Konkola Division, Chililabombwe

INTERCONSULT international AS 8 *d.iM INTER-November 1999 'OZ- CONSULT

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Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines/li orld Bank Final ReportMine Township Services Project Appendix G

Supply and demand projections: Konkola is another of the divisions, which do not have anyoperating meters, and estimates the water production from rated pump outputs. On that basis, waterproduction was estimated to be 34,000 m3/day. Likewise, sewage was estimated by the floattechnique, and estimated at 22,470 m3/day. Both have been criticised before for their lack ofprecision.

Using the same estimating procedures as before it is estimated that mine townships water demand is15,000 m3/day, including Konkola Township. Mattson states that 6,000 m3/day is supplied to themine. Added to this estimate, and adding on 5% for backwash water, gives a total water productionrequirement of 22,500 m3/day. There is thus a gap of 11,500 m3/day unaccounted for between ZCCMestimate and this estimate, or 51 % of required water production. That suggests either an over estimateof water production by ZCCM, or losses, which are unacceptably high.

Taking a growth rate of 4% per annum, the 2005 water demand will be 18,250 m3/day. Adding on themine 6,000 m3/day, and adding on the 5% for backwash gives a total requirement for production of26,000 m3/day, including Konkola.

Sewage flows have been estimated, by the same techniques as before, at 7,600 m3/day. Sewage flowslikewise have been estimated to grow at 4% per annum, giving a 2005 flow of 9,250 m3/day.

R-ecommendations based on technical assessments:

o Mingomba intake should be closed and Konkola township should be supplied by a newtransmission main from Chingola WTP.

* The raw water pump station should be rehabilitated to 30,000 m3/day capacity.- The WTP should pass all incoming waters through a clarifier.- Booster pumps should be rehabilitated.• Additional distribution storage reservoir capacity is required.

9. RAMC (Z), Luanshya

Supply and demand projections: Luanshya had no operating meters, and flows were estimated byeither pump ratings or float measurements. Their estimate of water produced was 38,000 m3/day, andsewage generated was 15,400 m3/day. It is estimated the mine townships have a water demand of27,800 m3/day. 1,000 m3/day is supplied to the municipality, and 1,000 m3/day to the mine (Mattson1998). Allowing 5% for backwash water. this gives a daily production requirement of 31,300 m3/day.There is therefore a discrepancy of 6,700 m3/day unaccounted for water between ZCCM's estimate ofwhat they produce, and this estimate based on typical consumption figures. However, the figure forunaccounted for water needs to be modified as the actual consumption is probably much lower thanestimated demand due to the erratic supply.

Taking the 4% growth rate as before, this gives a 2005 demand of 33,800 m3/day. Assuming themunicipality has grown at the same rate, that would then be 1,200 m3/day, and adding on the 1,000m3/day for the mine, and 5% for backwash, gives a daily water requirement of about 37,800 m3/day.Given that pipeline replacement will proceed during the same period, thereby reducing theunaccounted for water losses, the present production seems adequate to 2005.

Sewage flows have similarly been calculated, and estimated at 14,750 m3/day. This gives a fairly goodcorrelation with ZCCM's estimate. Taking the same 4% growth rate, the 2005 sewage flows would be18,000 m3/day.

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* All raw water pump sources should be rehabilitated to maximum capacity.

* Booster pumps should be rehabilitated* Additional distribution storage reservoir capacity is required

INTERCONSULT International AS 10 d IdNovember 1999 I tCONSULT

Annex 1

Social Impact AssessmentZAMBIA: MINING Township Services-Urban

I. Background

As part of project preparation, the World Bank and the AHC-MMS undertook both research andconsultations to gather more complete information on the socioeconomic background and servicepriorities of water consumers in mine townships. Three principle activities took place withreport to a social assessment.

First, a process of obtaining feedback from consumers on project design was initiated, andcontinued throughout project preparation. The discussion groups included a cross section of thedifferent types of consumers (miners, retrenched miners and non-miners) with separate groups forlow, medium and high cost housing residents and for women and men (150-200 participantstotal). Union official (MUZ) participated in several of the discussion groups meetings. Second, arapid social survey covering roughly 430 households in Luanshya, Nkana and Chililabombwemining townships was carried out in conjunction with students and professors from theCopperbelt University. The proportional sample was stratified according to income groupingsand covered areas with relatively good water service (Chililabombwe), as well as those with poorwater service (Luanshya, Nkana). Third, socio-economic information was gathered and meetingswere held with each of the mines' personnel and community services departments. Field work forthese activities took place over 2.5 weeks in the Copperbelt in May and November, 1999 and wasorganized and supervised by both the AHC and the World Bank.

While the quantitative survey sought to attain basic information on water and sanitation use,satisfaction with current services, income sources, vulnerability and to a very limited degree,expenditures and income, the focus group discussions concentrated on perception of currentservice, priorities for service improvements, assessing what tradeoffs different groups ofconsumers were willing to make between maintaining/ improving service levels and keepingcosts within affordable limits (fewer hours with lower costs versus more hours with higher costs),and exploring the most acceptable forms of cost recovery including the likely reaction to differentoptions for metering.

The issue of how to best introduce a successful system of billing and cost recovery is one whichis important for both mining and Council townships. Moreover, cost recovery policies in adjacentCouncil and mining township areas influence each other, and many focus group participants madecomments on the cost recovery systems and service standards in place in adjacent Council areas.Thus, although the research area was within mine townships, the lessons and suggestions fromconsumers in mining areas can also be of use to policymakers for Council areas.

Because of time constraints, the focus of the socio-economic research has been on the mine areaswhere the majority of project beneficiaries reside. However, in addition to providing water tomining townships, ZCCM provides water directly - formally or informally - to close to 6,000residents of informal settlements which are adjacent to or on top of mine water pipes. Thesesettlements are largest in Nkana/Kitwe (1,150 residents) and Konkola/Chilabombwe (about 4,600residents). Since these settlements are likely to grow, the operator would presumably holdresponsibility for establishing proper maintenance and cost-recovery schemes which wouldrequire active community participation as has been pursued in Ndola Council areas with theassistance of CARE.

II. Profile of the Mine Townships

1. Occupation

Mine townships historically provided free housing. municipal services, and other benefits(education, health care) to mine employees as part of their employee package. Although many ofthese benefits have been or are being discontinued, the majority of residents are still miners.

Table 1: Composition of Mine Townships% Miner Occupied % Ex-Miner % Non-Miner Total Housing

Occupied Occupied UnitsNchanga 81% 18% 2% 5,786Konkola 72% 23% 5% 4,767Mufulira 46% 19% 35% 9,596Nkana 83% 13% 4% 6,768Luanshya 62% 3% 35% 9,519TOTAL 66% 14% 20% 36,436

Source: AHC/ZCCM/Roan Antelope Mining Corp.

In recent years, the mining companies have regularized the housing market, and sold houses tomine workers at discounted prices. Over time, as these employees leave, either selling or rentingtheir house, and others have moved in, the mine areas have had an increasing number of non-miner residents. In the divisions of Luanshya and Mufulira this is especially noticeable. Inaddition, mines have traditionally leased housing to non-mine employees working for thecommunity (teachers, health care workers, police, etc.). This is the case for about 600 teachersfor whom the Ministry of Education leased housing and paid all municipal charges. The Ministryof Education, like the mines, is in the process of changing the system so that residents pay rentdirectly to owners.

An additional factor in the changing nature of mine township are plans for retrenching additionalminers. If all new retrenchees came from mine townships, and stayed in the townships, then only54% of the residents would be active miners compared to the current 66%. In Luanshya andMufulira, the percentage of miners would drop to between 41% and 43% of the total residents ifall planned retrenchments are carried out. In Nchanga and Luanshya planned additionalretrenchments are the equivalent of 12% and 21% of the households.

2. Residence

According to the quantitative survey, 77% of retrenched miners interviewed said they planned onstaying at their residence while 23% planned to rent their house out and move elsewhere. ZCCMoffered to sell some of its leased housing to miners in areas where there was a shortage of housingfor sale. This has resulted in a dispute over whether the non-miner residents (mostly teachers)had the right to purchase the houses themselves, or were instead obliged to start paying rentdirectly to the new owners. This was the case, for example, in Luanshya which had excesshousing stock; 547 miners from Nchanga, which did not have sufficient housing, were offered anopportunity to purchase houses from ZCCM which were occupied by teachers and other non-miners. In spite of this uncertainty, seventy four percent of non-miners said they planned onstaying in their house. On average, township residents have lived in the township for 6.5 years,with non-miners living there on average for over 4 years, and disabled and retired minersaveraging over 10 years.

3. Social Context

Because of the large role mines traditionally played in townships in providing for all services, andresponding to community problems, most communities do not have altemative communityorganizations to turn to resolve local problems. Church organizations perhaps play the mostprominent role in mine townships, but have not traditionally been involved in organization aroundmunicipal services issues. Some neighborhoods have started forming neighborhood committees,although these are still in the relatively early stages. In discussion groups, most participantsnoted that they were not used to resolving public issues with their neighbors, and the generaltendency was more individualistic.

Literacy rates among miners are relatively high (over 90%), and over 90% of miners are married.Almost all miners are Zambian, with the overwhelming majority coming from urban areas (oftenfrom mining families). Thus, mining families often have not developed skills in informal tradingor agriculture to the samne degree as non-mining families simply because they have not needed tosince historically the mine provided steady income. In discussion groups, and in the quantitativesurvey, most households (77%) had only one income eamer. In the low cost areas wives reportedtaking on other petty trading activities to supplement their income.

Overall, between 50% and 60% of miners reported having a bank account (close to 100% in highcost areas, and between 30 - 67% among non-managerial staff). Among residents in general, thequantitative survey reveals a similar pattem with 73% of residents with access to a bank account,but with lower rates (40 - 65%) among low cost housing residents. In discussion groups, low costhousing residents noted that although they had bank accounts, they did not have any deposits butmaintained the account in order to receive their salaries. About 41% of high cost housingresidents and about 10% of medium cost housing residents have or have had a telephone.

According to the survey, a majority of residents in mine areas own their homes (79%).Ownership rates decline with income as only 25% of very low cost housing residents owned theirhomes compared with 91 % of medium and high cost housing residents. According to ZCCM,some of the residents in low-cost housing areas are eligible to purchase their houses, but havebeen unable to come up with the modest payment ($100 in some cases).

4. Income

As presented in Table 3, at present, the majority of miners have relatively modest incomes andearn from $120 to $156 per month in take-home pay (net of taxes and mandatory payments,including overtime, bonuses for municipal services, but prior to any deductions for purchases atmine stores or for municipal services). Data on miners incomes focused on ZCCM townshipsbecause updated information was readily available. Similar data was collected from Luanshya inMay, 1999, and the pattern is similar to that in the ZCCM townships. Analysis of income levelsconfirms that without supplemental income, the workers on the very bottom of the salary scaleare not far from the poverty line. The average take home salary of those at the lowest-end of thesalary scale, who most likely live in very low cost housing, is 299,297 Kw and thus a 13% drop inincome would place this family at the poverty threshold. This was calculated using data frompreliminary analysis of the 1998 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey; the approximate povertyline (in terms of expenditures) would equal 260,471 Kw for someone with the household sizetypical of someone in very low cost housing, 310,301 Kw for someone with a household sizetypical of someone in in low cost housing and so forth. Anecdotal evidence from the focusgroup discussions suggested that in the lowest income areas, spouses will often try to supplementincome by selling charcoal, gardening, or raising poultry.

Table 2: Monthly Take Home Income ZCCM Employees

% of Total Employees Monthly Take Home Weighted Average by

(ZCCM Only) Salary Range Income Group

Higher Income 5% $1233 -$483 $637

Junior Managers, Low to 15% $177- $167 $173

Medium IncomeLowerIncome 81% $120-$156 $114

On average non-miners (teachers, public employees, retrenchees, retirees) eam less than miners.

In focus group discussions, and a small sub-sample from the quantitative work, the typical

monthly household income of non-mine workers generally ranged between 100,000 Kw to

270,000 Kw (US$40 - US$108) per month.

Residents of all income levels expressed anxiety about retrenchments and about their future

income. It is difficult to forecast what the longer-term income of retrenched miners will be, but

those involved in focus group discussions were most often involved in marketing (informal

trading), seasonal fish mongering, or carpentry and were eaming less than they had eamed as

miners. Only 5% had found another job with regular income. Others will move to rural areas

and rent out their homes for income. Retrenchees in higher income areas complained that they

could not find people who could afford to rent their large houses.

Table 3: Current Income Source Retrenched Miners

Current Income Source N %

Still on retrenchment package 6 15.8

No income 6 15.8

Retired with pension 7 18.4

Other job with regular income 2 5.3

Own business (often refers to informal sector activity/marketing) 13 34.2

Agriculture 4 10.5

Total 38 100.0

At present, miners and retrenched miners feel they are facing a financial squeeze because they are

being required to pay for the cost of services which were previously free or subsidized (health

care, education, etc.) and have not had a concurrent increase in salaries. Twenty four percent of

respondents living in low cost housing noted that they had sent relatives to live elsewhere in the

past 12 months because they could no longer afford to care for them. Although some residents

are cutting down on their support to others, miners continue to play a key role in providing

financial support to an extended family; in each household in the mine township an average of

1.22 income earners over 18 supports an average of 10 persons (of which 2.3 live outside the

household).

Table 4: Household Characteristics

Housing Avera Of Dependenc % # of Averag Total %

Category ge which # Incom y Ratio (# Househo People e Number Sayini

House Persons e dependents Ids Support Amoun Dependen they h

hold Under Eamer in Sending ed t ts In and sent

Size 18 in s Over HH/Total Regular Outside Monthl Outside depencHouseho 18 HH Support HH y House nts toId members): to Those Support live

1 = all Outside to elsewlidependent, HH Those e in la0 = no Outside 12dependents HH month

(Kw)Very 6.44 3.54 1.22 0.807 48% 2.4 36,319 8LowCostLow 7.68 4.57 1.01 0.857 62% 2.63 58,784 9.5 2-CostMedium 8.45 4.5 1.29 0.835 58% 2.72 77,624 10.1 ICostHigh 9.06 4.74 1.41 0.823 65% 3.41 112,149 11.8 fCostTOTAL 8.04 4.41 1.22 0.837 59% 2.27 70,719 9.9 H

II. Consumer Perspective

I . Current Water Supply, Solid Waste & SewerageServices

Based on feedback from both the quantitative survey and the focus group discussions, residents oflow income mine areas receive a lower level of service than their counterparts in high incomeareas. Thus, if the project succeeds in improving water pressure (as should occur if leaks arerepaired in low cost areas), it should bring a substantial benefit to these underserved groups.

Table 5: Hours Water Service By Housing Typen Mean Standard Deviation

Low Cost 34 18.85 8.14Medium Cost 210 20.53 8.38High Cost 97 20.6 6Total 18.54 8.52

A majority of residents ranked water as the most important municipal service to maintain or toimprove, followed by sewage services. High rates of dissatisfaction were expressed with waterquality and pressure. This reflects, however, large differences among divisions; in Luanshya 80%of respondents were not satisfied with water quality and 48% - 60% were dissatisfied withpressure. This compares to only 18% having problems with water quality in Chililabombwe. Infocus group discussions with low income residents in Luanshya, women complained that theywere unable to maintain vegetable gardens, an important source of supplementing income, whenthere was insufficient water pressure to water their gardens. The lack of pressure also resulted ina situation where several residents in Luanshya reported that people were breaking into the pipewhere it comes into the neighborhood to try to leapfrog ahead of neighbors to get water beforepressure deteriorates at end of line.

Table 6: % Respondents Ranking Service as 1st, 2nd or 3rd Priority toMaintain/Improve

Ist 2nd 3rdWater 59% 23% 8%Sewage 18% 29% 26%

Solid Waste 13% 20% 33%Electricity 5% 21% 16%

Roads 4% 4% 10%

Table 7: Level of Satisfaction with ServicesSatisfied with... Yes NoHours of Water Services 60% 40%

Quality of Water 52% 48%

Pressure of Water 44% 56%

Sewerage Services 48% 52%

Rubbish Collection 28% 70%

One of the contributing factors to low pressure can be leaks inside households which would not

normally fall into the purview of a water operator. According to respondents, this appears topose more of a problem in low cost areas.

Table 8: State of Internal PlumbingDoes all Totalplumbing work?

House Category no yes Do notknow

very low cost Count 49 2 51%within House Category 96.1 3.9 100.0

low cost Count 82 27 1 110% within House Category 74.5 24.5 0.9 100.0

medium cost Count 131 85 1 217% within House Category 60.4 39.2 0.5 100.0

high cost Count 18 16 34%within House Category 52.9 47.1 100.0

Total Count 280 130 2 412% within House Category 68.0 31.6 0.5 100.0

In focus group discussions, participants' most frequent complaint about sewage service was ofstopped toilets. For solid waste, some residents reported that service had deteriorated in terms ofthe frequency of collection. Forty seven percent of respondents claimed that refuse was not

collected at all and many stated that they either bumed the refuse or buried it in pits in their yard.

Table 9: Frequency of Refuse Collection by Housing Category According to ConsumersHouse Daily Weekly Monthl Othe Do not Intermittent Do not Total

Category y r collect knowvery low cost % 26.9% 17.3% 50.0% 1.9% 3.8% 100.0%

N 14 9 26 1 2 52

low cost % 1.8% 45.5% 5.5% 43.6% 3.6% 100.0%/'0

N 2 50 6 48 4 110medium cost % 2.3% 28.7% 11.1% 3.2% 48.6% 1.9% 3.7% 100.0%

N 5 62 24 7 105 4 8 216high cost % 35.3% 8.8% 5.9% 38.2% 2.9% 8.8% 100.0%

N 12 3 2 13 1 3 34Total % 1.7% 33.5% 10.2% 2.2% 46.6% 2.4% 3.2% 100.0%

N 7 138 42 9 192 10 13 412

2. Consumer Feedback on Priorities for Service Improvement, Preferred PaymentMethods and Cost Recovery

In focus group discussions, residents expressed a strong desire to improve or maintain servicelevels for 24 hours with good pressure. It was more common in Luanshya, where service isalready restricted, that when pressed to pay significantly more, residents noted that they wouldsettle for at least 12 - 18 hours of water service. Miners were generally more willing to pay anincrement over current costs if the mode of payment continued to be the payroll deduction systemSince the ZCCM mines have been providing a 30% housing bonus which more than covers thecurrent deduction for municipal charges, miners may associate the payroll system with non-

.payment. and if they were only paying for what they were consuming through some form ofmetering. Women were particularly concemed that if their husbands actually had take the cashthey receive from their paycheck and go to a separate office to pay the bill, that the bill would notbe paid but spent on entertainment or alcohol. Indeed, seventy three percent of those interviewedstated that they had never paid a bill of any type, and the time required to go to a central billingoffice and wait in line, would both discourage miners from paying. The issue of leaming tobudget and pay bills will immediately affect all non-miners who do not have the salary deductionscheme.

The willingness to pay more money for individual meters was mixed, although a majority werewilling to. pay at least 1000 Kw more per month for a metered service. This reflects the presenceof non-miners and retrenched miners - who tended to have much lower incomes than miners. Athigher prices for metered service (5000 Kw + extra just for the meter), some low cost housingand a portion of medium cost housing residents said they would settle for communal meteringsystem. Only one low income group of women in Chililabombwe did not want a metered systembecause of the fear that someone would use the taps in their yard when they were away.

Although residents expressed a strong demand for individual meters, such a system is expensiveto install and maintain. Altemative options were explored with residents such as communitymetering whereby groups of households are metered and within a group the bill is evenly dividedby the number of households. However, in the majority of areas, residents resisted the concept ofbeing dependent on the actions of their neighbors, or having to pay the financial burden of theirneighbors inability to pay their bills given the growing number of unemployed retrenchedworkers. According to participants, altemative social safety nets do not exist, and in only onediscussion group did participants agree that they could contribute a small amount to help aneighbor in the first month or two of not being able to pay for services. Many participants werewilling to pay a premium just to have a meter. In order to address this issue, the projectincorporated funds for purchasing meters, and requested the private operator to work withcommunities to develop innovative metering schemes with communities' participation. However,it would still be costly to install individual meters in all households and thus if the operator mustcontinue a scheme of flat payments or grouped metering, individual households which cannot paytheir bill should be offered an option to reduce consumption to the most minimal level (such as a

drip valve). This would serve to protect those households which are unemployed or retrenchedfrom facing a flat monthly fee reflecting the water usage of their wealthier neighbors or facebeing cut off, while also protecting the neighbors from bearing the indirect expense of full waterservice for households which could not afford to pay their water bills. Finally, because currentconsumption levels are very high, providing consumers with an option to reduce their bill byreducing consumption will allow people to tailor consumption to their ability to pay for services.

Many participants noted that the change in mindset from receiving a free service to paying for ametered service would be facilitated by giving advance waming of changes, and involvingcommunities in the process of change. Thus, the private operator will be requested to develop acommunications campaign for how such changes will be implemented. This campaign shouldinclude regular, organized consultations of consumers and other stakeholders. One of the mostinfluential stakeholders, the unions, will thus also need to be incorporated early on.

3. Ability and Willingness to Pay for Services

In order to assess the affordability of changes in tariffs, it is necessary to understand the currentcontribution that households are making towards water supply, sewerage and refuse collectioncosts. Non-miners, or those no longer receiving a salary or payment from the mines, are currentlypaying nothing as they have not received any bills. Initially when the cost recovery was phased.in for miners, the miners were to pay according to their grade level through a deduction directlyfrom their salary. Table 12 shows the weighted average amounts which were to be deducted bygrade level. However, because of the mismatch between grades and the types of housing,different mines implemented the policy in different ways. In Chililabombwe (Konkola mine)miners pay a set fee according to the type of house they inhabit, regardless of their grade orsalary. In Nchanga, some people pay according to their grade (for example junior staff in highcost housing) and others pay according to their house (for example, a senior staff who isunderhoused in low-cost housing would pay less for the house). In Mufulira, miners payaccording to their grade, unless they are underhoused. One issue is that those in Luanshya arecurrently charged for a level of service according to the township they live in rather thanaccording to the housing type; thus Roan and Mpatamatu have a mix of housing types yet allresidents pay the sarne flat rate within each township. This penalizes the lower income residentsin this area.Thus, for those townships where many junior staff are living in high cost houses but not paying

the corresponding higher cost for municipal services, they will experience a sharper jump whencosts rise to reflect the amount of water consumed and the level of service received.

Based on the calculations estimating the cost for providing services, there will need to besignificant increases in the arnount currently withheld for water supply and sanitation for highcost groups.

Table 10: Ability to Pay for Water

Approximate % Weighted Current Proposed % % NNumber Total Salary by Weighted Average Change WattStaff/I Group: $US Average Monthly Tarij

Monthly Fee (Kw) WeiiDeduction for Water Avexfor (Kw) TakeWater* * * Pay

Senior (G11- G15) 1,120 5% 637 23,202 50,000 116%Junior Management 3,487 15% 173 14,299 17,500 22%- 401

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