public interenational law

8/9/2019 Public Interenational Law

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NATURE AND EVOLUTION OF INTERANTIONAL HUMANIATRIAN

LAW

PROJECT ON

Nature and Evolution of

International Humanitarian Law

SUMITTED TO

Ms. Prashna Samaddar

FACULTY OF Public International Law

Submitted by ASHISH KUMAR CHANDAHEROLL NO.- 33

Sectio !"C#

HIAYATULLAH !ATIO!AL LA"

U!I#$%SITY

%AIPU%& C.G.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

'. Ce(ti)ic%te o) dec*%(%tio..............................................................................+

+. Ac,o*ed&met........................................................................................3

3. Ree%(c/ 0uetio........................................................................................1

1. Ree%(c/ Met/odo*o&y.................................................................................1

2. It(oductio..................................................................................................2

. Ob4ecti5e......................................................................................................

6. 7/%t i Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% 8................................................. 6

9. Sou(ce o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L%......................................................9

:. N%tu(e o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L%...........................................................:'$. A;;*ic%tio o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L%.........................................'$

''. E5o*utio o Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L%...............................................''

'+. Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% %d Hum% Ri&/t..........................................'3

'3. Iue o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% Re&%(di& Hum% Ri&/t..................'3

'1. Cotem;o(%(y c/%**e&e )o( Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L%............................'6

'2. Coc*uio.............................................................................................................':

'. Re)e(ece.............................................................................................................+$

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CERTIFICATE OF DECLARATION

I A/i/ ,um%( c/%d%/e /e(eby dec*%(e t/%t t/e ;(o4ect o(, etit*ed ubmitted i HNLU< R%i;u(< i

(eco(d o) % o(i&i%* o(, doe by me ude( t/e %b*e &uid%ce o) Ms. Prashna Samaddar )%cu*ty

membe( =PU>LIC INTERNATIONAL LA7?< HNLU< R%i;u(.

ASHISH KUMAR CHANDAHE

ROLL NO.- 33

SEMESTER ! 1

BATCH – XI

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Ackn!"#d$#m#n%

I )ee* mye*) /i&/*y e@/i*%(%ted to o(, o t/i ;(o4ect i5o*5i& Na%&r# and E'"&%(n )

In%#rna%(na" H&man(%ar(an La! B. Ad I /%5e t(ied my *e5e* bet to t/(o *i&/t u;o /i

;e(o%*ity %d %c/ie5emet.

I t%,e t/i o;;o(tuity to t/%, Ms. Prashna Samaddar /o /%d ;*%yed t/e (o*e o) % cet(%*

c/%(%cte( %d %*%y &i5e me t/e cou(%&e %d idom to /%;e my ide% i (i&/t di(ectio. S;eci%*

t/%, to t/e I.T. t%)) %d *ib(%(y t%)) /o /%5e de5oted t/ei( 5%*u%b*e time to &i5e me %** o(t o)

u&&etio< ide% %d )%ci*itie (e&%(di& t/i to;ic.

L%t but ot t/e *e%t I t/%, %** t/e membe( o) t/e H.N.L.U. %d %** ot/e( /o /%5e /e*;ed me i

t/e com;*etio o t/i o(,.

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RESEARCH *+ESTIONS

'.E@;*%i t/e (o*e o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% i t/e Hum% Ri&/t8+. 7/%t %(e t/e C/%**e&e /ic/ i bei& )%ced by Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L%8

RESEARCH METHODOLOG,

T/i ;(o4ect i b%ed u;o doct(i%* met/od o) (ee%(c/. T/i ;(o4ect /% bee doe %)te( % %)te( %

t/(ou&/ (ee%(c/ b%ed u;o it(iic %d e@t(iic %;ect o) t/e ;(o4ect.

S&rc#s ) Da%a-

T/e )o**oi& ecod%(y ou(ce o) d%t% /%5e bee ued i t/e ;(o4ect-

'. A(tic*e.

+. >oo,

3. 7ebite

M#%hd ) r(%(n$-

T/e met/od o) (iti& )o**oed i t/e cou(e o) t/i (ee%(c/ ;(o4ect i ;(im%(i*y %%*ytic%*

%d b%ed o ecod%(y ou(ce o) d%t%.

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INTROD+CTIONIte(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% i t/e *% o) %(med co)*ict o( *% o) %( %d t/ei( e))ect. T/e &o%* o)

ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% i to *imit t/e e))ect o) %( o ;eo;*e %d ;(o;e(ty %d to ;(otect

;%(ticu*%(*y 5u*e(%b*e ;e(o.

St%te /%5e %*%y bee *imited i t/e %y i /ic/ t/ey coduct %(med co)*ict< )(om t/e

%d/e(ece to %tio%* *% %d bi*%te(%* t(e%tie< to t/e obe(5%ce o) time-/oo(ed cutom%(y (u*e.

Hoe5e(< t/(ou&/out /ito(y t/ee *imit%tio o %()%(e 5%(ied &(e%t*y %mo& co)*ict %d e(e

u*tim%te*y de;ed%t o time< ;*%ce< %d t/e cout(ie i5o*5ed. Not uti* t/e ':t/ cetu(y % t/e(e %

ucce)u**y e))o(t to c(e%te % et o) ite(%tio%**y (eco&ied *% &o5e(i& t/e coduct %d

t(e%tmet o) ;e(o i %()%(e.

I t/e mid-'92$< He(i Du%t - )oude( o) t/e Ite(%tio%* Red C(o - /e*;ed c/%m;io t/e )i(t

ui5e(%**y %;;*ic%b*e codi)ic%tio o) ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% t/e ee5% Co5etio o) '91.

F(om t/ee (oot< ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% e5o*5ed o5e( t/e cou(e o) % cetu(y %d % /%*). T/e

H%&ue Co5etio o) '9:: %d ':$1 *imited t/e me% by /ic/ be**i&e(et t%te cou*d coduct

%()%(e.

M%y o) t/e ite(%tio%* t(e%tie o %(med co)*ict e(e m%de i (e;oe to t/e m%y e met/od

o) %()%(e. 7o(*d 7%( I =':'1-':'9? iteed t/e )i(t *%(&e-c%*e ue o) ;oio< %e(i%*

bomb%(dmet %d c%;tu(e o) ;(ioe( o) %(. 7o(*d 7%( II =':3:-':12? % ci5i*i% %d mi*it%(y ;e(oe* ,i**ed i eGu%* umbe(.

T/e C/%(te( o) t/e Uited N%tio =':12? ti;u*%te t/%t t/e t/(e%t o( ue o) )o(ce %&%it ot/e( t%te

i u*%)u*< e@ce;t i t/e c%e o) e*)-de)ee. Fo**oi& 7o(*d 7%( II< t/e ee5% Co5etio o)

':1:< % e** % it to Additio%* P(otoco* o) ':66< )u(t/e( *imited t/e me% o) %()%(e %d

;(o5ided ;(otectio to o-comb%t%t ci5i*i%< %d ;(ioe( o) %(. I t/e %)te(m%t/ o) t/e

%t(ocitie o) t/e Ho*oc%ut< t/e eocide Co5etio o) ':19 out*%ed %ct t/%t e(e c%((ied out it/

t/e itetio o) det(oyi& % ;%(ticu*%( &(ou;. I %dditio to t/ee co5etio< ite(%tio%*

/um%it%(i% *% /% bee de5e*o;ed %d (e)ied t/(ou&/ e5e(%* t%tute %d ;(ecedet *%id do

by ite(%tio%* t(ibu%* et u; to t(y %( c(imi%*< % e** % %d5io(y o;iio t/e Ite(%tio%*Cou(t o) Jutice.

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O/0#c%('# ) S%&d1

'? To Study %bout Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% *%

+? To dicu %bout C/%**e&e o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L%

3? To %%*yi t/e E5o*utio o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L%

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LAW

ha% (s In%#rna%(na" H&man(%ar(an La!2

Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% i % et o) (u*e /ic/ ee,< )o( /um%it%(i% (e%o< to *imit t/e

e))ect o) %(med co)*ict. It ;(otect ;e(o /o %(e ot o( %(e o *o&e( ;%(tici;%ti& i t/e

/oti*itie %d (et(ict t/e me% %d met/od o) %()%(e. Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% i %*o

,o % t/e *% o) %( o( t/e *% o) %(med co)*ict.

Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% i ;%(t o) ite(%tio%* *%< /ic/ i t/e body o) (u*e &o5e(i&

(e*%tio betee St%te. Ite(%tio%* *% i cot%ied i %&(eemet betee St%te ! t(e%tie o(

co5etio !< i cutom%(y (u*e< /ic/ coit o) St%te ;(%ctice coide(ed by t/em % *e&%**y

bidi&< %d i &ee(%* ;(ici;*e. Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% %;;*ie to %(med co)*ict. It doe

ot (e&u*%te /et/e( % St%te m%y %ctu%**y ue )o(ce t/i i &o5e(ed by % im;o(t%t< but ditict< ;%(t

o) ite(%tio%* *% et out i t/e Uited N%tio C/%(te(.

ee(%* De)iitio o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% =IHL?

Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% %;;*ic%b*e i %(med co)*ictB me% ite(%tio%* (u*e< et%b*i/ed

by t(e%ty o( cutom< /ic/ %(e ;eci)ic%**y iteded to o*5e /um%it%(i% ;(ob*em t/%t %(ie di(ect*y

)(om ite(%tio%* o( oite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict. Fo( /um%it%(i% (e%o< t/ee (u*e ;(otect ;e(o %d ;(o;e(ty t/%t %(e< o( m%y be< %))ected by co)*ict by *imiti& co)*icti& ;%(tie# (i&/t to

c/ooe t/ei( met/od %d me% o) %()%(e. T/e e@;(eio ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *%

%;;*ic%b*e i %(med co)*ictB i o)te %bb(e5i%ted to Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% o( Hum%it%(i%

L%.'T/ou&/ t/e mi*it%(y ted to ;(e)e( t/e e@;(eio L% o) A(med Co)*ictB =LOAC? o(

L% o) 7%(B< t/ee to e@;(eio /ou*d be ude(tood % yoymou it/ IHLB.

R#"#'anc# ) In%#rna%(na" H&man(%ar(an La!

Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% i ;%(t o) ite(%tio%* *%< /ic/ i t/e body o) (u*e &o5e(i&(e*%tio betee St%te. Ite(%tio%* *% i cot%ied i %&(eemet betee St%te - t(e%tie o(

co5etio -< i cutom%(y (u*e< /ic/ coit o) St%te ;(%ctice coide(ed by t/em % *e&%**y

bidi&< %d i &ee(%* ;(ici;*e.

Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% %;;*ie o*y to %(med co)*ict. It doe ot (e&u*%te /e % St%te m%y

%ctu%**y ue )o(ce t/i i &o5e(ed by % im;o(t%t< but ditict< ;%(t o) ite(%tio%* *% et out i t/e

Uited N%tio C/%(te( '.

IHL i di5ided ito to b(%c/e

• L% o) ee5% %d

• L% o) T/e H%&ue.

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LAW

T/e L% o) ee5%< /ic/ i dei&ed to %)e&u%(d mi*it%(y ;e(oe* /o %(e o *o&e( t%,i& ;%(t

i t/e )i&/ti& %d ;eo;*e ot %cti5e*y i5o*5ed i /oti*itie< i.e. ci5i*i%.

T/ee c%te&o(ie o) ;e(o %(e etit*ed to (e;ect )o( t/ei( *i5e %d )o( t/ei( ;/yic%* %d met%*

ite&(ity. T/ey %*o e4oy *e&%* &u%(%tee. T/ey mut be ;(otected %d t(e%ted /um%e*y i %**ci(cumt%ce< it/ o %d5e(e ditictio.

Mo(e ;eci)ic%**y it i )o(bidde to ,i** o( oud % eemy /o u((ede( o( i u%b*e to )i&/t t/e

ic, %d ouded mut be co**ected %d c%(ed )o( by t/e ;%(ty i /oe ;oe( t/ey )id t/eme*5e.

Medic%* ;e(oe*< u;;*ie< /o;it%* %d %mbu*%ce mut %** be ;(otected.

T/e(e %(e %*o det%i*ed (u*e &o5e(i& t/e coditio o) detetio )o( ;(ioe( o) %( %d t/e %y i

/ic/ ci5i*i% %(e to be t(e%ted /e ude( t/e %ut/o(ity o) % eemy ;oe(. T/i ic*ude t/e

;(o5iio o) )ood< /e*te( %d medic%* c%(e< %d t/e (i&/t to e@c/%&e me%&e it/ t/ei( )%mi*ie.

T/e *% et out % umbe( o) c*e%(*y (eco&i%b*e ymbo* /ic/ c% be ued to ideti)y ;(otected ;eo;*e< ;*%ce %d ob4ect. T/e m%i emb*em %(e t/e (ed c(o< t/e (ed c(ecet %d t/e ymbo*

ideti)yi& cu*tu(%* ;(o;e(ty %d ci5i* de)ece )%ci*itie. A ;(otected emb*em t/ei( u%ut/o(ied ue

i ;(o/ibited by ite(%tio%* %d %tio%* *%.

T/e L% o) t/e H%&ue /ic/ et%b*i/e t/e (i&/t %d ob*i&%tio o) be**i&e(et i t/e coduct o)

mi*it%(y o;e(%tio< %d *imit t/e me% o) /%(mi& t/e eemy.

Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% ;(o/ibit %** me% %d met/od o) %()%(e /ic/

• )%i* to dic(imi%te betee t/oe t%,i& ;%(t i t/e )i&/ti& %d t/oe< uc/ % ci5i*i%< /o

%(e ot< t/e ;u(;oe bei& to ;(otect t/e ci5i*i% ;o;u*%tio< idi5idu%* ci5i*i% %d ci5i*i% ;(o;e(ty

• c%ue u;e()*uou i4u(y o( uece%(y u))e(i&

• c%ue e5e(e o( *o&-te(m d%m%&e to t/e e5i(omet.

Hum%it%(i% *% /% t/e(e)o(e b%ed t/e ue o) m%y e%;o< ic*udi& e@;*odi& bu**et<

c/emic%* %d bio*o&ic%* e%;o< %ti;e(oe* *%dmie %d b*idi& *%e( e%;o.

S&rc# ) In%#rna%(na" H&man(%ar(an La!

Sice IHL i % ite&(%* ;%(t o) Pub*ic Ite(%tio%* L%< it ou(ce co((e;od< *o&ic%**y eou&/< to

t/oe o) t/e *%tte(< % t/ey %(e de)ied i A(tic*e 39 o) t/e St%tute o) t/e Ite(%tio%* Cou(t o) Jutice.

Acco(di& to A(t 39 ='? o) t/e St%tute o) t/e Ite(%tio%* Cou(t o) Jutice< /ic/ i (e&%(ded % %

%ut/o(it%ti5e t%temet o) t/e ou(ce o) ite(%tio%* *%< t/e Cou(t /%** %;;*y

ite(%tio%* co5etio

ite(%tio%* cutom< % e5idece o) % &ee(%* ;(%ctice %cce;ted % *%

t/e &ee(%* ;(ici;*e o) *% (eco&ied by ci5i*ied %tio %d

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LAW

4udici%* deciio %d t/e te%c/i& o) t/e mot /i&/*y Gu%*i)ied ;ub*icit< % ubidi%(y me%

)o( t/e dete(mi%tio o) (u*e o) *%.

T(e%tie %d cutom %(e t/e m%i ou(ce o) ite(%tio%* *%. I (e;ect to IHL< t/e mot im;o(t%t

t(e%tie %(e t/e ee5% Co5etio o-c%**ed H%&ue Co5etio. 7/i*e t(e%tie %(e o*y bidi&u;o ;%(tie to % t(e%ty< St%te c% %*o be boud by (u*e o) cutom%(y ite(%tio%* *%. Hoe5e(<

t/i (eGui(e t/%t t/e(e i u%&e to be )oud i t/e ;(%ctice o) t%te %d coide(ed by t/oe t%te %

;(%ctice. T/e(e i ide coeu %mo& c/o*%( t/%t t/e (u*e cot%ied i t/e )ou( ee5%

Co5etio o) ':1: )o( t/e P(otectio o) ictim o) 7%( %d i T/e H%&ue Co5etio =I? o) ':$6

o t/e L% o) 7%( o L%d =it/ t/e e@ce;tio o) %dmiit(%ti5e< tec/ic%* %d *o&itic%*

(e&u*%tio? (e)*ect cutom%(y ite(%tio%* *%. T/e(e i %*o %&(eemet t/%t m%y ;(o5iio o)

Additio%* P(otoco* I %d< to % *ee( de&(ee< t/%t t/e (u*e cot%ied i Additio%* P(otoco* < (e)*ect

cutom. 7/e t(e%ty (u*e %(e coide(ed to (e)*ect cutom< t/ey become bidi& )o( %** St%te St%te

%(e %*o boud by &ee(%* ;(ici;*e o) *%. I (e&%(d o) IHL oe m%y t/i, o) t/e )ud%met%*

;(ici;*e o) IHL uc/ % t/e ;(ici;*e o) ditictio o( t/e ;(ici;*e o) ;(o;o(tio%*ity.

Na%&r# ) In%#rna%(na" H&man(%ar(an La!

Hum%it%(i% *% i t/%t coide(%b*e ;o(tio o) ite(%tio%* *% /ic/ i i;i(ed by % )ee*i& )o(

/um%ity %d i cet(ed o t/e ;(otectio o) t/e idi5idu%* i time o) %(. 7/e t/e (ite( )i(t

;(o;oed t/e te(m "/um%it%(i% *%# /e % to*d t/%t it combied to ide% o) di))e(et %tu(e< oe

*e&%* %d t/e ot/e( mo(%*. 7e**< t/e ;(o5iio cotituti& t/i dici;*ie %(e i )%ct % t(%;oitio

ito ite(%tio%* *% o) mo(%*< %d mo(e ;eci)ic%**y< o) /um%it%(i% coce(. Acco(di&*y< t/e%me eem %ti)%cto(y. It i ;(ecie*y bec%ue t/i *% i o itim%te*y boud to /um%ity t/%t it

%ume it t(ue ;(o;o(tio< )o( it i u;o t/i c%te&o(y o) *% < %d o ot/e(< t/%t t/e *i)e %d *ibe(ty

o) cout*e /um% bei& de;ed i) %( c%t it iite( /%do %c(o t/e o(*d. T/e %me "

ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *%# < oo %do;ted by t/e m%4o(ityo) ;ub*icit< /% o become Gu%i-

o))ici%*.' Hum%it%(i% *% /% to b(%c/e < oe be%(i& t/e %me o) ee5% < %d t/e ot/e( t/e

%me o) t/e H%&ue.

T/i *% coit o) t/e )ou( ee5% Co5etio o) ':1: %d t/e to %dditio%* P(otoco* o) ':66<

/ic/ cotitute % im;oi& *e&%* co(;u com;(ii& ome $$ %(tic*e< codi)yi& t/e (u*e

;(otecti& t/e ;e(o i %(med co)*ict. H%5i& % ;eci)ic%**y /um%it%(i% c/%(%cte(< t/e ;(imo(di%*

e*emet o) ci5i*i%tio %d ;e%ce < t/e *% o) ee5% i ;(edic%ted u;o t/e eeti%* ide%* o) t/e Red

C(o. It % ideed t/e ite(%tio%* Committee o) t/e Red c(o=ICRC? /ic/ i;i(ed %d

de5e*o;ed it )(om t/e outet. I (etu(< t/e ee5% ititutio < t/e eut(%* o(&% o) t/e Red C(o i

time o) co)*ict < )id i it t/e ece%(y *e&%* b%i )o( it %ctio o) ;(otectio %d %it%ce.

T/e te@t o) ee5% e(e de5e*o;ed e@c*ui5e*y )o( t/e bee)it o) %( 5ictim t/ey &i5e t/e t%te o

(i&/t %&%it idi5idu%*< i cot(%t to t/e te@t o) t/e H%ue < I ee5%< % e(% o;eed /ic/ &i5e

;(im%cy to m% %d to t/e ;(ici;*e o) /um%ity.

' It i ico(;o(%ted ito t/e tit*e o) t/e Di;*om%tic Co)e(ece o) ee5% < ':61-':66 o t/e (e%))i(m%tio %d De5e*o;met

o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% %;;*ic%b*e i A(med Co)*ict.

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LAW

T/e te@t o) t/e H%&ue %(e %*o uGuetio%b*y o) /um%it%(i% i;i(%tio. It i t/ei( ;u(;oe

/oe5e( to (e&u*%te /oti*itie %d t/ey %(e %cco(di&*y b%ed i ;%(t o mi*it%(y eceitie %d t/e

;(ee(5%tio o) t/e St%te.

T/i *% % ;(ici;%**y t/e (eu*t o) t/e H%&ue Co5etio o) '9::< (e5ied i ':$6.F(om it mut

be e@c*uded t/oe mot i&i)ic%t ;%(t (e*%ti& to t/e t%tu o) ;(ioe( o) t/e %( < ouded %d/i;(ec,ed ;e(o i m%(itime %()%(e %d ci5i*i% i occu;ied te((ito(y- /ic/ < i ':+: %d

':1: < e(e ico(;o(%ted ito t/e *% o) ee5% < /e(e t/ey *o&ic%**y be*o&. T/e (ecet*y %do;ted

P(otoco* %dditio%* to t/e ee5% co5etio cot%i m%te(i%* /ic/ t(%ditio%**y be*o&ed to t/e

*% o) t/e H%&ue< uc/ % t/e coduct o) comb%t%t %d i % c/%;te( o) 5it%* im;o(t%ce t/e

;(otectio o) ci5i*i% %&%it t/e d%&e( o) %(. T/u < t/e ditictio betee t/e mo5emet o)

ee5% %d t/%t o) t/e H%&ue %;;e%( to be )%di& %%y.

A33"(ca%(n ) In%#rna%(na" H&man(%ar(an La!

Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% =IHL? %;;*ie i to 5e(y di))e(et ty;e o) itu%tio ite(%tio%*

%(med co)*ict %d o ite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict. >e)o(e de)ii& t/ee to itu%tio o)

%;;*ic%tio % )e o(d /ou*d be %id %bout t/e otio o) %(med co)*ict


12/21


LAW

Additio%* P(otoco* o) ':66< t/i coce;tio % c/%**e&ed %d it % )i%**y (eco&ied t/%t %(

o) %tio%* *ibe(%tioB /ou*d %*o be coide(ed ite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict.

Nn4(n%#rna%(na" arm#d cn)"(c%

T(%ditio%**y o-ite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict =o(< to ue % outd%ted te(mio*o&y ci5i* %(? e(e

coide(ed ;u(e*y ite(%* m%tte( )o( t%te< )o( /ic/ o ite(%tio%* *% ;(o5iio %;;*ied. T/i

5ie % (%dic%**y modi)ied it/ t/e %do;tio o) A(tic*e 3 commo to t/e )ou( ee5% Co5etio

o) ':1:. Fo( t/e )i(t time< t/e commuity o) St%te %&(eed o % et o) miim%* &u%(%tee to be

(e;ected du(i& o-ite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict. I ;ite o) it e@t(eme im;o(t%ce< A(tic*e 3 doe

ot o))e( % c*e%( de)iitio o) t/e otio o) o-ite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict.'6

Du(i& t/e Di;*om%tic Co)e(ece o) ':61-':66< t/e eed )o( % com;(e/ei5e de)iitio o) t/e

otio o) o-ite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict % (e%))i(med %d de%*t it/ %cco(di&*y i A(tic*e + o)

Additio%* P(otoco* II.

Acco(di& to t/%t ;(o5iio< it % %&(eed t/%t P(otoco* II S/%** %;;*y to %** %(med co)*ict ot

co5e(ed by A(tic*e ' o) P(otoco* I %d /ic/ t%,e ;*%ce i t/e te((ito(y o) % Hi&/ Cot(%cti& P%(ty

betee it %(med )o(ce %d diidet %(med )o(ce o( ot/e( o(&%ied %(med &(ou; /ic/< ude(

(e;oib*e comm%d< e@e(cie uc/ cot(o* o5e( % ;%(t o) it te((ito(y % to e%b*e t/em to c%((y out

ut%ied %d coce(ted mi*it%(y o;e(%tio %d to im;*emet t/i P(otoco*.B

T/i )%i(*y (et(icti5e de)iitio %;;*ie o*y to t/e itu%tio co5e(ed by Additio%* P(otoco* II. T/e

de)iitio doe ot %;;*y to t/e itu%tio co5e(ed by A(tic*e 3 commo to t/e )ou( ee5%

Co5etio.'9 P(%ctic%**y< t/e(e %(e t/u itu%tio o) oite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict i /ic/ o*y

A(tic*e 3 i** %;;*y< t/e *e5e* o) o(&%i%tio o) t/e diidet &(ou; bei& iu))iciet )o( P(otoco* II

to %;;*y. Co5e(e*y< commo A(t 3 i** %;;*y to %** itu%tio co5e(ed by Additio%* P(otoco* II.

O%h#r s(%&a%(ns

IHL i ot %;;*ic%b*e i itu%tio o) ite(%* 5io*ece %d teio. T/i ;oit /% bee c*e%(*y m%de

i A(tic*e ' =+? o) Additio%* P(otoco* II< /ic/ t%te< T/i P(otoco* /%** ot %;;*y to itu%tio o)

ite(%* ditu(b%ce %d teio< uc/ % (iot< io*%ted %d ;o(%dic %ct o) 5io*ece %d ot/e( %ct

o) % imi*%( %tu(e< % ot bei& %(med co)*ict.B

E'"&%(n n In%#rna%(na" H&man(%ar(an La!

Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% =IHL? i %t % c(o(o%d. T/ou&/ )i(t im;*emeted to (educe %(

c%u%*tie %d ;(e5et %t(ocitie< o5e( t/e cou(e o) t/e *%t )i)ty ye%( t/e %tu(e o) %(med co)*ict /%

c/%&ed to uc/ % de&(ee t/%t e)o(cemet o) IHL i ome ci(cumt%ce *e%d to o(e /um% (i&/t

5io*%tio t/% ou*d /%5e occu((ed ot/e(ie. Oe uc/ (ecet e@%m;*e ic*ude %ccu%tio it/

(e&%(d to I(%e*i o*die( i ei&/bo(/ood /oti& u;ected mi*it%t. So*die( e(e it(ucted to

c*e%( out o-mi*it%t )(om t/e (eidece< t(y to de)ue t/e itu%tio %d t%*, t/e u;ected mi*it%t

ito u((ede(i&. T/i i c*e%(*y % mo(e /um%it%(i% %;;(o%c/ t/% (%idi& % u;ected mi*it%t

/ideout it/out %(i&< ic(e%i& t/e *i,e*i/ood o) %(med (eit%ce %d ci5i*i% c%u%*tie. et

ude( IHL< /ic/ ;(o/ibit t/e ue o) eemy ci5i*i% )o( mi*it%(y ;u(;oe< t/i i i**e&%*. O t/eot/e( ed o) t/e ;ect(um< oe c% im%&ie itu%tio /e(e % t%te i b(ut%**y o;;(ei& % e&met

'' | P % & e

http://opiniojuris.org/2010/03/02/yjil-online-symposium-the-laws-of-war-and-the-lesser-evil/http://opiniojuris.org/2010/03/02/yjil-online-symposium-the-laws-of-war-and-the-lesser-evil/


13/21


LAW

o) it ;o;u*%tio< committi& &eocide o( c(ime %&%it /um%ity< t(i;;i& membe( o) t/%t &(ou;

o) %y ;o*itic%* (ecou(e %d *e%5i& o /o;e )o( co5etio%* mi*it%(y 5icto(y due to % di;%(ity i

(eou(ce. IHL cu((et*y codem t/oe &(ou; to u))e( imme%u(%b*e /o((o( (%t/e( t/% uti*ie

uco5etio%* %()%(e t%ctic.

C/%&e eed to be m%de to bot/ t/e *ette( o) IHL %d it e)o(cemet. M%y ;(o;o%* /%5e bee ;ut

)o(%(d (ecet*y t/%t ou*d m%,e immedi%te im;%ct to%(d (educi& %ti-/um%it%(i% im;%ct o)

IHL. %b(ie**% >*um /% u&&eted ;e(mitti& % "/um%it%(i% eceity 4uti)ic%tio# de)ee< /ic/

ou*d %**o comb%t%t to 5io*%te ce(t%i IHL i) doi& o yie*d &(e%te( /um%it%(i% (eu*t. S/e

%*o u&&et c/%&i& ou( %( t%tu c*%i)ic%tio ;%(%di&m%ioui /% m%de m%y u&&etio t/%t %dd(e t/e e))ecti5ee o) IHL< /ic/

ic*ude % e %;;(o%c/ to *%)u* comb%t%t %d PO7 o) o-t%te %cto( i**i& to %bide by IHL<

%medi& ite(%tio%* *% uc/ % t/e eocide Co5etio %d t/e Co5etio A&%it To(tu(e toic*ude %;;*ic%bi*ity to o-t%te %cto(< %d (eco&itio by t/e U.N. o) t/e Re;oibi*ity to P(otect.

T/ee ;(o;o%* eed to be %do;ted %d i** /e*; to m%,e IHL mo(e (e*e5%t i t/e cu((et t%te o)

co)*ict.

Additio%**y< &(e%te( (e*e5%ce %d e))ecti5ee c% be %c/ie5ed by %;;*yi& t/e ;oiti5e o5e(ei&ty

coce;t to t/e Re;oibi*ity to P(otect i ite(%tio%* *%< %d etti& u; % e)o(cemet t(ibu%* to

eu(e com;*i%ce. T/e Poiti5e So5e(ei&ty P(ici;*e /o*d t/%t t%te /%5e % (e;oibi*ity to

;(e5et &eocide< %( c(ime< c(ime %&%it /um%ity %d et/ic c*e%i& o( )%ce (et(ibutio )(om

t/e ite(%tio%* commuity. T/e otio t/%t &eocide< %( c(ime< c(ime %&%it /um%ity %d

et/ic c*e%i& %(e u%cce;t%b*e i % ite(%tio%* o(m %d codi)ied i ume(ou /um% (i&/t %d

/um%it%(i% *% t(e%tie. Hoe5e(< t/e ;o*itic o) e)o(cemet< ;%(ticu*%(*y i t/e U.N. Secu(ity

Couci*< o)te (ede( t/ee t(e%tie ie))ecti5e. R%d% %d D%()u( %(e but to o) t/e mot c/i**i&

e@%m;*e.

T/e Hum% Ri&/t Couci* /% t/e ;oteti%*< %)te( e(iou (e)o(m< to be ou( t(o&et too* )o( t/e

;(e5etio o) e&(e&iou c(ime by e@;oi& ;(eci;itou (i&/t %bue. T/e Ite(%tio%* C(imi%*

Cou(t i o*y eGui;;ed to /%d*e t/ee c(ime %)te( t/e )%ct. >ut cu((et*y< t/%, to t/e ;o*itic%* t%te

o) t/e U.N. Secu(ity Couci*< t/e ite(%tio%* commuity i &ee(%**y ic%;%b*e o) to;;i& t/ee

c(ime % t/ey /%;;e. A t(e%ty imi*%( to t/e Rome St%tute /ou*d be ;%ed t/%t c(e%te %

ide;edet t(ibu%* /ic/ ou*d m%,e bidi& deciio o it membe( )i(t o /et/e( membe(

t%te %(e i b(e%c/ o) t/ei( o) t/ei( ;oiti5e o5e(ei&ty by committi& oe o) t/e )ou( c(ime *ited%bo5e< %d ecod m%,i& (ecommed%tio )o( %ctio /e % t%te i )oud i 5io*%tio. T/e

t(uctu(e o) t/e t(ibu%* /ou*d be i t/e mode* o) t/e I.C.C. T/i e t(ibu%* ou*d /%5e bidi&

;oe( to dete(mie /e mi*it%(y ite(5etio by t%te ;%(tie i ece%(y by me%u(i& itu%tio

%&%it t/e i@ c(ite(i% *%id out i t/e Ite(%tio%* Commiio )o( Ite(5etio %d St%te

So5e(ei&ty Jut C%ue< Ri&/t Itetio< Fi%* Reo(t< Le&itim%te Aut/o(ity< P(o;o(tio%* Me%< %d

Re%o%b*e P(o;ect. T/i ;oe( /ou*d be *imited to co)*ict ot o) % ite(%tio%* c/%(%cte(.

U*tim%te*y< t/e &o%* ou*d be to ico(;o(%te t/e t(ibu%* ito t/e m%,e-u; o) t/e Uited N%tio it/

t/e Secu(ity Couci* (e*iGui/i& it %ut/o(ity o t/ee &(%5e c(ime committed du(i& ite(%*

co)*ict< but (et%ii& it ite(%tio%* ;e%ce,ee;i& %d &ee(%* e)o(cemet ;oe(. T/e Secu(ity

Couci* ou*d (et%i mot o) it %ut/o(ity /i*e %**oi& t/e mot e(iou 5io*%tio o) ;oiti5e

o5e(ei&ty to be %dd(eed it/out t/e ;o*itic%* ;it)%** t/%t /%5e )(eGuet*y *e%d to i4utice. Eit/e(

'+ | P % & e

http://www.yjil.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=129:laws-of-war-and-the-lesser-evil&catid=6:archiveshttp://ssrn.com/abstract=1457434http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/http://www.yjil.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=129:laws-of-war-and-the-lesser-evil&catid=6:archiveshttp://ssrn.com/abstract=1457434http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/


14/21


LAW

%y< ite(5etio i t/e mot e@t(eme c%e i** /e*; ;(e5et 5ictimied &(ou; )(om (eo(ti& to

committi& %t(ocitie i (et%*i%tio.

T/i ide% i % ;o*itic%* im;oibi*ity %t t/e momet< but it i % %;i(%tio%* oe. Mot cu((et

m%i)et%tio o) ite(%tio%* &o5e(met e(e %t %;i(%tio%* ome ;oit o( cotiue to be o. IHL

ee, to (educe /um% u))e(i&. Hoe5e(< uti* e %(e %b*e to e*imi%te t/e mot e&(e&iou )o(m o)

/um% u))e(i&< IHL i** cotiue to o(, ic(e%i&*y %&%it it o ;u(;oe.

In%#rna%(na" H&man(%ar(an La! and H&man R($h%

Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% =IHL? %d /um% (i&/t *% %(e com;*emet%(y. T/ey bot/ ee, to

;(otect /um% di&ity< t/ou&/ t/ey do o i di))e(et ci(cumt%ce %d i di))e(et %y. Hum%

(i&/t *% %;;*ie %t %** time %d i %** ci(cumt%ce< %d it coce( %** ;e(o ub4ect to t/e

4u(idictio o) % St%te. It ;u(;oe i to ;(otect idi5idu%* )(om %(bit(%(y be/%5io( by t/e St%te.

Hum% (i&/t *%< t/e(e)o(e< cotiue to %;;*y i time o) %(med co)*ict. Hoe5e(< /um% (i&/t

t(e%tie< uc/ % t/e Ite(%tio%* Co5e%t o Ci5i* %d Po*itic%* Ri&/t< t/e Eu(o;e% Co5etio

%d t/e Ame(ic% Co5etio o Hum% Ri&/t %ut/o(ie de(o&%tio ude( t(i&et coditio

)(om ome (i&/t i time o) ;ub*ic eme(&ecy /ic/ t/(e%te t/e *i)e o) t/e %tio


15/21


LAW

7ome %d A(med Co)*ict

Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% /% %*%y %cco(ded ome &ee(%* ;(otectio eGu%* to t/%t o) me.

At t/e %me time< t/e *% (eco&ied t/e eed to &i5e ome %dditio%* ;eci%* ;(otectio %cco(di&to t/ei( ;eci)ic eed. T/e ;eci)ic ;(otectio )o( ome eit/e( % ci5i*i% o( comb%t%t< %(e

e/(ied i t/e ee5% Co5etio %d P(otoco*. To(tu(e o( c(ue*< o( de&(%di& t(e%tmet< *%5e(y<

%d e(5itude %(e t(ict*y ;(o/ibited % i e@u%* 5io*ece< )o(ced ;(otitutio %d (%;e.

>e**i&e(et mut %))o(d t/e %me t(e%tmet %d ;(otectio to e5e(yoe. No dic(imi%tio o t/e

b%i o) e@ i ;e(mitted. Hoe5e(< di))e(ece i t(e%tmet %(e out*ied i ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i%

*% i o(de( to (e;od to %d %c,o*ed&e ;eci%* eed o) ome. I %dditio< c(uci%* ;(otectio

)o( ome t%,i& % %cti5e ;%(t i /oti*itie i %))o(ded by *imiti& t/e me% %d met/od o)

%()%(e. Simi*%(*y< ouded< ic,< /i;(ec,ed %d c%;tu(ed comb%t%t< eit/e( ome o( me mut

be t(e%ted /um%*y< it/ due com;*i%ce it/ )ud%met%* &u%(%tee % out*ied i %(tic*e 3

commo to t/e ee5% Co5etio.

P(o5iio o) IHL o))e(i& ;eci)ic %dditio%* ;(otectio to ome ic*ude< )o( it%ce< %(tic*e '1 o)

t/e T/i(d ee5% Co5etio /ic/ ti;u*%te t/%t ome be t(e%ted it/ %** t/e (e&%(d due to t/ei(

e@< me%i& %me*y t/e ;(o5iio o) e;%(%te detetio Gu%(te( %d %it%(y )%ci*itie )o( )em%*e

;(ioe( o) %(. Simi*%(*y< e;%(%te *ee;i& Gu%(te( mut be ;(o5ided to ome /o %(e ite(ed<

%d i) ece%(y< o*y be e%(c/ed by ome.

Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% c/eme %*o (e;od to ome ;%(ticu*%( coide(%tio o) ;(i5%cy

%d t/ei( medic%* %d ;/yio*o&ic%* eed % t/ee %(e o)te (e*%ted to t/ei( c/i*d-be%(i& (o*e. Hece<

e@;ect%t mot/e( %(e o))e(ed ;%(ticu*%( ;(otectio %d (e;ect t/(ou&/ t/e Fou(t/ ee5%

Co5etio< e;eci%**y i itu%tio o) occu;%tio.

C/i*d(e %d 7%(

A** membe( o) % ociety u))e( t/e coeGuece o) %(med co)*ict i t/ei( %(e%. Hoe5e(< t/e

m%&itude o) t/ee coeGuece )o( 5u*e(%b*e &(ou;< e;eci%**y c/i*d(e< i o)te ;oo(*y

ude(tood. C/i*d(e %(e )%ced it/ m%y %;ect o) %( %d t/e coeGuece %))ect bot/ t/ei(

;/yic%* %d ;yc/o*o&ic%* de5e*o;met. C/i*d(e /o /%5e become %m;utee % % (eu*t o) %ti-

;e(oe* mie< o(;/% % % (eu*t o) t/e %(< o( o*die( to u(5i5e< % e** % t/oe /o %(e 5ictim

o) e@u%* %bue o( /%5e bee )o(ced ito *%5e(y %(e (emide( o) t/e u(&ecy )o( t/e ite(%tio%*

commuity to %ct. I ':9:< t/e membe( St%te o) t/e Uited N%tio %&(eed to )u(t/e( de5e*o; t/e

(u*e et%b*i/ed )o( t/e ;(otectio o) c/i*d(e. T/ey cu*mi%ted i t/e Co5etio o t/e Ri&/t o)

t/e C/i*d' < /ic/ ;(o5ide % ide (%&e o) (i&/t )o( ;e(o ude( t/e %&e o) '9. E5e(y c/i*d<

(e&%(d*e o) oci%*< ecoomic< ;o*itic%* o( ot/e( t%tu /% t/e (i&/t to t/ee (i&/t.

Iss

T/e (e%o )o( t/e di(ect ;%(tici;%tio o) c/i*d(e i %(med co)*ict %(e m%y< it/ % 5%(iety o) (oot

%d c%ue. E@t(eme ;o5e(ty< di;e(%* o( *o o) )%mi*y< be*o&i& to % %(med ;o*itic%*< (e*i&iou o(

et/ic &(ou;< ;(eece o) % co)*ict oe e%(by< u(b% 5io*ece< %d t/e %bece o) % 5i%b*e oci%*

u;;o(t t(uctu(e %(e ome o) t/e (e%o t/%t e@;*%i t/e i5o*5emet o) c/i*d(e. Fo( c/i*d(e *e)t to

t/eme*5e /i*e t/e /oti*itie (%&e o< t/e %(my (e;(eet % o;;o(tuity to obt%i /e*te(< )ood<

t%bi*ity< %d % ee o) be*o&i&< ideed oci%* t%tu< but mot im;o(t%t*y % c/%ce to u(5i5e.

C/i*d(e %(e e%i*y m%i;u*%ted %d obediet< it/ o %%(ee o) t/e ;oteti%* d%&e( o) t/ei( %ct.

T/e(e)o(e< c(ue* %d %t(ociou %ct m%y be committed it/out (e*uct%ce< e;eci%**y /e t/e

;e(;et(%to( %(e ude( t/e i)*uece o) i**e&%* ubt%ce. Sice t/ey %(e m%** %d e%i*y /idde<

c/i*d(e %(e o)te ued % ;ie o( mee&e(. Fo(ced (ec(uiti& t/(ou&/ ,id%;;i& )(om c/oo*<

'1 | P % & e


16/21


LAW

(e)u&ee c%m; o( )%mi*y /ome i oe %y to obt%i %))o(d%b*e mi*it%(y )o(ce to ;e(;etu%te t/e

co)*ict. T/i (ec(uiti& met/od i %*o ued to te((o(ie %d e@e(t ;(eu(e o t/e ci5i*i% ;o;u*%tio.

T/e ;(o*i)e(%tio o) m%** %(m )ote( t/e ;%(tici;%tio o) c/i*d(e i /oti*itie. Sice t/i ty;e o)

e%;o i *i&/t< it doe ot (eGui(e ;eci%* /%d*i& e@;e(tie< t/u o;ei& t/e doo( to t/e ;%(tici;%tio o) c/i*d(e o) %** %&e i mi*it%(y o;e(%tio. C/i*d(e i5o*5emet i %(med co)*ict

/% m%4o( coeGuece )o( )utu(e de5e*o;met o) t/e ociety. T/e co)*ict e(ode ;ub*ic 5%*ue %d

t/e oci%*< ecoomic %d *e&%* t(uctu(e (eGui(ed to %deGu%te*y educ%te t/e yout/ /o cotitute t/e

%(e% )utu(e. I %dditio< t/e 5u*e(%bi*ity o) c/i*d(e become mo(e e5idet %d t/u com;(omie

;e%ce %d t%bi*ity )o( )utu(e &ee(%tio. Se(iou ;yc/o*o&ic%* %d ;/yic%* t(%um% i** ;e(it e**

%)te( /oti*itie /%5e ce%ed< %d t/e(e %(e m%y obt%c*e to (eite&(%ti& c/i*d(e ito % o(m%*

*i)ety*e. Oe m%4o( ;(ob*em i5o*5e (e4ectio by t/ei( commuity o( e5e t/ei( )%mi*y ci(c*e.

C/i*d(e /o /%5e e(5ed )o( % %(med &(ou; %(e o)te ti&m%tied o( outc%t. Fu(t/e(mo(e< t/e

;(oce o) (eite&(%tio %d (e/%bi*it%tio m%y ;(o5e mo(e di))icu*t )o( &i(* t/% )o( you& boy.

Sice &i(* %(e o)te 5ictim o) e@u%* %bue< (%;e< )o(ced ;(otitutio %d u%ted ;(e&%cy< t/ey

%(e e5e mo(e ti&m%tied %d (e*uct%t to ee, /e*; %d uco5e( t/e (oot o) t/e ;(ob*em.T/e t/(e%t o) *%dmie i mo(e e(iou )o( c/i*d(e. T/ey become %t &(e%te( (i, /e t/ey ;*%y o %

mied )ie*d o( /e t/ey %*, %*o& t/e ed&e o) t/e (o%d i e%(c/ o) ood o( %te(. Fu(t/e(mo(e< t/e

coeGuece o) % e@;*oio %(e &(e%te( )o( % c/i*d t/% % %du*t< ot to metio t/e ye%( o) medic%*

t(e%tmet %d ;yc/o*o&ic%* %d ;/yic%* u;;o(t (eGui(ed.

C/i*d(e %(e o)te *e)t o t/ei( o )o**oi& t/e de%t/ o) oe o( mo(e )%mi*y membe( o( )o**oi&

m% di;*%cemet o) ;o;u*%tio t/%t tem;o(%(i*y o( ;e(m%et*y e;%(%te )%mi*ie. A*oe< c/i*d(e

become mo(e 5u*e(%b*e %d< to ome e@tet< *%5e to /oe5e( i** t%,e t/em ude( t/ei( i&.

L#$a" (ns%r&m#n%s

Ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% &(%t e@teded ;(otectio to c/i*d(e. I t/e e5et o) ite(%tio%* o( o-ite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict< c/i*d(e bee)it )(om t/e &ee(%* ;(otectio &(%ted to ci5i*i% ot

;%(tici;%ti& i t/e /oti*itie. I % ite(%tio%* co)*ict< c/i*d(e %(e ude( t/e ;(otectio o) t/e

Fou(t/ Co5etio %d Additio%* P(otoco* I< /i*e i % o-ite(%tio%* co)*ict< c/i*d(e %*o /%5e

t/e (i&/t to t/e )ud%met%* &u%(%tee % ti;u*%ted i %(tic*e 3 commo to t/e )ou( ee5%

Co5etio %d Additio%* P(otoco* II.

T/e ;eci%* 5u*e(%bi*ity o) c/i*d(e i t%,e ito coide(%tio by ':1: ee5% Co5etio III %d

I. T/e Additio%* P(otoco* o) ':66 %*o ;(o5ide )o( % %dditio%* ;eci%* ;(otectio ;*%< %;;*ic%b*e

i t/e e5et o) ite(%tio%* o( o-ite(%tio%* co)*ict. >%ed o %(tic*e 66 o) Additio%* P(otoco* I<

c/i*d(e /%** be t/e ob4ect o) ;eci%* (e;ect %d /%** be ;(otected %&%it %y )o(m o) idecet

%%u*t. T/e P%(tie to t/e co)*ict /%** ;(o5ide t/em it/ t/e c%(e %d %id t/ey (eGui(e< /et/e(

bec%ue o) t/ei( %&e o( )o( %y ot/e( (e%o.B

T/e Additio%* P(otoco* e(e t/e )i(t ite(%tio%* it(umet to de%* ;eci)ic%**y it/ t/e

;%(tici;%tio o) c/i*d(e i %(med co)*ict. 7/i*e Additio%* P(otoco* I (eGui(e St%te to t%,e %**

;oib*e me%u(e to ;(e5et t/e di(ect ;%(tici;%tio o) c/i*d(e *e t/% '2 ye%( o*d i /oti*itie<

Additio%* P(otoco* II ;(o/ibit (ec(uiti& %d di(ect o( idi(ect ;%(tici;%tio i t/e co)*ict.

Additio%* P(otoco* I e@;(e*y ;(o/ibit t/e (ec(uiti& o) c/i*d(e to %(med )o(ce %d ecou(%&e t/e

P%(tie to )i(t (ec(uit t/oe betee '2 %d '9 ye%( o*d.

Pr%#c%(n ) C('("(ans

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LAW

T/e Fi(t 7o(*d 7%( b(ou&/t u;(ecedeted u))e(i& to ci5i*i%. Ci5i*i% ;o;u*%tio bec%me t/e

t%(&et o) mi*it%(y %tt%c,< m%&i)yi& t/e ;(ob*em o) )ood %d medici%* /o(t%&e c%ued by %(

(et(ictio. T/e m%i5e ue o) ;oioou &%e te((o(ied bot/ comb%t%t %d ci5i*i% i /%t %

t/e *%(&et t/e%te( o) comb%t to d%te. Fo**oi& t/e %(< it % dete(mied t/%t t/e iue o) t/e ue o)

;oioou &%e ou*d bet be %dd(eed t/(ou&/ t/e de5e*o;met o) % co5etio%* )(%meo(,. A %(eu*t< t/e ee5% P(otoco* )o( t/e P(o/ibitio o) t/e Ue i 7%( o) A;/y@i%ti&< Poioou o( Ot/e(

%e %d o) >%cte(io*o&ic%* Met/od o) 7%()%(e % %do;ted i ':+2.

T/e d(%)t Ite(%tio%* Co5etio o t/e Coditio %d P(otectio o) Ci5i*i% o) Eemy N%tio%*ity

/o %(e o Te((ito(y >e*o&i& to o( Occu;ied by % >e**i&e(et < /ic/ %*o %(oe out o) t/e u))e(i&

o) ci5i*i% du(i& t/e Fi(t 7o(*d 7%(< % ;(eeted i To,yo i ':31 . To c%te&o(ie o) ci5i*i%

e(e to be ;(otected by t/i it(umet eemy ci5i*i% o t/e te((ito(y o) % be**i&e(et %d ci5i*i%

i t/e ;oe( o) t/e eemy i occu;ied te((ito(ie. Hoe5e(< t/e be**i&e(et e5e( ;ut t/i d(%)t ito

e))ect.

T/e Secod 7o(*d 7%( % % tu(i& ;oit< bei& c/%(%cte(ied by t/e m%i5e bombi& o) citie< %i(

(%id< t/e ytemic %d co*o%* de;o(t%tio %d di;*%cemet o) ;o;u*%tio< &ee(%ti& m%i5eci5i*i% c%u%*tie. T/e eed to (e;od t/(ou&/ ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% % %bud%t*y c*e%(.

Hece< t/e ;(otectio o) ci5i*i% % m%de % ite(%tio%* ;(io(ity. T/ou&/ ot ;e()ect< t/e ':1:

ee5% Co5etio et%b*i/ed % o*id b%i o) *% &o5e(i& t/oe it%ce /e mi*it%(y

coide(%tio %d /um%it%(i% e@i&ecie c*%/. T/e ;(otectio o) ci5i*i% i t/e(e)o(e eu(ed i

%(med co)*ict o) eit/e( ite(%tio%* o( o-ite(%tio%* c/%(%cte(.

5&"n#ra/("(%1 ) C('("(an P3&"a%(n (n T(m#s ) ar

Ci5i*i% ;o;u*%tio< bei& u%(med< o))e( *itt*e to o (eit%ce to % %(med %d t(%ied mi*it%(y

)o(ce. I %dditio< t/e t/e%te( o) o;e(%tio %*o o)te t%,e %ccout o) t/ei( /ome. A(med co)*ict

/% % ;%(ticu*%( e))ect o ce(t%i &(ou; o) ;eo;*e bec%ue o) t/ei( ;eci%* eed< m%i*y< ome <

c/i*d(e %d t/e e*de(*y. E5e /e /oti*itie /%5e ce%ed< t/e e5i(omet%* di%te( o( b(o,ei)(%t(uctu(e *e%5e ci5i*i% i % de;e(%te t%te o) eed /e(e t/ey %(e ;%(ticu*%(*y uce;tib*e to

)%mie %d die%e. 7ouded< %d ometime muti*%ted ;o;u*%tio t(y to )id mii& (e*%ti5e %d

(ebui*d t/ei( *i5e. I ce(t%i cout(ie< ci5i*i% (em%i 5u*e(%b*e m%y ye%( %)te( t/e co)*ict /%

ce%ed due to e@;*oi5e (em%t o) %(.

I t/e e5et o) co)*ict< t/e Ite(%tio%* Committee o) t/e Red C(o m%it%i % muc/ ;(o@imity

%d cot%ct it/ t/e ci5i*i% ;o;u*%tio % ;oib*e. It m%,e (e;(eet%tio to t/e (e*e5%t

%ut/o(itie to ;(e5et o( ;ut % ed to 5io*%tio o) /um%it%(i% *%< %d to ;(otect t/e *i)e< /e%*t/

%d di&ity o) ci5i*i% %d to eu(e t/%t t/e coeGuece o) t/e co)*ict do ot com;(omie t/ei(

)utu(e.

L#$a" cns(d#ra%(ns

T/e ':1: ee5% Co5etio ee, to %**e5i%te t/e u))e(i& o) bot/ comb%t%t %d ocomb%t%t

du(i& %(med co)*ict< to&et/e( it/ e@teded ;(otectio o))e(ed by t/e to Additio%* P(otoco*.

T/e Ite(%tio%* Committee o) t/e Red C(o =ICRC? i t/e ;(ici;%* /um%it%(i% o(&%i%tio

c%((yi& out m%y o) t/e (e*ie) %cti5itie )o( 5ictim o) %(med co)*ict. T/e ICRC o(, i

coectio it/ ite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict i b%ed o t/e )ou( ee5% Co5etio o) ':1: %d

P(otoco* Additio%* I o) ':66< /ic/ &i5e it t/e (i&/t to c%((y out ;eci)ic %cti5itie uc/ % %iti&

t/e ouded % e** % ic, o( /i;(ec,ed< 5iiti& ;(ioe( o) %( %d ;(o5idi& %id )o( ci5i*i%.

I itu%tio o) ci5i* %(< too< t/e ICRC i etit*ed ude( %(tic*e 3 o) t/e ee5% Co5etio to o))e(

it e(5ice to t/e %((i& ;%(tie< ude( t(ict im;%(ti%*ity %d eut(%*ity.

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LAW

P(otectio o) ci5i*i% i % b%ic ;(ici;*e o) /um%it%(i% *%. Ci5i*i% /o do ot t%,e ;%(t i

/oti*itie mut ot be %tt%c,ed %d mut be ;%(ed %d ;(otected. T/e ':1: ee5% Co5etio %d

t/ei( Additio%* P(otoco* o) ':66 cot%i ;eci)ic (u*e to ;(otect ci5i*i%. I itu%tio t/%t %(e ot

co5e(ed by t/ee t(e%tie< ci5i*i% %(e ;(otected by t/e )ud%met%* ;(ici;*e o) /um%it%(i% *%

%d /um% (i&/t *%< % (e)*ected by t/e M%(te c*%ue.T/e b%ic (u*e o) /um%it%(i% *% (e&%(di& t/e ;(otectio o) ci5i*i% %(e *ited be*o

• Ci5i*i% %(e ot to be ub4ect to %tt%c,. T/i ic*ude di(ect %tt%c, o ci5i*i% %d

idic(imi%te %tt%c, %&%it %(e% i /ic/ ci5i*i% %(e ;(eet.

• T/e(e i to be o det(uctio o) ;(o;e(ty u*e 4uti)ied by mi*it%(y eceity.

• Idi5idu%* o( &(ou; mut ot be de;o(ted< (e&%(d*e o) moti5e.

• Ci5i*i% mut ot be ued % /ot%&e.

• Ci5i*i% mut ot be ub4ect to out(%&e u;o ;e(o%* di&ity.

• Ci5i*i% mut ot be to(tu(ed< (%;ed o( e*%5ed.

• Ci5i*i% mut ot be ub4ect to co**ecti5e ;ui/met %d (e;(i%*.

• Ci5i*i% mut ot (ecei5e di))e(eti%* t(e%tmet b%ed o (%ce< (e*i&io< %tio%*ity< o( ;o*itic%*

%**e&i%ce.

• P%(tie to t/e /oti*itie mut ot ue o( de5e*o; bio*o&ic%* o( c/emic%* e%;o %d mut ot

%**o c/i*d(e ude( '2 to ;%(tici;%te i /oti*itie o( to be (ec(uited ito t/e %(med )o(ce.

Cn%#m3rar1 cha""#n$#s )r In%#rna%(na" H&man(%ar(an La!

I cotem;o(%(y %(med co)*ict ci5i*i% %(e t/e ;(im%(y 5ictim o) 5io*%tio o) IHL committed by bot/ St%te %d o-St%te ;%(tie. T/e %tu(e o) cotem;o(%(y %(med co)*ict cotiue to ;(o5ide

c/%**e&e )o( t/e %;;*ic%tio %d (e;ect o) IHL i % umbe( o) %(e%< (%&i& )(om t/e c*%i)ic%tio

o) %(med co)*ict to t/e ue o) e tec/o*o&ie. T/e(e i % eed to ude(t%d %d (e;od to t/ee

c/%**e&e to eu(e t/%t IHL cotiue to ;e()o(m it ;(otecti5e )uctio i itu%tio o) %(med

co)*ict.

T/e ic(e%i& com;*e@ity o) %(med co)*ict /% &i5e (ie to dicuio o5e( t/e otio %d

ty;o*o&y o) %(med co)*ict< ic*udi& /et/e( t/e IHL c*%i)ic%tio o) co)*ict ito ite(%tio%*

=IAC? %d o-ite(%tio%* =NIAC? i u))iciet to ecom;% t/e ty;e o) %(med co)*ict t%,i&

;*%ce tod%y. T/e ICRC be*ie5e t/%t to be t/e c%e< /i*e (eco&ii& t/%t t/e(e i % ic(e%i&

umbe( o) di))e(et )%ctu%* ce%(io t/%t m%y be c*%i)ied % NIAC.

T/e ite(;*%y betee IHL %d /um% (i&/t *% cotiue to /%5e ;(%ctic%* coeGuece o t/e

coduct o) mi*it%(y o;e(%tio. T/e (e*%tio/i; betee /um% (i&/t *% %d IHL im;%ct iue

(e*%ted to detetio< % e** % to t/e ue o) )o(ce< i bot/ ite(%tio%* %d o-ite(%tio%* %(med

co)*ict< % e** % t/e e@t(%te((ito(i%* t%(&eti& o) ;e(o.

I cotem;o(%(y %(med co)*ict t/e ;(otecti5e co;e o) IHL (em%i o) utmot coce(. I m%y

itu%tio St%te %(e u%b*e o( ui**i& to meet t/e b%ic eed o) ci5i*i% %d i uc/ itu%tio

IHL ;(o5ide t/%t (e*ie) %ctio m%y be ude(t%,e by ot/e( %cto(< ic*udi& /um%it%(i%

o(&%i%tio< ub4ect to t/e %&(eemet o) t/e St%te. Hoe5e(< t/e(e (em%i m%y obt%c*e to

/um%it%(i% %cce< ic*udi& mi*it%(y< ;o*itic%* %d ecu(ity-(e*%ted coce(< /ic/ /ide( t/e

;(o5iio o) %it%ce to ci5i*i% i eed.

I (ecet ye%( e@t(%te((ito(i%* mi*it%(y o;e(%tio /%5e &i5e (ie to e )o(m o) mi*it%(y ;(eece it/e te((ito(y o) % St%te %d (e)ocued %ttetio o t/e (i&/t %d dutie o) % occu;yi& ;oe(< t/e

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LAW

(e&u*%tio o) t/e ue o) )o(ce i occu;ied te((ito(y %d t/e %;;*ic%bi*ity o) t/e *% o) occu;%tio to

UN )o(ce. T/e (e;oibi*itie %d t%, %i&ed to mu*ti%tio%* )o(ce /%5e %*o e5o*5ed to

ecom;% % ;ect(um o) o;e(%tio ic*udi& co)*ict ;(e5etio< ;e%ce-,ee;i&< ;e%ce-m%,i&<

;e%ce-e)o(cemet %d ;e%ce-bui*di&. T/e mu*ti)%ceted %tu(e o) t/ee o;e(%tio me%

mu*ti%tio%* )o(ce %(e mo(e *i,e*y to ue )o(ce %d (%ie t/e Guetio o) /e %d /o IHL i**%;;*y to t/ei( %ctio.

A ide %((%y o) e tec/o*o&ie /% ete(ed t/e mode( b%tt*e)ie*d. Cybe(;%ce /% o;eed u; %

;oteti%**y e %(-)i&/ti& dom%i. Remote cot(o**ed e%;o ytem uc/ % d(oe %(e

ic(e%i&*y bei& ued by t/e ;%(tie to %(med co)*ict. Autom%ted e%;o ytem %(e %*o o t/e

(ie< %d ce(t%i %utoomou ytem uc/ % comb%t (obot %(e bei& coide(ed )o( )utu(e ue o t/e

b%tt*e)ie*d. T/e(e c% be o doubt t/%t IHL %;;*ie to t/ee e e%;o %d t/e em;*oymet o) e

tec/o*o&y i %()%(e. Hoe5e(< t/ee e me% %d met/od o) %()%(e ;oe *e&%* %d ;(%ctic%*

c/%**e&e i te(m o) eu(i& t/ei( ue com;*ie it/ e@iti& IHL o(m< %d %*o t/%t due (e&%(d

i &i5e to t/e )o(eee%b*e /um%it%(i% im;%ct o) t/ei( ue.

Hoti*itie ;itti& o-St%te %(med &(ou; o;e(%ti& it/i ;o;u*%ted %(e% %&%it &o5e(met )o(ce

ui& )%( u;e(io( mi*it%(y me% %(e %*o % (ecu((i& ;%tte(< e@;oi& ci5i*i% %d ci5i*i% ob4ect

to t/e e))ect o) /oti*itie. T/e ite(mi&*i& o) %(med &(ou; it/ ci5i*i%< i 5io*%tio o) IHL< /%

by ome %(mie bee ued % % 4uti)ic%tio to by-;% t/e t%,i& o) %** ;oib*e ;(ec%utio to

miimie (i, to ci5i*i%< % (eGui(ed by IHL. I t/i cote@t< t/e e))ect o) t/e ue o) e@;*oi5e

e%;o i dee*y ;o;u*%ted %(e% o ci5i*i% %d ci5i*i% t(uctu(e cotiue to be o) coce(.

A o&oi& c/%**e&e to t/e ;(otectio o) ci5i*i% i t/e i%deGu%te (e&u*%tio o) t/e %5%i*%bi*ity %d

t/e miue o) co5etio%* e%;o. Ude( t/e ee5% Co5etio %d cutom%(y ite(%tio%* *%<

St%te /%5e % ob*i&%tio to eu(e (e;ect )o( IHL. T/i ic*ude % (e;oibi*ity to eu(e t/%t t/e

%(m %d %mmuitio t/ey t(%)e( doe ot ed u; i t/e ;oeio o) ;e(o /o %(e *i,e*y to ue

t/em to 5io*%te IHL. A A(m T(%de T(e%ty< /ic/ t/e ICRC u;;o(t< i me%t to %dd(e ome o)

t/oe coce(.A (ecet c/%**e&e )o( IHL /% bee t/e tedecy o) St%te to *%be* % "te((o(it# %** %ct o) %()%(e

committed by o-St%te %(med &(ou; %&%it t/em< e;eci%**y i o-ite(%tio%* %(med co)*ict.

7/i*e %(med co)*ict %d %ct o) te((o(im %(e di))e(et )o(m o) 5io*ece &o5e(ed by di))e(et

bodie o) *%< t/ey /%5e come to be ;e(cei5ed % %*mot yoymou due to cot%t co)*%tio i t/e

;ub*ic dom%i. T/e ue o) t/e te(m "te((o(it %ct# i t/e cote@t o) %(med co)*ict c%ue co)uio

betee t/e to e;%(%te bodie o) *% %d m%y *e%d to % itu%tio /e(e o-St%te %(med &(ou;

di(e&%(d IHL o(m bec%ue o) % ;e(ce;tio t/%t t/ey /%5e o iceti5e to %bide by t/e *% %d

cutom o) %(. T/e dei&%tio o) ome o-St%te %(med &(ou; % "te((o(it &(ou;# %*o /%

i&i)ic%t im;*ic%tio )o( /um%it%(i% e&%&emet %d m%y im;ede /um%it%(i% %ctio.

IHL i cotiu%**y c/%**e&ed by t/e e5o*utio o) cotem;o(%(y %(med co)*ict. Ac/ie5i& &(e%te(

;(otectio )o( ci5i*i% i %(med co)*ict i de;edet o t/e (e;ect< im;*emet%tio %d e)o(cemet

o) IHL. It i t/e cot%t ;(io(ity o) t/e ICRC to eu(e t/%t IHL i %b*e to %deGu%te*y %dd(e t/e

(e%*itie o) mode( %()%(e %d ;(o5ide ;(otectio to 5ictim o) %(med co)*ict.

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LAW

Cnc"&s(n

T/e ite(%tio%* ytem o) ;(otectio o) /um% (i&/t i itu%tio o) ite(%* 5io*ece /%

de)iciecie i t/e ubt%ce o) t/e e@iti& *% %d it %;;*ic%tio %d e)o(cemet . T/i i

e;eci%**y t(ue i ite(%* co)*ict it/ % *o iteity o) 5io*ece < uc/ % itu%tio o) ite(%*

ditu(b%ce %d teio. i5e t/e %)o(e%id < i uc/ itu%tio /um% (i&/t %(e e(iou*y

t/(e%teed < ;%(ticu*%(*y t/oe o) ;e(o dei&%ted % " ;o*itic%* ;(ioe(# o( ";o*itic%* det%iee#.

At t/e momet < t/e ite(%tio%* ytem i e%, i t/e m%c/ie(y o) e)o(cemet %d (e*ie /e%5i*y

u;o t/e educ%tio%* e))ect )*oi& )(om t/e e@itece o) t/e (u*e ;(o5ided by commo A(t.3 %d

P(otoco* II.

It i ece%(y to de5e*o; % e))ecti5e ite(%tio%* u(5ei**%ce o(&%< it/ u))iciet %ut/o(ity to

o5e(ee t/e %;;*ic%tio o) t/e *%< to i5eti&%te %**e&ed o( ;oib*e 5io*%tio< to dete(mie t/e )%ct<

%d to t%,e t/e ece%(y %ctio to eu(e t/e co((ectio o) t/e )%u*t.

Oe c% u&&et t/%t t/e ;(ob*em be %;;(o%c/ed )(om t/e t%d;oit o) /um% (i&/t *% %d t/%t ue

/ou*d be m%de o) t/e e@iti& e)o(cemet m%c/ie(ie < /ic/ o t/e ui5e(%* *e5e* ou*d be t/e

Hum% Ri&/t Committee c(e%ted by t/e Ite(%tio%* Co5e%t o Ci5i* %d Po*itic%* Ri&/t.

Hoe5e(< it i di))icu*t to ee /o t/e Committee % it t%d cou*d /%5e %y cot(o* o5e( ite(%*

co)*ict m%%&emet< i) e t%,e ito coide(%tio t/e )o**oi& )%cto(

': | P % & e


21/21


LAW

%? t/e Committee c% o*y coide( %;;*ic%tio )(om t%te < e@ce;t i t/e 5e(y )e it%ce /e

t%te /%5e %cce;ted t/e (i&/t o) idi5idu%* %;;*ic%tio ude( t/e O;tio%* P(otoco*

b? t%te %ct mo(e )o( ;o*itic%* t/% /um%it%(i% coide(%tio %d

c? t/e &(e%t m%4o(ity o) t%te /%5e ot %cce;ted t/e com;etece o) t/e Committee.

Fi%**y < e c% %y t/%t i (iti& % e** % i te%c/i& e /ou*d o(, to%(d )u(t/e(

im;(o5emet i t/e ;(otectio o) /um% bei& i ite(%* %(med co)*ict % e** % i ite(%*

ditu(b%ce %d teio %d )o( t/%t to%(d % &(e%te( *i, betee t/e to ytem /ic/ %(e

i;i(ed by t/e %me ob4ecti5e e))ecti5e %d com;*ete ;(otectio o) t/e /um% ;e(o i time o)

%(med t(i)e %d i time o) t(%Gui**ity.

R#)#r#nc#s

6. Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L% %d t/e L% o) A(med Co)*ict< Atoie A. >ou5ie(

7. Im;*emet%tio o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L%< F(it K%*/o5e %d Et 5e S%do

8. T/e %;;*ic%tio o) ite(%tio%* /um%it%(i% *% %d /um% (i&/t *% to ite(%tio%*

o(&%i%tio< %b(ie*e Po((etto Sy*5%i it

9. De5e*o;met %d P(ici;*e o) Ite(%tio%* Hum%it%(i% L%< Je% Pictet

:. .ic(c.o(&e&%(-%d-*%i/*-ot/e(-*e&%*-(e&miei/*-/um%-(i&/[email protected];;. .%d/-&ee5e.c/

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