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Tne d ~ c i s i o n t o ac t h i s c a s e study was l u ' g e i y a response t o state-

zen t s by t h e research s t z f f o f t h e So l iv ien Sc,-vicio :iacio:lal de R e f o m

. ' < ~ r z r i a (~ : ;RA) t h a t n3 ~c,:e:;t f a r=- leve l s t u d i e s of t h e e f f e c t s of t h e

lsnd re fo rn on i n c o ~ e , ~ r ~ 2 x c t i o n , education, 3 r d che l i k e were a v a i l a b l e .

k ~ c h sf t h e published ziacro-level information was i n c o n s i ~ t e n t and contra-

d i c t o r y bcth over t ine and f o r tile s m e J ?e.r, with d i f f z r e n t government

agencies ;)roviding widely d i f f e r i n g e s t i n a t e s of any given c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . m- lne case s tudy approach ha' Seen fol loved by t h e LTC-CLDA team studying

t h ~ Sc;iv;-an ianci r e f o r a bes.--=ex 19% and 1973, 2:iltr t h e d i r c c t i o ~ of

3r. Xonald Clark. Katherine Barnes von I ~ k ~ s c h a i l and Luis Calcler6n S.,

head of t h e S:;M researcki s e c t i o n , eccouraged a e t o res tudy ex-hacienda r -o ra lape , l o c a t e d about 45 k s . up t h e v a l l e y f r o a Cochabmba, high above

t h e v a l l e y f l c o r . A t nore t h s n 3,000 r e t e r s above sea l e v e i , c l i m a t i c con-

d i t i o n s and crops g r o m on 'l'crzlapa a r e much l i k e 'hose found on t h e A l t i -

plano, ps : r t iculnr ly ir. t h e Lake T i t i ~ ~ c p - region, wi th pota toes and o t h e r

roo t crops , S a r l e y and o t h e r hardy grains, an2 broad beans predominating. 7 s a c k ~ y c u n ? Zete on Torelapa , along with c wczlth of t a b u l a r inforrna-

t i o n , w e r e a v a i l a b l e f r o 3 work done by D r . Marcelo Peinado*; p a r t o f h i s

work c o n s i s t e d - o f 2 i.,oilset.,old survey inc lua ing d a t a on production, income,

consunption, l e b o r , educat ion, end t r a d i t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s .

Tne panel design employed i n t h e Lower Ve.lley case studyk* could not

be a ~ p l i c ~ a t e d . fcr F o r d a p e sir-ce only h a l f t h e c l r ig inal q i les t ionnaircs

could Se found. Tiiose e v a i l a b l e were c o p i e i (5y hand!) by Paz Soto Dorsey

a26 pravided t h e b ~ s i s f o r pcrr t iz l compariscns repor ted i n t h i s study.

E.,:gregate 5 e t a di>-,- - -loped by Zr. Feinado d i d e x i s t f o r most of t h e v a r i a b l e s . - k-edro Gaac:?%lie end Roxzaa C a s t i l i o of t h e 5:;PA helped prspare dupl i -

c a t e s of t h e 1967 ques t ionns i res f o r use ic t h e res tudy . Cclonel Arcade3

*. , ,.lar:elo P c i ~ a d c Z . , "Lanr', 3eforn i n Three Cornunit ies cf CochabmSa, 901iviz" (2ociors i . Z i s s e r t a t l c r , i n Agricuit.ura1 Zconoriiics, Univers i ty of

**"A Case Stu.5:~' of the k;-er Cochabk~ba Val ley : Ex-h'aciendas Parotani 226 ~ a r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ( ; . ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ : ~ , '$is. , I:3-v.er.5er i j j F ; l ' ) . 7:1L:; study was dcne as - !,art - s? t h e S C ~ ~ r o j e c t or, c=s-,zrat ive effects or" ;zzd reforrc; f i e l d work - - -2 t h i s cese st^?:; i z e a l a t e l y s r e c e i e d t h e i n i t i e t i s n of t h e Toralepa I

LOW on sone fa rns , par t icu lar ly those i n t he higher a l t i t u d e s where it has

not been possible t o bui ld access roads which trucks can negotiAte at all

B. Ecology and Natural Resources

According t o Peinado, Eacienda Toralapa '%as probably the biggest and

n o s t import~nt fee= of tke ~nt?re ? m t < r c e ic t e r n s of x z h c r of r 'xa l f~e-

l i e s , mea , ar?d volune of potato production," making it a log ica l choice

f o r study. The farm i t s e l f was divided i n t o f ive parts, each administered

separately; t h e l ave r sect ion, call-:d Torolapa, containing the pa t r6n f s

bouse and most of t h e irrige,ted land of the hacienda, was chosen fo r stud;r.

The other sect ions, Uc?lchi, C a ~ i c o t e , Boqucron, ariC Sancaya~ i , &re not t r ea t ed

i n t h i s ,tudy because nc bese da te are avai lable f o r them. The hacienda

was establ ished i n 1870 and increased i c s i z e following the \.Jar of t he Pa-

c i f i c (1879) a t t h e expense of t h e neighboring Indian c o m ~ n i t y . ~ Its fi-

na l owner i n t he pre-refom period expanded it by t h e adquisi t ion or' the

neighborin( hacienda. By t h i s time, t h e Indian co~prunity ha9 been completely

incorporated i n t o the hacienda.

Toralnpa has a mean a l t i t u d e of 9,700 meters, vhich i~ high enough

t o l i m i t the growth of ~ a t u r e l vegetetlon t o short grass an3 t o l a ( a scrub

bush); a few e c c a m t u s t r ee s m e a l so found, but wcod i s generally scarce

a t t h i s a l t i t ude . Kost r a i n falls betveen December and Mfch , with a yearly

averege prec ip i ta t ion of 450 mn. h u a l average temperature is about 50°

F . , with a greet d e d of var i t i t ior between day night because of t he

a l t i t u d e and g e n e r a lack of c l o ~ d cover. Frosts a r e nost comon i n win-

t e r (July m d ~ u g u s t ) but i n f ~ c t cccasionally do occur et an:- t i n e of t h e

year. Eigh winds ~ n 5 h w l s l s o cons t i t u t e a t h rea t t o agricl3tura.l produc- 4

t i o n . Peinado notes 3 . : . :'-I%> moisture hold im capacity ar.d loose c o n s i s t e n c ~

has probably had t h e e f f ec t of inc reas icg t n e percentage o f urban popula-

t i o n t o about 20 percent.

A t t h e t i n e of t h e o r i g i n s l survey (May and June 1967) - t o t a l popu-

interviewed. I n August 1973, 18 of t h e o r i g i n a l group ( o r t h e i r chi ldren,

i n those cases where t h e o r i g i n a l respondent had d i ed ) were reinterviewed. ,

A l l -espondents were \ax-colonos themselves o r children o f ex-colonos; i n

t h e Tiraque region pa r t i cu l a r l y and i n t h e Upper Valley i n general , t h e

inf luence of n ine r s i n t h e s i nd i ca to s , o r p e ~ z d n t m i o n s , was much l e s s

impartant than i n t h e Lower Valley. (The f a c t t h a t t h e Upger Valley 5s

not on t he na in r o ~ t e from Cochabamba t o t h e Or~m-o mining region nay i n

part explain t h e miners' l a c k o f inf luence m d t h e i r f a i l u r e t o acquire

ex-hacienda l z n l . )

The ;.ver-e l e v e l of f d l y income repcr ted i n t h e Torela ta sample

exceeds tttose f o r t h e f m s of tLe Lcr-~er Valeey by between 25 and 49 per-

cent i n both 1967 and 1973." Vhile t h e na t iona l average f ? r per c ap i t a

incone wa:; USS127 i n 1 9 6 ~ , ~ t h e f i gu re s f o r Toralapa range nround ~ ~ $ 2 0 0 ,

I s l i g h t l y more i n 1467 sad sonewhat l e s s i n 3 373. Peinado f o u d a similar

everage l e v e i of per c ap i t a income on a p ique r i e Le s tudied i n t h e same

region i n 1967. Rowever, average f i gu re s f o r t h e ' Jp~er Valley, i f avai l -

ab l e , would be f o w d t o be somewhat lower s ince genera l ly less land was

avn i iab le f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n t o eech " a ~ i l y ; i n neny cases land d i s t r i bu t ed

was of poorer qua l i t y , ~ u c h of t h e land i s not i r r i g a t e d , and many ex-..

heciendvs and solall-hol??r c o ~ u n i t i e s did not possess t h t easy access t o

market en, oyed by foralepa. ** Despite t n e i r higher average incomes, res iden ts .3f Toralapa general ly

have a lo'rer standard of l i v i n g thaq do c m ~ e s i - c ? i n the T ~ v e r Vallev.

*!These f i gu re s are somewh~t misleac5r.z. ho 7 , x.ce one i c d i v i d u i l wi th a naci; larger laiidholciing than t h e :f -< t. L - ~ n e c f =ore t h m f i v e t m e s t h e average f o r t h e r e s t of t? .~ FOL -

9. Teinado, Tine Refcm i n Three C o ~ u ~ 2 1 t 1 ~ . 5 ~ 1 - .

*%On? exmpie of t h s s e d i f f i c d t i e s i s :c be Zcund i c cx-nacienda Xas- picanchs Uta uzere fa,rners t a ~ e t o ca r ry y - 3 e ~ c t s s w e r e l ~ i l o a e t e r s t o m . l l r aqce c n dorLceys o r cc t h e i r o;m backs. T h e i r ge r c s p i t a i n c ~ e i n 1967 . . was cnly $30- ( P e i ~ a d o , '=:ye R e f o r e n 'i'hrec C c ~ a m t l e s , p. 183, Table 55. )

Table 1. Crop Land, Agr icu l tu ra l Production, and Sales, on Toralapa i n t h e Pre- a d Post-Reform Periods

Pre-Re f om (1950-51)

Post-Reform (1965-66 )

PRODUCTION* (metr ic tons )

Gwner : Potetoes** Other crops Total

Campesinos : Potatoes &ber crops Tota l

Total Crop Production

LAND LJIiiIEI3 CULTIirATIOM (hec ta res )

h e r : Potatoes Other crops Totai

Campesinor; : Potatoes Other crops Totgi

Total Land Under Cul t ivat ion

SALES (metr ic t ons )

brier : Potatoes Other crops Tota l

Percent sold

Caqes ioc s : Potatoes Other crops Total

Percent so ld

Total Production W k e t e d

Percent Marketed

*All f igurer, include a 1 0 perce allowance f o r seed.

**Two-thirds of t h e colonos had a sharecropping arrangenent with t h e owner and had t o par t with h a f oP t h e i r po ta to producticn. Thus, t h e owner received an s d d i t i c n a l 17 a e t r i c tons of po t s toes .

11.18. I 1

1 1 as l i nks betveen those who ran t h e hacienda and t b e e who d id the y r k .

Cursca w a s t he highest pos i t ion within t h e hacienda B t r u c t w t o k c 3 an

indio c o d a asp i re . Generally, t h e curaca received some economic i ene f i t s ,

i s not clea: vhRt those benef i t s were on Toralapa nor whether t h e h i d e r I

Responsibili ty f o r t h e day-to-day operation of t h e i;acienda r k e d

with the administrator, r- q u c a t e d mestizo vho nu t h e only emplo&ee on I Torahpa t o receive a salar, Felow and ansverable t o ir; n vere f i f e maYo1:-

domos o r overseers, one f o r each of t h e sect ions i n t o

divided. Jus t how much of a hand.the owner had i n the

of t h e Hacienda is not c l e a r , althougb it appears t b a t most na t te rk were 1

Whrile t he re i s c l ea r evidence of piqueros occuWing a higher s i t i o n

i n t he pre-reform soc ia l s t ~ l c l u r e , t h e i r economic posi t ion r e l a t i e do

other groups is harder t o r,tlm.te s ince data on incane and produc 1 ion artk I not ava.ilable. AlthougO inany piquercs i n t he ToraLapa.region had 10th P

of land. averaging l e s s than half a hectare i n ~ize, thoae d e s c r i w bi Pein-

I ly" and. therefore higher value p ~ l a t o e s . ~ ' F u r t h u m r e , s ince t h =r not l imited as we t he cclonos t o only a couple or" day's vork a reek on

t h e i r CIM land nor constrained by similar l imi ta t ions cn time for b k e t -

ing ,* I suspect t h a t t h e i r incomsa averaged at l e a s t a s high a s t

carrpesinos, while t h e i r cash incomes were probabiv conpiderably

i t

w e l l as t h e i r standrrds of l i - r ing due t o t h e i r g rea te r d e p e e of i p t e p a - I

*Piq.ueros narbeted up t o a quarter of t h e i r production as oppoded t o 10 percelt. f o r canpesioos.

P . Pre-Reform Social In f ras t ruc ture

1. Housing

t h e f ac t t h a t Peinado f a i l e 3 t o nention my-thing d i s t i n c t i v e aboiut

t he houses cclcnos from Toralapa occupied i n t h e pre-reform period and uincce

v i r t u e U y all houses ex-colonos occupied i n 1973 at t h e time of t h e s-yvey

had beer1 b u i l t s'llce t h e reform, it i s sa fe t o assume t h a t t he re was lit-

t l e t o t l i s t i ~ o i s h housing conditions on Toralepa from those prevai l ing

on other haciendas i n t he Cochabamba Valley. Houses occupied by colon0e

i n t h e pre-revolutionary period generally consisted o f a s ing l e room, used

without d l s t l c c t i o n Tor cooking, ea t ing , s leepmg, protect ing -cry end

other mzall arlimAl8 from t h e cold and predators , and s torage of crops.

Construction w a s generally of adobe and roofs thatched. Since glass w8s

dmoet ~mknown amung l o v ~ r income groups and vindows vere a rarity, t h e

only l i ~ r h t i n colono houses waj t h a t admitted through t h e open dear: The

onlv ntlmcture on Tora1ag.1 whoae construct ion can de f in i t e ly be dated from

t h e pre--reforn period formerly housed t h e patr6n; t h i s stuccoed and t i l e -

roofed, tvo-story country house of nodest s i z e i s cur ren t ly used by the

s lnd ica to as a fganary for corn and other crops and i s f a l l i n g i n t o di@re-

pair.

2. Eizlucstion

As was t h e case on meny other h a c i e n b s , t h e r e vas no school on Tom-

l apa before t he reform. As a r e s u l t , t h e i r l o w level of education and gen-

e r a l i n a b i l i t y t o speak Spanish made colonos t h e s o c i a l i n f e r i o r s of pique-

r o s , alithoug!!, a s has been suggested e a r l i e r , t h e d i s p a r i t i e s i n i n c w

between t h e two groups cannot have been great .* A s may be obselved i n Ta-

b l e 2 {c:mpa,-iq l i t e r a c y end a b i l i t y t o speak Spanish of heads of hcr;8e-

holds on Piqueria Pelca an3 Ex-Hacienda Toralapa) t h e r e i s almost as high

a Fercentage of l i t e r a t e s i n t h e sam?le From t h e free-holding corarmnity

*Piquerias a d free-holding Ind ia r co-mmriities, almost t o a one, had schools b u i l t k-hich were usual ly support& f inanc i a l l y hy t h e comsuni- ty. Maw, i f not zost, of t h e haciendas h ~ d no school. Thus it is not surpris:Lng thzt the few prcfessionrils of c m ~ e s i n o backaround that one en-

eEdas ' (I am indebted t o hdsuricio Y a m m i ?. c f SXRA f o r this ~ o i n t . )

. - 111. The iand Reform Prccess I

A. Sindicato Fornation and t h e I n i t i a t i o n of t h e Reform I 'Re d i s se t i s f ac t i on of Indians forced t o submit t o t h e colonato 6r8L

t m tias eodenic and deep-rooted. Sporat ic and o r t en v io l r l o c s l upris-

ings p -ac tua t e Bolivian h i s to ry From the time of t he Spmish conquest.

Iiot u n t i l t h e middle 1930s, however, d id colono veterans of t h e Chwo Mar

and the Paraguayan prison camps begin t o organize s indicatos f o r t h e p&-

p s e of ob,aining land t o be worked by campesinos d i r e c t l y f o r t h e i r own

benefi t r a the r than as colonos of a hac ienda . As has been t h e case i n other

countries . ;:tent ion was i n i t i a l l y focased on Church and government-owned

land. Dur: .:; tF.e "1d.ilitary S o c i a l i s t Government" of Col. David Toro, . t w o

heciendas ir t h e Upper Cochabamba Valley, one belonging t o a r e l i g ious o r -

der and t h e o ther t o t h e Municipality of Cochabamba, were rented t o s iddi-

catos formed on the respect ive farms, under t h e leaderehip o f Chaco W y

veterans and e l e n e n t w school teachers from t h e Indian ~ o m d Srhool at

Warisata . Agitation fo r change i n t h e system of land tenwe and labor . re la t8ons

continued t o increase throughout t he l a t e t h i r t i e s and ear ly fo r t i e s . Hue:L- -- ges de brazos caidos o r s i t - d o ~ s t r i k e s became f'requent during t h i s bqriotl

and at l e a s t two major upr i s ings i n t he Upper Valley were put d m by iov- ,

e rmen t forces during t h i s period. Widespread r u r a l w r e s t during the for - - I

t i e s was l a rge ly responsible f o r t h e decrees of Pres. Vi l la roe l i n 194$ I eSolishing u p a i d personal s e rv i ce and l imi t i ng labor obl igat ions of cqlo-

nos t o tiiree-days w ~ r k a week on t h e hacienda lands. Though never enforced

m t i l 1952, t h e i r existence d i d serve t o deprive t h e hacienda system 04 I

some of i t s legitimacy and encowage fu r the r ag i t a t i on f o r change and rln

increasing c a l l zot j u s t f o r improvement of conditions of colon08 but i o r

basic reform i n the Bolivian land tenure s t ruc tu re . 34

34. For nore information of t h e developnent of t he agrar ian sysdical ~ovecect i n ao l iv i a , see Luis h t e z a n a E. an^ Huno Romero B.. H i s t o r i a d e

The t i g h t e r organizat ion and g r ea t e r mil i tancy of s ind ica tos of t h e

Upper Velley than those of o ther regions of t h e country* became evident

scon azXer t h e MITT-led revo lu t ion of 9-11 Apr i l 1952. Within a month of

t'ne revo lu t ion , newspapers were repor t ing meetings throughout t h e Upper

Va.ley with t h e ob jec t ive of "founding cmpes ino s ind ica tos , with t h e forms

of coopera t ive(s ) , a ssoc ia t ing t h e se a i m with t h e adjudicat ion of land

t o t h e Indians. 1135

I n t e r e s t by campesinos from t h e Tiraque region i n s i nd i ca to s pre-dated

t 3 e 1952 revolution. F-E s t t e n p t t o f o m s slzdicato'ir?. P i q a e r i a PdLca had

been made i n 1946 following t h e f i r s t National Indian Congress but w a s thw~lr ted

by t h e opposi t ioa of hacendados and vecinos from Tiraque. According t a

Peinado, t h e sir.&cato movement o f that time was d i rec ted no t at land re-

Torn but a t increasing t h e ~ a r t i c i ~ a t i o n of l i t e r a t e cam~es inos i n t h e PO-

October 1952. It i s perhaps i nd i ca t i ve o f t h e g r e a t e r mil i tancy of c q e -

sinoa i n t h e Upper Valley t h a t even piqueros , who stood l e s s t o gain than

cmpes in~as from m agra r ian r e f o r s , organized i n t o s ind ica tos whereas thoseb

of t'ne Lmer Valley general ly ac ted as i f they saw t h e changes being; brbugbt

about by t h e land reform a s a t h r e a t t o t h e i r i n t e r e s t s . I

Se l f - i n t e r e s t a l s o played a p a r t i n t h i s decis ion. The s ind ica to was

invariab.Ly t h e no t ive fo rce behind successful l and reform cases and i n kalca

a s s d l lolock of l and from t h e hacienda out of which t h e p iquer ia had de-

veioped : ; t i l l remained i n t h e hands of t h e patr6n i n 1952. As a r e s u l t of

t h e ac t i on of t h e Falce s i nd i ca to , Hacienda Cabreria vas expropriated abd

a i l but 4 hectares were awarded t o t h e 12 piquero sharecroppers and t h e

3 r e s iden t ex-colonos.

Campesinos =ere mobilized throughout t h e country i n l a t e 1953 and ea r l y

195b i n r e a r t i a n t o attempts by Bolivian mine and landowners t o overthrow

t h e fa3 go-~e rmen t . Campesino m i l i t i a s were dispatched t o severa l prov$nces

35. I b id . , p. 211.

36. Peinado, Tne Reform i n W e e Communities. D. 1 0 4 .

i;c i : -~ . t r h e i r GWZ 1 f e r t i l i z e ; ; E J ~ cne woman pie-tea @thbut I

ch~z1:21 f o r - ~ i l ~ zrr cf e r ~ j s o r t . I ! 'p . e-icrsqe n;r>e: u E :rscklo&ds of i r g ~ i c f e r t i l i z e r f o r t/?e b e e

. . P?:-:er; :zr;r, ;:c; ~rnci?cses uei t-40 tr;c:.lo~ds. The cos t per iruc?cload

(atou:: 596 Liios ) i s a-D. l i 3 . 5 , o r approxir_.teiy 1 . 5 t on c pe?

Unf or4;ucetely, i a f c r n a t ion i s net ' available o-i how zany trucklo

y . ~ . - ; . ~ ~ s k-eye : ~ ~ ~ : ~ i l . : , r r)rD~lidc-<: . , I? .T~ -i:-:*:

average rider of 100-;;owid sbc of' ?re-nixed

k-25: 3 -14 sacks and tiir zedian 1 4 .,etxcc:; 2 w d 3 sacks a t an

of ilj,, 13L.5 p e r s i c k c r coact 15d p e r i i i > g r ~ . Vhnt one

kncu, of cause, i s i b e cost pr: k i l o of. .-i: Lent

~ 5 6 p c t a s s i u z ) but this i r i f ~ ~ m e t i o o i s u ~ a v a l z k l e . l1 i en r t t e z p -.o c ie te rune thc v s l u e cf ct :er iahi f e r t i l i z e r ]in hote to

I

r roduct ion, * r A t i p l e regress ion rq;e;ioris v r r e run , using k i l o s Ibf i o t a -

~ Z C S ?r~dYcrd as Gte dependent vm-iebie end m i , sacks of

, w.2 e for sherec rop~ing ' i ( 2 li. ro arrangement rrr+tek and

i If sherecropping z-es fou?a) es t h e i n d e p e n a e ~ t var;s'Dles.

:.i:~ coze f r o 2 a s e c t i m of t h e q u e s t i o r r a i r e designed t o

:r.cozc fro^ cro;;", so po:atc productior Cres r o t inc lude potctatoels ihrncd

i h l i ei:~-.z:r.; t 3 squats t h e pro&zczivi& cf i r r ~ ~ a t e2 and u ~ i r & ~ e { e d 7 .

-81-s; r e s z l t s ---ill -ce pres2sted f o r t h e szzpler d e f i n i t i o n of l a z o$ly, 1. S l n c c -rerj- l i < % l e c?;.,?e=s -o b e gained k ; ~ the I s r e cospl iceted de ~ r i j t i o m ,

1 1 t n e consx~~c:isc of -*hick is described L r "et&-.1 i n a sdbsequenc paz-4 of

I

* u..Ls ," sectior. ii.e:sal r a r i i l i z e r i s 2 e ~ s ; e d :n sacks, vtich i s t h d way

cn~,;;esi?.os b~ 5:; rz so=e c e c s of. t:-At ; s z : r j - (vhere ic?sser amo' ?t$ art: Y I . - - . - - d ) , .-a. z c a e s i c s s 5~ iz i n 1 3 ~ s 35 S C ~ : 2 s ~ " e kilo. T:rus the

*-I$ -re?-rz L ~ T ~ LA-L- t h a x 7.rirt7>c- u <- AJ -,-- 2 1 fertilizer is used I on pot&-- . - - ' ' ' I

ttaz r a i i c has t o be even higher.65 Utth f e r t i l i z e r a t $9. 135 per s ack ,

=d u s i r , ~ the est imate of t n e coe f f i c i en t for ' chpl.ical f e r t i l i z e r frqm Mr~del

f e r t i l i z e r is neasllred by t h e trucrilood, . . -3 :!; load worth an aveiage

?f 3. 143. A s s w i n g t h a t the coef f ic ie r is rL: chenical an?. organic f e r -

t i l i z e r are cct far froiil t h e i r t r u e (bu t uiknoknj values, cmpes inos lfron~ I

c>.e .. s...F. , iey pse coning c lo se t o squet ing t h e m r g i n a l revenues f r m t d e two I

produc.ts, &though a pos i t i ve d i f z e r e n t i a l r e n a i n s , fevoring increase~d us- - -

age of c i - t t - i c ~ r e r c i l i z e r . Eowever, fa less c h e n i c i i f e r t i i i z e r i s used

t h m would be j u s t i f i e d on tLe econoziic ~ o u n d s o f a? equation wi th I+rginal

co s t . *", I I

Z'!ne f a t t i let 0d.y t'oree of t h e respocdenis p-archased aanure the#nelves

t i l e t 2% m o m t s of f e r t i l i z e r pzrchaseci YPI.,? s n a l l r e f l e c t s two i r o b -

npprecia te t he v d b e of

erege e rea of 0.86 hectzes, o r a h u t 2 .3 sacks per hectare . Hovever~, t h e

resyor,.i,c-nt -.-< t b t k e 5 i g ~ e s t i n c o ~ c I;. z5tl s u > l e li;c; ~6 sa2i.s ou a t b t a l a r ec i n potizxces o r 2 . 5 tectai-os, o r a k u t 6 .5 sacks per hects--e. As time

gees o::, t r ,e a z u w ~ t of f e r t i i i z e r ina iv idua l ?m-ers t h i n ! should be +?plied I

c n r ~ 'ce e x c c t e 3 t o r i s e , es long ES t h e benef i t -cost rocio reinains hi hly

r'=voreble, 23th as 3 r e s d t of t h e i r o m e x ~ e r i e n c e azd of t he desons ra- 1 t isz t.f.fe21; el' scper io r r e s > d t s obtain?? 'uy f?d \<Cr;a ls such as t h e che men-

t i o s t d e>cve. I I

*;---a.r - I .__ at -,he iok7 efr.e Of 5 95 ~ e r c e c c c ~ c f i ~ e n c e . . interval ?-or t h e chef- . . f l z r e 7 . t (3 .2 te . i . rc:lo :s s t i l l Grenter :tan J : 1 fit meen v a l ~ ~ e n of l e n d

:-value (13if) I.. 59 - 7 0 3.2? 3 . 4 9 2 .48

: j ~ g . ievel . 068 -497 . O G 2 . OOG ,028 .- 1. r - r a c l o v/L, aid i 3 d i 145 .3 Sijir:i:icancc l e v e l ,0000

3 . Durbin-Watsan = 2.89 )(cU - 1 . 7 7 f o r k = 4 , n a 18, a i p h a / 2 = .05) . .

~.:<(-:j:<,,.; ?,OhEL < ,: r,a& ;; v l-;i ..... ,\,.: - . ,, = ,!,I-)& - .G,:ti L,*,;,-> + l Z s ) - 7 7 - . - - 3 r s 1

ik:<- _I.T%I:i: - -000134 WF!,.T.'il;,l H f ) i

3 . L'ur5in-'riatso:~ = 1.011 (?: = 1. 84, K = C , n = 18, alphe /? = .05) ~ -3 i n = ~ c c i ~ s i o i i of e i r k r r :.he laiio.; o r naragemzr,: v a r i a b l e i n the equa t ion

re2cce; :?e 5cscdard eri-or of t h e ~ s t i ~ a t ~ by abouc 15 pe rcen t over the

n i - e ~ i . - ) ~ ~ r A noce l an2 d i ~ n i s h e s t h c s y s ~ * r . a t l t e r r o r i n the r e s i d u a l s

,u,- ,L.L, :.>- ..q..-..., 2 , =y cke oovi.ner.: o f t h e Dcrbia-Wptsorr s t a t i s t i c i n t o the

. . - . n c n - s i ~ . c ~ L i ~ c z ~ : r.2g1o:~ .T.i\r n c s i t i v e c o r r e i a t i o n or d i r e c t l y from the p l

. . ,..f t i , , E y . z = L - . . . - 1 s . '=hi i z c l u s i c n of tke zddl:Lonaf vziriabie reduces the . . - .

s1gF:j.J i:;;:.:e 12.~~1 of L?G c ~ e f i t l i c ~ e ~ t on iaac'. t c the p o i n t t ha t i t s

,". ' ? -.: El . -3 : ' s ..s n c ~ uean t h a r i n ge-era1 t h e u o u n . ~ cf iand an ind i - ~ v ; ~ l ~ ~ : l c3;=2esFn~ ::;s d c e s ao'i a f f e c t hi. cupected income. k%at i t !

I

in.21i,es is tkl: lzL:e - I - r s s o t 2 L i n d i n ~ c o n s ~ r a i n c on p o t e a t i a ? i i . c c ~ e foF

-,. "Last (.,a-y?c. - - - - *o-,-a . .,.- - 2 z I . ~ ~ and t h i s is p r c j a b l y tr.;s- f o r r .>s t a r e a olf

:.TIE 11;cn;isl arid Xorchc r :~ h l t i p l a n o a.;s), frc.:~ Lake Tit ;caca. E s p e c i a l l y

5- rL2 -c ; a=;f:17s,t,s vt.rt? 2ecla.rrd, ck. .,L C _ ~ . ~ < L _ . _ - - . - - % L L .. - ? d s d d~qi-lirei? fill-~(lgh t d e I

<:<;r3;i~z I-Z~ST: : is greaic: t j a n c~;cs l : . .o cas ex?ec; t o Lard i r i ny i

:;-~d> y;-ear. !

c t\,.c - - i;>.er :-o<e:s preser.r:d i:: L;.; ~ z p r n d i x tc. t i l l s pape r . Th2y I

* - +sic:;-;;y 5Lc-d 1)~0b:r_~ 21 c:,t:--clcliinrl.arit:~ .;~akes a z s u r a t e !

, , A " , t h e c i f e c t cjf i n c r e a s i n g a g r l c u l t u r n l o u t p u t s u b s c a n t i a l l y . 2h;e :;:c t o - - - , -

:PC ccnsisten:ly hi;;h acd p o s i t i v e c o c f f i c l e n t s on bo th t h e ranage-

. - .,-- < - - . , - ---, . -,, t,;t - ; ~ a = : Y,:; ( ~ h e r e s i l i t of a?part?nt i n i t i a l n i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

o; the proyier a d e l ) w n i c h .;as t h a t h ighe r l€vt?is of produc t ion a r e achieved

vhen land i s i n t he hanas of ?eople I n t h e i r p r i z e (de f ined t o be betwcea

2 7 and 59 y e a r s ) . Households headed by males below and above t h a r age ,

e i t h e r because of noc ivac ion o r experience, appear t o produce l e s s than

o c ' e r s , as d o female-headed househo ld s . Agra r i an r e fom laws i n o t h e r

countries ( C h i l e , f o r e x m p l e ) have i n c l u a e a i l m ~ a t i o n a on t h e r r g h f t

r e c e i v e l ax6 under t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e a g r a r i a n re form Co male heads

of faeily between 18 and 60 y e a r s . S i m i l a r l y , r h e h igh l e v e l of s i g - . - . -, ,..-r;cance of t h e coefficient on l a b o r s u g g e s t s Chat t h e n ~ n b e r of a d u l t

~ o r k e r s Eay b e a l i n i t i n g f a c t o r on o u r p a t . * At tempts t o i n c l u d e

l abo r i n s i n i l e r e q u a ~ i o n s i n ~ h e L r ~ + ? r VdLiey (whers t h e m

1 s lsnc) f z i i e d < l s m a l l y . Coupled b,-,-i=n t he f a s t t h a t the incope nodc l s ex-

. . ihls cot;.- ; r c i e n t i e d s ne t o b e l i e v e t h a ~ l a b o r . not land. i s a I

of -I. L:le c o ~ ~ n c r y ) . ';his i s c n t i r e i y c o n x a r y t o t he op in ion of many

c l t h e s e ~nvoLvcd i n t h e r c f o r n p roces s i c s i c e B o l i v i a . who e x p r e s s g r c a t

cc?:icern w - ~ l i che dzngers cf " r c i n i f u n d i s ~ o , " zF.L? f r i .gncnta t ion of land

2 , i)egre.=- of '.!arkex I n t e g r a t i o n (Supply S1di.f I.;

1.~2 2egree of market i x r e g r a ~ i o n shom1 i n .Tables 6 and 7 i s probably

2 S e t t e r i n d ~ s a t ~ o n of g e n e r a l l e v e l s of i n t e g r a t i o n p r e v a i l i n g I n ~ o s t

3f r u r a l G o i l v l a the,; a r e s i r c i i a r Fndicacors f o r t h e Lwei V a l l e y , where . . .- - -.- - - ciegrccs of i z t e g r a t i o n have prevailed from ? r e - r e f o m t i ~ e s . 0n1k

a 3 ~ x t 13 2 e r z s r . t of :Ile p;oductio;; fro3 t h e p , -gu js les of co lones w a s

1:s cay c o ca:k? t ::-.rough 3 a r t e z t i a x s a ~ t i ~ n s b:;:vee:. r ov ing n e r c a a n t s !

L V . 65.

T~L.~~ 7 . k ; larketsc ? r , x u c t i o : ~ a s a Pcrcc:i: of T o t a l P roduc t ion ,

GroL.psd by .?igrrc-i,tur& and Lives tock a d Arimal P roduc t s

1967 1973

, - , : ~ l c ~ r , l ' Z ; o C c c ~ S a l e s . -- x 1 C J 60.8 S L . 1 Gross Farm Production

? . vesrock o :.xima1 P rcduc t S a l e s x 10C 3 . 3 1 2 . 5 GI 3s F a r m P roduc t ion

3 . ; t a l Sales x 100 ;Toss F a m ?reduction

+ . r\,:,-rlcultdra; P r a d u c t l ~ i l - x 100 88.6 7 7 . 8 Gross Fzriz P roduc t ion

5 . L i ~ r e s t o c k j- X n i n a i Froduct P rodcc t i on - s 100 11 .2 2 2 . 2 Cross F a r s P r d u c t i o r ,

6 . A!,rj c ~ i t u r a l P rcdcc t S a i e s -. 68.5 69.6 i o t a 1 A g r i c u l t u r a l ? roducc ion 7 - .

- .,,,. il ProducC S a l e s , Lavcstock & A-'-- T o t a l L i v e s t c ~ k a Animal P rodcc t x 100 34.4 56.2 P roduc t ion

.., - z J 3 2 . , . I ~ ~ L v ~ L f ra;i 7, A 3 3 ~ L3 p ~ r ~ e r ! ~ of g r o s s forz -

l ) r ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ 3 on L ~ r a l s ~ a i s s o l d . I f b a r t e r were inc luded ir t h e ca l -

c u i a c l o n sf ::IL percer i tagc of f a r z ?iodi!cts a c c u a l l y r each ing marke t ,

of z a r k e t c d a g r i c u i t u r a i p roduc t iox i s paczco s a l e s , foi lowed by b a r l e y

2nd w t ~ e n t . :i!ost of thr! ocner c rops a r e zrovr. a s much o r more f o r

cc - I . .-I . . I - 2 . r k t . A cazpa r i son of nambers i and 2 of Table 7

; I I J ~ S scxct ~ C c i 3 c f t:ic i q o r t a i i c e of a g r l ? ~ ? c i ; r a l r e l a t i v e t o s a l e s of , ;:x*~stocic an, c n i c a l T rocdc t s .

+ , 1 ~ r h r i 2 t h e c a t e z o r y 6 5 l i v e s t o c k and a n i ~ a l p roduct s a i e s , animal . .

p r o d ~ c i s a l e s Co-Sti tucc s n i y a c l c r s c n i e p ropo rc l an e i t h e r of t h e n m b

o r tile vzlx-. c f rl-rss sa;cs. Ozly c'r.rc2 rcspon2ci:ts re2or red s a l e s of

~ r ~ i r u i ~ ~ O - L S Z S \ C ? C S ~ C ~ c C a I l t t l e ~ 0 0 1 : i~ ~ : X C C S S cf LSS15 in 1973;

1 ..2 1 &;fit' ~ l f 3-C.I 5 ~ ' l e ~ i a r t;.e rcnnin:~, 15 r P s p o n d e c t s was e i t h e r z e r o

. c I 1:. ~ 3 5 : l z i j ) o r i i l~ ; il,.;;,ory 111 t h i s g roup , t k e n , i/; - .

L - 1 - : - a L : ? ~ z c : c u i a r l y shzi:. Szr i+ ~f t h e i S r e sponden t s ,

,%-.-I- ;: S i i t r c ~ I , s : ~ T ; ~ ~ c c i;l)' : J e r c ~ n c i;: T - L v;l..e of L:vtstcck s o l d .

- - - - - - - - -- - pp -

.I = 2 , , I . . L . . 2 . , = , - . : 4 .

7.. : . ,,,..:. . . : , . L C S\-.C...S 3; ) as 3 d e c r e a s e ir, market p a r i i c i p a t i o a , t n e i n c r e a s e d

,. .- , . , ... .. ,> ,...: .rit.r: i;f ~ n l ~ ~ a i s znci a r - i na l p r o d i ~ c t s r s f i e c t s a r e a l improvement

I

in ::.- lice of c u p e s i n o s of To ra i apa ; increaseC consum?tion of bo th

. * . i s . z l s o found i n t h e Lower Va l l ey c a s e s t udy .

3 . I la rke t P a r t i c i p a t i o n ( D e ~ a n d SiCe)

Xarke t p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s d e f i n e d here t o be t h e r a t i o of t o t a l of

cash e x ~ e n d i t u r e s f o r consun?t ion t o t h e t o t a l v a l u e of consumption (bo th

purc:;ases a c t or.-tram c o n s u u p ~ i o n of 5 a r a p r w u c r s ) . The average market

p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t i o f o r To rz l apa was .427 i n 1967 and .405 i n 1973, which

a r e n o t d i f f e r e n t i r o n one a n o t h e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y . * Table 8 rmks mar-

ke r p a r t i c i ? a t i o o by i ncoae l e v e l s f o r 1973 and d i s p l a y s no p a r t i c u l a r

r e i a t i o n between t h e two. Kor d o e s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n by m o u n t s of land

okned Sy t h c r e s p o n d e n t s h o ~ any c l e a r r e l a t i o n .

Ta5le 3. 1 9 7 3 ?:arket P a r t i c i p a ~ i o n * * (9cmar.d S i d e )

by Levels of Fa=. Income (1373 Pesos) Row

i3cicv 9000 9001-13590 l3SCi-50,000 Over 50.030 T o t a l s

C o l ~ ~ i T o t a l s 3 8 6 1 18

-. ;ooc c o n s . z p t i o n constituted over 4 2 perceEt of cash consunprion , . . e x p e n ~ . t u r z s 1~ i95? ant abou: 52 perce7.r ia 1973; the 5 i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n

of ca;5 co~suz ip tion e s p e n d i ~ u r e s devoted t o f e d i s ano the r i n d i c a t i o n . . . . of c axpes inos ' i c c i i n ~ n ~ r e a l pu rchas ing Tower. ~ n l i i t e some of t h e Lotre'r

. . c s c u l : n cxcn by i n c i v i ~ c * l f a r r c r s , buc t h i s i s l a r g e l y f o r r e p l a c e m e n t

of worr.-ou: c r b r o k e n ~ o c l s . .id m j o r c h a n g ~ i n tdchno logy h a s t a k e n - .

. ~ l ~ i c , 1.1 t n c a r i a u h i c z u o ~ ~ u r e q u i r e r u b s t a r t i a l aew i n v e s t z l e n t s by

r : , ~ ~ v i c c ~ i i a r z e r s . C o l l e c r L v e e f f o r t s f o r t h e a c q ~ i s i t i o n of p r o d u c t i o n

t e c h n o i c g y i-.are n o t o c c u r r e d ana a r f n o t l i k f l y t o occur w i t h o u t o u t s i d e

s u p p o r t . '. - ~ . 5 C C . - ? . t 1 3 1 S L Y 3 - J S :I C - 5 . . .:-I C L f ; e l ? t : : - .p~?~i l :ar i~ L X L S Z S S n

- l o r a l ~ p a , as was o b s c n r t d i z t h e Lower V a l l e y c z s e s t u d y . I n t h e 1967

d a z s o n l y 45 p e r c e n t of c s s k inco-2 cdn be a c c o u n t e d f o r a s c x p e n d i t u r e s

on ? r o d u c t l o n o r cor . sua2 t ion ; s i n l i s r l y o n l y 37 T e r c c n t i s a c c o u n t e d f o r

i n thd 1973 d a t a . Tr.e p c r c e c t c g d of i c c o ~ e saved a c t u a l l y r o s e i n 1973, ) s yesr K!?C:I r f a l i n c c z e ha3 d r o ~ p e d . A t l e a s t i n F.:rt, t h i s a p p e a r s t o

I

52 s r e a ; t r o n co chc 1 3 7 2 Cevalcar ion which r a l s c d t h e p r i c e s of many of

[hL consun2r d a r a b l e r c a i s c a m e s i n a s hdv, . 13~211 a c c i u i r i n ~ bv more t h a n - ?~ 3:) ;:.:TC,::~; , d L t t o ?;-,sir ' ::i:;h . i 3 2 ~ r r cae f f i c i ~ : . t . The i n d i v i d u a l w i t h ~ 1 + L.re :, hl;;hest i n c o n e i n t h e 1973 s a p i e r e p o r t e e e x p d n d i t u r e s which a c c o u n t

f o r o.:iy 23 p c r c e c c o: h i s t o r a l i n c o a c , i ~ p i y i n g tha: 77 p e r c e n t , o r I

necirLy US$ 193.3, was s a v d ? r o b a b l y i n t i le for?: of cash k e p t i n the housed

;:I v:dw of c!.e i a ~ l ~ ; - d of ba!:ics c o a c t as f i n z n c i a l i n t e r m e d i a r i e s f o r 1 c ? ~ :ocn:ryls r u r a l > o ? ~ l a t i o n and o i n e r f o m s of i l s ~ r i m i n a t i o n s t i l l I - J - L ~ ~ l c t d .. z g a i f i s t c a i ~ p e s i n o s , i t i s n o t s u r 2 r i s i n g t h a t l i t c l e , i f a n y , 1

. . . . . :.s:xy 1:: cle?cs~;ea 11: s a v i n g s n c c o u n t s . Because of t h e inability of

- . ~ 1

c c ; i ?cs inos t o t;? r i n a c i l l i n s ~ i ~ u t i c n s f o r c r e d i t and t h e i n h e r e n t ~ . . . . . vrrldo:,;:y oi i c i isco-r. f ror : o :~e ye;r ca c!;e n e x t , s a v i n g s ~

+ - c 2

s y s

- - rhs b a s i c C o r n o; ~ n s - r a n c e 2 c a q e s i z c c a n have. U n t i l t h e ~ te;n Sccc.-?s zcre responsive t o ci2.c: needs of che c a n p e s i n o s , ~

. . L C 1s :,at liXc1-,- :.izi i t v i i l ne ~ o s s i j l e t o z o b i i i z c t h e s u b s t a r ~ t i z l

I I

r"So"'-7- . . . . . - . 1 - L L - L ~ J C C : T : C ~ L ~ C . ~ b ; ~ 1nillv1ci.~ai_ c ~ p d ~ i i - . ~ ~ ilkr: t i ;osc ~ f T c r a l a p a . ,

. - 1:: :::c r;,.z::[:.j2, i::f Lzzic;, 2c-s z5 a s c b 5 a . - - - , L c l i . C L d L :nx on t h e s f a s s e t s , I I

. - . . 3. S:.in.>ar> o: L 1 ~ ~ ~ " c .> t* P ~ ~ t - x p f ,3~-;1 ?,:rlod I

:-'I:<: ~ ; - . zzg2 .5 1: :;?LS<~; k.~:..e ~.z'::c:-. - 2 : ' : ~ c sizct: 1 5 5 2 , 2s dcsc-:. A, ~ ~ e d 1

5 , L * , . - ? - 7 - 7

- L ~ C ; O ~ ~ iii LLi: ?OSt-?.Cl0~!2 P c ) ~ i O d

:> -, .- ,, ;- - . . . .. ,d,,i:/ che ~ 3 5 i s l ~ . r . i f i ~ 2 n t s i cg l i : , c c n t r i b ~ : ; i o n of t h e Gol iv ian

,,,.. ,- ' , -- . . ..,'.., iC,. r ~ f c r x ~ 1 5 i;l ;:::?roviag tix 1 2 ~ ~ 1 of c ~ : : c i t i o n of t'hc c o c n t r y ' s

L>; \: ,,, :jo>>; -:r 3- . . - .. &L).. L ~ f o r e 1$52 e d ~ ~ c z ~ i o n x i o p p s r t u n i t i e s v e r e l l z i t d d *.

;i:r.z::; rtsr1c:;v~'ij: tc.. :.ir'o'-.n g rocps n ~ c ! t o canpcsiiio:; lrcsiciing ir. p i q u e r i a s

2 7 - . -, .., r:onunidadcs. ?ncsc groups c o z s t r u c t z a ,lad su;);.or:c:d t h e i r os n schocls ;

Indt:c:c! a ~ l c h c.i t i :? i k i v o l v ~ s e s t of ? i q s e r o s i n p o l i t i c , , vas f o r :::c Fur-.

pose jf i x p r ~ v i n g t f ? ~ e c u c a r i o ~ l a i y q ~ o r t u r i ~ i i . ~ f o r t ! le ir children. CL,' , r. I , , re:1 c-f co ionos or. t ,~ : iendes i n chc T l r a q ii: rcgiox hzd f a r nore l imi t ed

. I ' - .. . ,-....< )? !... ,. . . y > , . ,h i<- - .,>,--- -b . . :c.;c:;. s:::ce ::::: :-.:y t:? :;;; .a:\ .;?::-~. ,-,, ...,.: . ' . , : . * , . L a . . * . - ?il-most

i n v a r i > . b i y t h e ~ ~ s d c c t of .-.n elrncnc.2ry sihcol d u c a t i o n , n o t on ly t he

illi:. ;r ncy hnt a l s o tht ir.ri?:ili::~ cf nosc or-~-.ulorios t o s p a k 3>:;nish w ; s s . .

- - T I . <-;l~.ts-.:: mi-e thnr . "cede a f r r r t k c -efor;, - ~ h i l e nc~sr n ique rc s 5 ? ,

x r r - i;lle t a a r 2 L - -.= er,c t o s?t?.?k Spanis 'n. { P l e a s t r e f e r back t o -- L . = > ; t . i:. .!

i::.- o; t r .2 Z i r s , r J r : c t i o n s or' c a ~ ; ~ s i r . ~ s : c t h e i r l i b e r a t i o n from

L>,c cLi , /b ; - . f c u ~ i l o b l i g a c i c q s of the c o l a c a t a sysrc3:n was ,--he c o n s t r u c t i o n .

. . . . O < :i S Y I : . L L SC::OW. SC'.: -01s WC;C bu5lZ on n t 2 i . i ~ 6:vcry hacienda i n tF;e

. . coz;: r;., zrikrn a f c w yea r s a f t e r tyke refor-; . A s on Tora iapa , subce~:.ez:t

c.nc*.:.-. icy- ez':slr-s l i - v ~ ~yp ic - iL iy rils2l:td ir. t h e ~ a r : s t r * : c t i o n t:f E. l a r g e r

c.-;- -\ .. ' . .; LI L c;l FZ.: : ex-* ;.acit?::d;-; i n t h c cau::tl y .

ybb,::: L,2 i.;c CLX~,::~C..? f o r i n p r o v i ! ~ ~ t t k ei.;zc3ri3n?l c?por tun i t i . e s bf

. ._:liisir.:;. 5 2 s i:o: a c r r wi thou t i t s r c ; ~ g i . 5 1 ~ r c s u i t s , as 9rj bc scr31 From: . . - .-. . : . - . - . : , , I ? .;.-);):I .:LC?. Of t k ~ CnTEUn;~y ( ( Jp f i ~ .dd 9.5 t:-(,.-e A\.-, L C L A . . ..L LA---- . -

! . . . . ,- .-. .. . , .

.:. _,,:' :5 y;ar i of ;xt. <,r . icer no lLi-rig.:ii gGl I iF t o schcoi ) we,; : iv idec ' i n t o I

'2- -"I ' r - <. .LC ;: c-:?j_ . t i . : JSC ..- .... d e r 3 5 year:- 2: ;!;:e 2nd t !~ose 35 and ol . ier , ~ --,' . . . . . . . L::.,. . u;jciv;;e:. t?y S ~ X . A?. i n d i v i d u a l u>;: 35 y c z r s c f d . i n 1;17:< woulp

8 . . . * ,, - .~ . . . - . '.r~:c. >:r-: _I :;I i:.;;; 3 4 r.i;&c 2g.. ; i l s ed:.:ztrrc ~ 3 3 r l n i s h s d 3 r d kc was1

.- . . . . q -,A 5al.t. rc.:cr-ed :o S C ~ C I C ~ . 1:~j:i L;!~z; 15 >eLi ;g a > ~ ~ ~ : - t j i s kt,2 . . .. ,. . - .~ . . ;, 7 - - . . - I., Lu,r:::;cncl ic k l s of ih( ,-. G::; ;I;;-\: up be.50-e t t lL t agrsri~n

Tc.:, - . : -.- ;; - - & . - - - ... . . . :U 6:. ,,~v : T i i , d 2x2 ~ ~ ~ ? : L - ~ - : ~ Q ';i,31: idi.:(:i:t:on .if:zr i t . Thk

. . t . ~ L . , - , L,L<.;:Ls i.-. Ci:.. ~, - . . . - . . . ~:;.<:. j l ~ : j > ~ < cx d . . .: 2: :-,:,: ~); , i ~115 ~ . . ~ : ~ 9 : l ' J c ; 51. iA,-T,

. . . , . . , c: !L -,,>? 7 - z . : :iL- : erlco 1s i:~!:: i7ic.-, : ;.:: :\rt..: -.,L: fa r C; .... .. ?,;:-< -:,.;'c- .?.

. - . .,..:.-- . ~ , S,-.,' , . - - . . . . . . . . - . - . L L L7>. : * - . : i . ! L :.ax< ,>: :hL -.<.:.,.;-: - ? <,. ,1i,:er >zc 7 1;: ' 0 r I l j i . L . . i

. . . LXDL'L . c C . 17' ATVrg - A:. d t - .GO. Of . i 0 , of

5ci10ci of 'rtlosc ~ . . i ic!ren Ci;lldrcri of Yis. i n School Cvcir 13 Over 18 of School I

t l a ? ? s i n ~ s f r o c Torzl-22 hzvc n o t b ~ c ' n rzc ip ic l ; l t s of J n y form of

l n ~ t l t u c i o n c l c r e d i t , 2s ~ 2 s st,- .r<J I n S e c t i o n I V . tior have ex t -ns ion

3rc2;r 3,; , i ~ d any r ~ a j o r i up -c t ca 'i'orl?c::~.:. !.'nclr, t h e i s p e t u s c'me f ror.1

p~owocln ; i n i t l z i us - of f ~ r t i l i z i r 1 s nat c1ci.x. Onc 21-23 i n which

cc ~si :drn!>ld c:. t ~ : ? s i o r ; z c t i v i t y i s L3 iny on i n son2 r eg ions of :he count ry

i s L n ::I,. uscl of icprov,.! var i2 : ias of pot,-..to sdd.' (21zhough t i icre i s no

> V > U L L . ~ L t h? t C-iiGcSl:lOS f r o 2 T o r ~ l . _ : i ) ~ I I - I V ~ :-i<.Ci .:iljf ~ 0 n t 3 ~ i v i t h t h e

Scr -7Lcio 1, L x t c n s F n ~ g r l c o l z , o r cixt,n$::lon s , ~ r v i c c ) , Such s e ~ d c o s t s

over t w i c ~ T\S :ir;c:: -.s t rz \ ! i t ion ,? l v z r l ; l t i e s S a t '!I:IS s ~ " J t t 3 n t i a l i y h ighcf

L-:..:,~LLLL j i i i ?ds . ! ~ v i ~ l c ~ ~ c . 2 f r o i ~ t h e i373 S d r V E ) . d a t a i n d i c a t e s th5-t XlOnC

of c ' . ~ ~ - : r ? ; , ~ s i ; l c s ; I J V ~ d o p t e d t hc r.cir v ~ r l ~ t i c s . A l l f a r r x r s rct .? incJ

53.:. ;::'to a ~ ~ c i f r o ~ l t l l ~ i r 1Y73 :l:rve;: f o r csi8 t1.c r 'ollcwing y ~ 2 r ; one- . .

rn:rl of t i12 r ~ ~ ? o ; l d ~ ; ~ t s ~ s c d cniy sc,c t!wv h ~ d szvcd du r ing thc 1972 /73

Prices p::ii i c r : ~ s t z r r o sezd z r c Fr. t k c s;;::.~ :-,::ilce CIS t : ~ c p r i c e s t h e y . . rcc::.v~ri f o r :i;;ir oC.;;i ,?ot.=i~o;ts 1;ldlc::i:-,:; th?: i t i s v e r y i:.lproSeble t ; ~ a t

. . ~'IR:? C z L ~ L ~ L A E S C L ~ F I ? ~ C J V ~ ~ S2d3-

-- L : : ~ Galy r c 2 i sirvic;: -.-., >.-; c , , L a ~ ~ ~ ~ L - - Q . ~ z;'cr-:,q-. . r c c c i v fron. t h e

. .. i;o~~rn::.~.:.: WOL ;.a ~r : ) i : i r t ~ i j d t ; l c - ;)9-.7zcai ~f ; i i ~ s::lar i s s 02 te?.cilcrs . 2 ; t ' . ~ , sc-iool . .,. "czc:,l co: ;s t ruct ion of c h c sck;301 I;:S ?sr ;els scconpl i sned

. . i h ~ o i ; ,:: :.ii ii: f o r t s ~ l f tilt cc'zizx:;i:y. I

2r.c :=sic, p l ' i dt tile expense of tiic p r e s t e . There is no e s t i m a t e

::! L:.C cxpilr.sc i : ? v o i v ~ 2 i i i p r e s c e r i o , t h e a c t i v i t y of be ing a p r e s c e ,

si::i; ::a r c s ? o n c e n : i:: c i t i i c r survey reported such expend i tu re s d u r i n g

c;,e -'L-ct.:Gcs .,e2z.7;

IL a d d r ~ i o n co e q e n s e s invoived i n p r e s t e r i o , which g e n e r a l l y

cccrx oniy a f e w t imes i n a p e a s a n t ' s l i f e t i m e , i f t h a t f r e q u e n t l y ,

nos: f a n i i i e s r e p o r t s m e e x p e n d i t u r e s i n other c e l e b r a t i o n s through- . . ?:LC ck.:~ y y r tl-:? >rC 2-1 : - ->=. T;,&;,.---.2 - , : , . IE

1967 such expenditures averaged a l i t t l e over 500 pcsos of 1973; they

hzd dropped about 150 i n 1973, a l t h o ~ g h t h e r e was a small r i s e i n t h e

expenditure f o r a l c o ' i ~ o l i z beverage a t t i n e s o t h e r than f i e s t a s , which

couid i n d i c a t e some s u b s t i t u t i o n of one f o r t h e o t h e r .

Xost canpes inos a r e by now convincec! t h a t good o r bad y i e l d s depend

an carrural r a t h e r t han s u ~ e r n a t u r a l causes . Sowever. v a r i o u s t r a d i t i o n a l

o z t u r a l c a i m i t i e s and t o e n s u r e good h a r v e s t s . A t p l a n t i n g t ime , a

c2r:aln ? i a n c (ckoa) i s bcrncd Co keep e v i l s p i r i t s o f f t he c rop . The

p r a c t i c e of cl lal lando or pour ing L i b a ~ i o n s t o iviother E a r t h (Pachmana) , i s st111 co~mon a t p'_n:lcing and e s p e c i a l l y a t h a r v e s t t i n e . Most

r ~ s ? o r , d e z t s r e p o r t e d p. i rsnase of raw a i c o h o l dnd ch icha vhich i s

.-,- L, dc., - d. t i ~ n a l l y ( s i n c e p r e - r e f c r n t i n e s ) g i v e r t o warkers a s p a r t of t h e i r

vase d , - r i n g n a r J e s t . The Cirst few d rops f r o s each cv?Eul a r c poured on

t5i ;rour.d r s ax o f f e r i n g i o ir'achom?mx. T h i s sams t r a d i t i o r . i s found i n a l l

arcas of tne coun t ry . although i ~ o t zl~yays wi ; i l t h e c f f i c i a t i o n of y a t i r i s ,

.,.. bv:,o a r * i;sun?l:; ?resen= on t h e s e occas ions i:, Toraiapa. Y a t i r i s a r e s t i l l .

* ',, -. , :.L, LL.us,,.- t3 ~ ~ S S ~ S S c?i---- ,a ; t . ~ s r 2 t i v e pc;.ers, a s described i n t h e pr2vious

s e c ~ i o n ; bosr*ver, t h e i r r o l e 2s cedicine riel-. assears tc b e dec1inir.g i n

jc:-s -; S J C L 2 L Y - - . . - - - - . . . p.,- ,;c:::ar:-, m e s ~ i z o q i ti..-2 3.1L.: ;1~,~ C? coca It.;-:ss. Use

.-, + . - . , .- ..: &... .,: in :;:c ,r:,:e>:: ::;,>Laribs s r e d a t c s t. .e ~ ? a c i s z cozrji iest a ; ~ d r f n a i n s - . . - 8;z- 3: :.::.; : ..-. . .

L-.u L.-,LS zs22 :o c 1: :., : . 2 : : : L ~ : . c :,k?r%.ecc c2IL?esiy.35

. .- n- v L .G;. i

i i i _ .- . . ....,,-, , .,,.A ... ?ti.TS jf' . .,..;, .b --- is p r o d ~ c e d 6;oi:;g t o nerket . 51c mast s ig - ~

. A - - - - ,

- . . ,, + -.-,;-.,*a- ..-:-. .-.., i : . - . i b r - j - ir. :;rc~-.zcclC3- sbservcd ir. this r c : ~ i u r ; LL~-e % k c q . ~ s < ~ S 0:' chttnii- I

-.. '- . , . , .- qec - : -;,A .== i i . . y ~ L i \ - L J v5icn v e r e not use2 a t d l before 1953; i

. - . -'. .-i ,A;.. ,. w-a,2sc --- ,.- ._I,L- 2 . . - + i u e s s c c i a t e d a h o s t exc lus ive ly wi th t h e productio - - . . I - . - - -

.' >., ,/GbLL.3. >:LL&TL;T,,

n c=pesinos have Izc rease2 t h e i r nsage of sheep 1

. . i - O F T . y --~,t., - i radit ior .el l ; . cseu t o izprove s o i l fertility, over m o m t s used ~ dur ing t h e hzciecda p e r i o c snd are obta ining a d d i t i o n a l oanLre frorz high- ~

I

--.I:- ,:fn::?s jZ3; :?r.-.:,-~-v- -' *.. - . , : - 1 + 1 ~ p s .- - -*.- 01 S'kLilTfCrCF2i26 R r ~ i i n i i E . ~ ~ ~ i ~ locai

truck-miner nerchzrits. P r c f i t e S i l i t y of organic e n d chemical f e r t i l i z e r ~ !

i s higt enol.:.& t h a t prod,;ctivity gairis f ron higher l e v e l s of f e r t i l i z a t i o v I

have 5:,- no = e m s been exhal:sted, even a t h igher f e r t i l i z e r p r i c e s . I ~ p r o y e d

v z r i e t i e s o f p o t a t o seed s e n o t being p lan tea , h o ~ e v e r , a l t h o u g h ' t h i s m a

ref l .ec t l a c k cf c f f o r t ic c r e d i t and extension. kind p r e p a r a t i o n , r a t h e r . .

t k n land i t s e l f ( e s has f r e q a e n t l y been sugges ted) , appears LO be t h e co - . .

s t r e i - i q ; f8ctc.r o:i i c c r c a s r s i n a m i c u l t u r a l p r o d ~ c t i o n ; t h e next

n 5 ~ r c d x c t i s n techxoloky thet v i i i bc? cbsprved Iln t h i s region w i l l be thei

- . . ,Ge o r t r a c t c z s ~3 E ~ C ~ E L ? ~ L E l a d preper&tion. - xnozgk l2z.l -:as r e l e a s e d by t h e e x p 2 s i o r of l and lo rds from the. U ~ p e ' ~

1 , r e l l c 2 .

r *Y t o cake access t o Inc? p o s s i b l e t o a l age r n,m..ber of f ami l i e s thab

. . ~ ke3 be+z sos;;ols -un.der t k e co loca to s y s t e ~ . ,\en be fo re 1953 some land-

o m e r s ked beer c u t t i z g beck on t h e n - ~ > e r of colonos i n r e s g o n s e t o t h e i

ck71 z.+,d uh - -' L C ~ . me-= -ant for t h e c e n t ? - d -lzz c z t e r p r i s e s er.6 t o i cc reas ink f

. . d - . - : nm , , i.;,;. .. 2:: r t e ?art af sc. lesi .-os f o r 2ol-e er,u;shle t r e a t ~ e n t . West ~

- . . ! cez;esi-;s , I - v - L ~ ~ or- ex-ksciendcs have le-..thol<iag, l z r g e czc:gh to occupp . - -

~;.;iiiu~r~c. :-~-:,-;14,- ie*50r- t:-,-o,.-nout '"5.- t h e yczr on2 a r e 20t fo rceo t o s e e k o u t k i

t; - 7 _ -- . r. 27-7. - - - 7 _.~~uJ~t7:: t 3i- ZC. ? l i t e r i n t o r e f i t n i s r s k ~ r e c r o : ? ~ : i n ~ cu.rcr;gczents t o ( - - !

srr,.:irc: ~,zci-,r;~~.-- ~ ~ 5 ; q.L;tf the Contr~r~,,, fUzers oz Torda?n tevei , . Ir-?-.- - - - 4 - . - - - - - . . - - .

n-.,.. - ..-- ---- -- A .... :A 9 . YLC;;~:-SS, ST. +.L - -. otkifi.,- ,, ne:;u, s t i l l do . - .

. .. -. - 2 : ; C y " ' : . ,-- - - . - " LC" . : ; -,' - -"; L r - - - L - * L C - - L.,-c>-. -

7 > t : :;.. -, * .- - . . ! - . .-- . >.a:L- ~~--~8<~~>~~ -,-., ,-.,-A - .-- jc .~-ir+scs-;s<-~re -,< ti;? -2'cerL $emeq& fzr

.. - . . - - 7 - , '.- --,-. 3 , ..., .,- ,,,.,L cf t r a ? : r i s n S - , r sc t i ces e l s o tippears t o i% dec l in ing , al-

-%,:;.'- A.il. :?..is 6eclir.e i s ;:eittier a s r a s i d c o ~ es o'cvious as it i s i n a r e a s - _ . ....:,=rc- t c i f :hcr i2egee o:' c A ~ : : 2 x ~ e t i o r i has a l reedy beer, achieved. One r , a n j

0,- 5+. ,d~Ccr, of t:-,is r:?.rtqgc j s i t e f a c t t k e t czzpesirics Z ' req~ent ly seek ~ e d i -

- , ,, crea tnen t f r o n t n e h ~ s p l t a l i n Tirequc rstlier tnen depending on t h e

questicns.ble c c r a t i v e poxers o f l o c a l m e d i c i ~ e Zen : es id ing i n t h e comnunit

ther. those occ-u-ring i n a fev =e&s Eore Lighly ir.tet;rated i n t o t h e nationc

ecor,or;i, e^re =ore i n d i c s t i v e of what i s he;?penir,g i n md a r e a s through-

2 - ~ t S o l i v i a . Cmpesinos i n nea r ly eil p e t s of t h e c o - u t r j a f f e c t e d by

t h e zgrar ien reform have obta ined t i t i e t o o r a t l e a s t e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l

over t h e lard. they ?err. Sone seslblence of an e q u i t e b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n of

i ~ c c ~ c ~ E L S been achieved when neasured a & z l c s t t h e g r o s c a inequ i t a5 le d i s - , . . b r ~ h , u ~ i o r i shaxn t o ? r e v a i l before 1953. k ; r icul turr . i productlon, f a r f ro=

scagcnt lng 2s xery kad fee red , has ge::er&ll:y kep t pace v i t h inc reases i n

- .>vc-. . V ~ r i c u s r e s s ~ - e s of i n p r o v e ~ e n t s i n s o c i d c o n c i t i o ~ s snd io tegre -

' ; nn - A - a . a r E b l i v i ~ ~ ~ c m p ~ s i r i o s i c t o t h e c e t i o r i d s o c i e t y a r e a l l s t rong ly pos:

. E x c e ~ t ?'or =;e.jor ioprovezents i n the r7aa.l e d ~ c a t i o c e l oppor tuni t ie :

- ..... .. ,>- - ;.:?ar.ges have oczrr red s l ~ o s t e:iclxsivel:: or. the l z l t i a t i v e of cazpe-

s i n ~ s thecse lves without auch su?port frcn e i t h e r t h e nat iona, goverment

:r intcrr:etisxei l e s c i n g i n s t i t c t i o r s . h%ile benefit5 t o be &er ived f ro% - .--,L-.<>?S - b-lre:;iiT cc5ervay ,aye not Sesz caz~ieteiy cx:;austed, a grea?.er

c.;.:i;.:~:: ;:f 2;:;istar.:~ t,- ::<:pesinos of ',:1? ~ . i ~ > ~ o n ~ nr.; v&l;ey regians of

t ? . : r ;d::i.:.r;' Ir. CEYZS 3f ~ g - i : ~ l : ~ - e extcr ,c lcn , sri.dlt, p r i c e olicies :or

. :t:?is A;gr.er, ZGFIC E c o n o n e t r i c s ( ~ n ~ i e v z o d Ciif fs, N.J. : Prenticc ( c.::~, 1471 ) . I

I S. gacio-es S o c i a l e s , S?iW {La Paz, Mey 19733. 5;. I,.. " . . , - 1 .

. .. , - F. ' - ?I - ~ c c ! ha Senerzl d e Est .act is t- ' ic~ v Censos . Censo erzrbnecuer 1 0

>szba," Land Tenure Center Research Paper no. 21 (December 1966).

. - t< . ~ L , ~ , L lir:r;ik. "30livia's Land Reforn !iacrr.dados. " Inter-American Edo-

3 . !Cnt!:erir.~ 331.3"s von t.!tirschell ail< Juezr, Torrico Axigelo, " ~ a $ i o s So io- , .

ecsr-2::-cas ax 2 ' isile Al to de C a c h a S ~ ~ b e desZe 1952 ," LTC Reprint 7 LC. 1C9S (Xovecber 1373).

. . ~ . .

I . - . . . . . : I ~ - c ~ ~ s fflzlrAe3 S. , hy;i ': ..el,,,, "nr-. i;! ' i i xee ~arso1~2ities of ~ochbbamba, !